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om
UPPCS
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SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

02
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GEOGRAPHY
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(Notes Code: 2.1)

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UP SPECIAL NOTES
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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

Index
1. UTTAR PRADESH: GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES 3

2. UTTAR PRADESH: CLIMATE 6

3. UTTAR PRADESH: RIVERS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM 11

4. UTTAR PRADESH: SOIL 13

5. UTTAR PRADESH: IRRIGATION 18

6. UTTAR PRADESH: AGRICULTURE 27

7. UTTAR PRADESH: MINERALS 35

8. UTTAR PRADESH: ENERGY RESOURCES 39

9. UTTAR PRADESH: TRANSPORT 46

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

GEOGRAPHY OF UTTAR PRADESH

1. UTTAR PRADESH: GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

1. Location and Extent
Latitude and Uttar Pradesh lies between 23°52' N and 31°28' N latitudes and 77°30'E
Longitude and 84°39' E longitudes
Length and The length of the state from East to West is 650 km and breadth from
Breadth South to North is 240 km.
Area of State and The state covers 2,40,928 sq km area which is 7.33% of the total
Percentage of India percentage of the country's area.
Rank among Uttar Pradesh is the 4th largest state in terms of area after Rajasthan,
Indian States in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (UPRO Pre 2016)
terms of area
Eastern and Total number of districts are 75 in UP which is highest in the
Western most country.(UPPCS Pre 2006) The Eastern most district of the Uttar Pradesh
district is Ballia and the Western most district is Shamli.
Northern and The Northern most district of Uttar Pradesh is Saharanpur and the
Southern most Southern-most district is Sonbhadra.
district
State is touched by 8 states, 1 Union Territory (Delhi), and 1 International
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Country
State District
Madhya Pradesh Agra, Etawah, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur. Mahoba,
Banda, Chitrakoot, Allahabad, Mirzapur and
Sonbhadra (11 districts)
Uttarakhand Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad,
Rampur, Bareilly and Pilibhit (7 districts)
Bihar Sonbhadra, Chandauli, Ghazipur, Ballia, Deoria,
Kushinagar and Maharajganj (7 districts)
Boundaries of State Haryana Saharanpur, Shamli, Baghpat, Gautam Buddh
Nagar, Aligarh and Mathura (6 districts)
Rajasthan Agra and Mathura (2 districts)
Delhi (Union Ghaziabad and Gautam Buddha Nagar (2 districts)
Territory)
Chhattisgarh Sonbhadra (only 1 district)
Jharkhand Sonbhadra (only 1 district)
Himachal Pradesh Saharanpur (only 1 district)
Nepal Maharajganj, Siddharthnagar, Balrampur,
(International Shravasti, Bahraich, Lakhimpur and Pilibhit (7
Boundary) districts)
Sonbhadra district is touched by boundaries of four states.
[UPPCS (Mains)2015]
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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

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In Uttar Pradesh it is 18.8 million as per 20th livestock census and it is at

Cattle Population third place in the Country after MP and WB(UPPCS Pre 2009& Mains
2006)

2. Physical Division of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh can be divided into four distinct physiographical regions:
(i) Shivalik Foothills
(ii) Bhabar and Terai Belt Region
(iii) The Gangetic Plain
(iv) Vindhya Hills and Plateau Region of South
• The northern and northeastern part of Saharanpur district is marked by the
presence of Shivalik hills which form the boundary of state with Uttarakhand
also called Kandi area
Shivalik • These hills are mainly of sedimentary and conglomerate rocks.
Foothills • Amsot, Bahansia, Shakambhari, Sahansara and Mohund are important peaks
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of Shivalik in Uttar Pradesh.
• Located in Saharanpur district.
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• Mohuad pass is known as the gateway to Dehradun.
Bhabar Region
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Bhabar and • It is the Northern most part of Uttar Pradesh. This region is extended from
m

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Terai Belt Saharanpur to Kushinagar (Padrauna). It is located in the North of Terai
region.
2g

(The • It is around 34-35 km broad in the Western part and becomes narrower
towards East.
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transitional
belt running • It comprises of pebble- studded rocks in the shape of porus beds.
along the Sub- • Due to porosity of the rocks, the streams disappear and flow underground.
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Himalayan • This region is not much suitable for agriculture.

Terai region is
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• It is made up of porous and rocky soils that get made of the debris washed
called the
down from the higher ranges.
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Terai and
Bhabar belt. • This area covers Saharanpur, Bijnor, Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur-Kheri and
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This region Pilibhit districts.

covers the Terai Region
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districts of • This region is extended from Saharanpur in North-West to Deoria in the

Saharanpur in East. It is located South of Bhabar region.
the West to • It is around 80-90 km wide in the Eastern Uttar Pradesh and becomes
Deoria in the narrower towards the West.
East.) • It is composed of compara-tively finer alluvium and is covered by forests.
• The underground streams of the Bhabar re-emerge on the surface and give
birth to marshy area.
• Most parts of the Tarai area are reclaimed for agriculture.

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• The plant species such as Sal, Semal, Haldu, Tendu, etc are found and
Sawana type grass is also seen in the Terai region.
• Terai belt has narrowed and farmers of this region received fertile land to
cultivate rich crops. The main crops are jute, sugarcane, wheat and paddy.
• The Terai region covers certain parts of Saharanpur, Bijnor, Rampur,
Bareilly, Pilibhit, Lakhimpur-Kheri, Bahraich, Gonda, Basti, Gorakhpur and
Deoria districts.
• Shivalik hill located near Gorakhpur in this region is known as Dundawa.
• This region lies between Bhabar-Terai region in the North and plateau region
in the South. It is also known as Doab and Ganga-Yamuna plain.
• It is very important in terms of economic point of view.
• Triveni Sangam, in Allahabad (Prayagraj) has the confluence of three rivers-
the Ganga, the Yamuna and the Saraswati.
• The Gangetic plain is drained by the Yamuna, the Ganga and its tributaries
such as the Ramganga, the Gomti, the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Sharda,
etc which bring sediments with them and deposit in this region. The depth
of this clay soil is upto 4500 m.
• The elevation of this region is 80 m to 250 m and the slope of this region is
from North-West to South-East.
The Gangetic • Its slope is very steep in the Western part as compared to the Eastern part.
Plain
• It is a very fertile plain https://t.me/pcsstudies1
where Rabi and Kharif crops are grown, e.g. rice,
wheat, millet, gram, etc. Sugarcane is the chief cash crop of this region.
Bangar Land
• It is the high elevated land which is free from flood water. It is famous for
its older alluvial deposits.
• It is less fertile as compared to Khadar land.
Khadar Land
• It is a low-land area where waterlogging is almost seen. The soil is deposited
every year by flood and the land is fertile as compared to Bangar land.
• Some parts of Khadar land face the erosional process by rivers like Yamuna
and Chambal. Ravines are seen here and soil is not fertile.
• It is the northern extension of the Peninsular Plateau.
• This region is comprised of Vindhya hills and plateau.
• The Southern fringe of the Gangetic plain and Northern part of plateau
Southern region is demarcated by the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. The Northern part of
Plateau this region is surrounded by the Ganga-Yamuna rivers, the Southern part by
Region and Vindhyan range, the Eastern part by Ken river and the Western part by
Vindhya Hills Betawa river.
• This plateau is composed of ancient Gneiss rocks. Generally, the region has
an average height of 300m to 450m and the altitude of the region decreases
from South to North. But at some places like Mirzapur and Sonbhadra the
elevation goes up to 600m, e.g., Kaimur and Dinakar hills.

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• This region receives less rainfall thus, having stunted growth of flora and the
important crops of this region are jowar,mustard,gram and wheat. Due to
scanty rainfall dry farming is practiced on a large scale in this region.
• It includes Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Lalitpur, Banda,
Meja and Karcchana blocks of Prayagraj, Chakia block of Chandauli and
parts of Mirzapur located south of Ganga.
• The general direction of the slope is towards the north-east. Chambal, Son,
Betwa, Dhasan,Ken,Rihand,Kanhar,Tons etc. are major rivers of the region.
• The southern plateau is divided into three parts.
1. Trans-Yamuna region: It includes regions west of the Yamuna in Agra and
Mathura districts.
2. Baghelkhand Plateau: Southeastern part of Uttar Pradesh has the presence
of Baghelkhand plateau. It includes Sonabhrdra, Mirzapur, southern parts of
Chandauli and Southeastern parts of Prayagraj. The Narmada-Son rift valley
is situated south of this plateau. It is drained by Son, Karmnasa, Belan, etc.
rivers. It has Sonpur hills in the north and Ramgarh hills in the south. This
is a coal-rich region and Singrauli Basin is situated here. It is also known as
Vindhyachal Plateau
3. Bundelkhand Plateau: The plateau extends in the states of Uttar Pradesh
and Madhya Pradesh. Its boundaries are marked by the Yamuna in the north,
Vindhyas in the south, the Chambal in the north-west and Panna-Ajaigarh
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range in the south-east.

2. UTTAR PRADESH: CLIMATE

The climate of Uttar Pradesh is tropical monsoon climate. The state also experiences climatic variations
to large scale due to presence of hills in the Northern part, different elevation and distance from the sea.
This variation can be seen from Saharanpur to Deoria.
The climate is humid, the plains experience extreme climatic conditions i.e. winters are cold and
summers are hot and the Southern part experiences severe cold in winter and severe hot during summer
season.
1. Climate Classifications
Several Scholars have identified different climatic zones in Uttar Pradesh. Important among them
are
Koppen's Uttar Pradesh comes under Monsoon type with dry winter climate
classification (Cwg)/Gangetie plain type
Threwarta's Uttar Pradesh comes under the Humid Subtropical Climate (Caw).
classification
• Sub-humid Continental Climate:
o Region: Upper Gangetic plain
R.L. Singh
Classification o Average temperature: Average July temperature between 5°C and
40°C and average January temperature between 17°C and 25°C.
o Average rainfall: Between 75 and 150 cm.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

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• Sub-humid Transitional Climate:

o Region: Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh
o Average temperature: Average temperature ranges between 25°C
and 40°C in July and between 10oC and 25°C in January.
o Average rainfall: Between 100 and 200 cm.
• Humid South East:
o Region: Southern part of Sonbhadra district comes under Humid
South-East climate.
o Average temperature: Average temperature ranges between 25°C
and 35oC in July, and 12°C and 27°C in January.
o Average rainfall: Average annual rainfall ranges between 100 and
200 cm.
• Semi-arid Tropical:
o Region: Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh
o Average temperature: Temperature ranges between 26°C and 40°C
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in July to 15°C and 28°C in January.
o Average rainfall: Annual rainfall ranges between 50 and 100 cm.
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• Semi-arid Sub-tropical:
o Region: Western parts of districts along the western border of Uttar
ai

Pradesh
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o Average temperature: Temperature ranges between 25°C and 28°C

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in July and 15°C and 25°C in January.

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o Average rainfall: Annual rainfall ranges between 25 and 75 cm.

02

2. Factors Affecting Climate of Uttar Pradesh

• Latitude: Uttar Pradesh is situated north of the tropic of cancer. Its latitudinal position provides
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it an extreme climate with high daily and annual range of temperature.

• Continentality Effect: Uttar Pradesh is at a significant distance from the sea. Thus, it does not
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get the moderating effect of the sea.

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• Presence of Himalayas: Due to presence of Himalayas in the north winters in Uttar Pradesh
are milder compared to central Asia. Himalayas also provide rainfall to the northern plains by
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obstructing the monsoonal winds.

• Pressure and Winds: Development of low-pressure region in Northern Plain during summers
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and reversal of winds are responsible for the monsoonal climate of India along with Uttar
Pradesh. Upper air circulations also play a very important role in the onset of monsoon. The
subtropical westerly jet stream is responsible for bringing western disturbances in Northern
India.
3. Seasons of Uttar Pradesh
• Timing: Starts from March and remains till mid of the June.
• Max temperature: Experienced in the month of June.
Summer Season
• Average max and min temperature: At state of the season is 36°C to
39°C and average minimum temperature is 21°C to 23°C.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

• Most-hottest and less-hottest: The hottest places in are Agra and Jhansi
and the place which experience minimum temperature during this season
is Bareilly.
• Nearness to the Tropic of Cancer: Areas of Bundelkhand region
experience highest temperature during summer season such as
Allahabad, Kanpur, Fatehpur, Agra, Banda, Chitrakoot, Orai, Mahoba,
Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Lalitpur, etc.
• Low pressure belt condition: A low-pressure belt of North-Western
part of the country is established near Uttar Pradesh, during summer
season. The North-Western part of the state also experiences very hot
temperature conditions.
• Loo: Local wind is a common phenomenon in summer season which
blows in the state between 10 am to 5 pm, due to pressure gradient.
• Rainfall: Generally, there is no rain in summer season, but due to dry
and moist air, sometimes a little amount of rain occurs in April, May and
June in plain regions.
• Average rainfall: Average rainfall varies from 10 cm to 25 cm during
this season and the maximum rainfall is experienced in hilly regions.
• Timing: Starts by the end of June to October with the advent of South-
West monsoon winds.
• Bay of Bengal branch: The Bay of Bengal branch of these winds enters
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in the Eastern and South-Eastern part of the state, through Bihar plains.
These winds enter in the name of Purba' and gives the first rain by the
end of June (third or fourth week of June).
• S-W Monsoon: South-West monsoon winds proceed towards Western
part but some part of these winds proceeds towards North. These winds
strikes the Himalayan mountains and again return back in Uttar Pradesh
and provides heavy rain to the Terai region.
• Arabian sea branch: The Arabian sea branch also provides some
amount of rainfall which enters the Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand through
Rainy/Monsoon Gujarat (Kutch), and Punjab.
Season
• Max rainfall timing: Maximum rainfall is experienced in the months of
July and August in this season
• Areas with max and min rainfall: Gorakhpur receives highest rainfall
(average 184.7 cm) and Mathura receives the lowest rainfall (average
55.4 cm). Gorakhpur has around 56 days of rainy period while the
Western Uttar Pradesh has around 32 days of rainy period.
• Average rainfall: The state receives average rainfall of 170 cm
• Trend: The amount of rainfall decreases from East to West due to
increase in distance from the sea.
• Temperature: During this season, the state experiences 32°C to 34°C
average maximum temperature and 25°C as average minimum
temperature with 7°C to 8°C range of temperature.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

• Types of rainfall in state: The state receives rainfall by the orographic,

cyclonic and convectional rainfall.
• Retreating monsoon: During October month retreating of monsoon is
experienced along with pleasant weather with clear sky.
• Timing: The winter season starts from November and lasts till February.
January is the coldest month in the state. The temperature decreases from
November to January
• Mean temperature and Diurnal range: The mean monthly
o
temperature is less than 15 C. Diurnal temperature range is high
• Trend: The temperature decreases from South to North.
• Min temperature: During this season, the Western Gangetic plains
record the lowest temperature.
• Characteristics of season: The season is characterised by clear sky, low
Winter Season temperature and pleasant weather. During this season, the entire North-
Western part of the country remains under the high pressure belt. Fog
and Frost are also important traits of this season.
• Rainfall: During this season generally rainfall does not occur as wind
blows from land to sea which are dry in nature. But due to Western
disturbances or Mediterranean cyclones in the months of January and
February, the state experiences a sudden change in the climate and the
North-Western part of the state experiences about 10 cm winter rainfall.
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This rain is very beneficial for rabi crops. Sometimes hailstorm also
occur during this season.

4. Rainfall Distribution in Uttar Pradesh

• Trend: Uttar Pradesh receives most of the rainfall (approx. 90%) through south-west
monsoons. Due to rainfall being concentrated in four months of June—September the state
receives subsequent cycles of flood and droughts. Eastern parts of the state receive more rainfall
compared to the November parts.
• Variability: The eastern region receives highest annual rainfall, followed by the central region,
western region and Bundelkhand respectively. The eastern Uttar Pradesh has a rainfall
variability below 25% and the rest of Uttar Pradesh has variability between 25% and 50%.
• Categorization: Uttar Pradesh comes into regions of medium rainfall and areas of low rainfall.
• Areas of Medium Rainfall: These regions receive rainfall in the range of 100-200 cm. The
northern part of Uttar Pradesh including Bhabar and Terai region comes into this category.
Northern Saharanpur, Maharajganj, Kushinagar, Balrampur, etc. are included in this.
• Areas of Low Rainfall: These regions receive rainfall in the range of 50-100 cm. Western
Uttar Pradesh is included in this. The districts of Mathura, Aligarh, Gautam Buddha Nagar and
Ghaziabad receive very less rainfall.
• Floods : Floods are a known hazard of U.P. due to overflowing of its main rivers. Estimated
annual losses due to floods is around Rs.4.32 billion. Major flood management efforts have
been undertaken to mitigate the risk. Monsoon rains and overflowing of rivers are the
responsible factors.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

• Droughts: Shortage of rain during the highly variable Monsoon season can cause droughts in
U.P. leading to severe loss to man and property. The recurrence of a major deficiency in annual
rainfall follows a 6-8 years cycle in Eastern U.P. whereas in Western U.P., it is a 10 years cycle.

5. Natural Vegetation of Uttar Pradesh

Based on the relief, rainfall and vegetation types, the forests of Uttar Pradesh are divided
into three types:-
• These forests are found in the areas receiving an annual average
rainfall of 100 to 150 cm.
• Such forests are found at Bhabhar and Terai regions which include
Tropical Moist
Bahraich , Shravasti, Maharajganj,Pilibhit,etc. districts of the state.
Deciduous Forests
• Teak is the dominat species of these forests(UPPCS Pre 2012).
Major trees are Sal, Palash, Ber, Mahua, Dhak, Amla, Jamun,
Semal, etc.
• These forests grow in the areas receiving the rainfall 50 to 100cm.
om
• The main regions of these forests are the plains of Ganga, Yamuna
and their tributaries.
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• These forests are found usually in Eastern, Central and Western
Tropical Dry regions which include Lucknow, Raebareli, Unnao, Ghaziabad
ai

Deciduous Forests districts of the state. Large tracts of these forests have been cleared
for cultivation. https://t.me/pcsstudies1
m

• Sal, Palash, Amaltas, Bel, Anjeer, etc are important trees. Neem,
2g

Peepal, Sheesham, Mango, Jamun, Babool, Tamrind, etc. grow

along river banks and in places that contains moisture.
02

• These forests grow in the areas receiving low rainfall from 50 to

75cm.
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• These forests have widely scattered thorny trees, mainly babool,

thorny legumes and spurge.
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• During rains, short grasses also grow here. The trees are usually
Tropical Thorny
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small here to form open dry forests.

Forests
• Phulai, Khair, Dhaman, Neem, etc are important tree species of
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these forests.
• Various types of resin and gum are obtained from these trees.
gi

• Southern Uttar Pradesh including Mirzapur, Jhansi, Lalitpur,

Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Banda, Jalaun are covered with these forests.

Forests in Uttar Pradesh as per India State of Forest Report, 2021:

• According to the 17th India State of Forest Report (ISFR)2021, the total forest cover area in the
state is 14,817.89 sq km, the state has 2,626.61 sq km area under Very Dense Forest (VDF),
4,029.37 sq km area under Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) and 8161.91 sq km area under
Open Forest (OF). Scrub vegetation is 563.38 sq km. There has been increase in forest cover
by12.24 sq km i.e. 0.08% as compared to ISFR 2019.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

Total Forest and Tree Cover:-

Category Area (in sq km)
Tree Cover 7,421
Forest Cover 14,817.89
Total Forest and Tree Cover 22,238.89
Of State’s Geographical Area 9.23%
Top 5 Districts in terms of Top 5 Districts in terms of
Forest cover (total area wise ) Forest Cover (% of area wise)
1. Sonbhadra ( 2436.75 sq km) 1. Sonbhadra (35.29%)
2. Lakhimpur Khiri (1272.36 sq km) 2. Chandauli (21.78%)
3. Mirzapur (711.46 sq km) 3. Chitrakut (19.64%)
4. Pilibhit(685.73 sq km) 4.Pilibhit(18.60%)
5.Chitrakut (631.69 sq km) 5. Shravasti (17.40%)

Bottom 5 Districts ( total area wise forest cover) Bottom 5 Districts ( % of area wise
forest cover)
1. Bhadohi (3.71 sq km) 1. Bhadohi (0.37%)
2. Mau (11.00 sq km) 2. Mainpuri (0.49%)
3. Mainpuri (13.64 sq km) 3. Deoria(.60%)
4. Sant Kabir Nagar (14.40 sq km) 4. Badaun (0.62%)
5. Deoria (15.21 sq km) 5. Mau (0.64%)
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Some Facts to Remember:

• Forest cover inside the recorded forest area (or Green Wash) is 9143 sq km.
• Forest cover outside the recorded forest area (Green Wash)is 5675 sq km.
• There are 29 different types of forest found in UP as per the Champions & Seth
classification(1968).
• The most prominent type is Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest followed by Plantation and
Western Light Alluvium plains Sal.
• 209.30 sq km of Total Forest Cover of UP is extremely prone to Fire.
• Extent of Trees Outside Forest (TOF)is 13096 sq km.
• The total Carbon Stock of forest in UP including the TOF patches which are more than 1 ha in
size is 117.24 million tonnes (429.88 million tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent) which is
1.63% of total forest Carbon of the country.

3. UTTAR PRADESH: RIVERS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• Most of the rivers of the state flow from North-West to South-East direction as the Northern
and Western part of Uttar Pradesh is relatively high and the Himalayan mountains have
adequate water resources.
• The plain areas of the state have parallel drainage system. The state of Uttar Pradesh has a
number of rives like Ganga , Yamuna, Gomati, Chambal, and so on. These rivers have many
tributaries and streams which drain the state. Apart from this, the state also has some important
lakes like Radha kund, Fulhar lake, Barua Sagar, Moti lake, Chittaura lake and so on.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

• On the basis of the source of origin, the rivers of Uttar Pradesh are divided into three groups:
1. Rivers Emerging from Himalayan Mountains: The Ganga (an antecedent river)
(UPLDA Pre 2013), Yamuna, Gandak, Kali (Sharda), Ramganga, Saryu (Ghaghra or
Karnali), Kosi (tributary of Ramganga), Rohini, Hindon, Rapti rivers and so on. These are
perennial rivers. Gandak river does not flow through UP. (UPRO Pre 2021)
2. Rivers Emerging from Gangetic Plains: These are Gomati (rising in plains) [UP Lower
(Pre)2008], Varuna, Isan river and so on. The water level of these rivers become low in
summer season but these rivers never dry up.
3. Rivers Emerging from Southern Plateau Region: These are Chambal(superimposed
river) [UPPCS(Mains)2007], Betwa, Ken, Son, Rihand, Kanhar, Tons and so on. During
summer season, the water level in these rivers become very low and they also dry up.
Note: Information about rivers their origin, tributaries, cities located near river has been covered
in Static GK booklet

1. Important Lakes of Uttar Pradesh

Lake Place
Aundhi Taal Varanasi
Bada Taal (Oxbow) Shahjahanpur
Barua Sagar Taal Jhansi
Belasagar Lake Mahoba
Bhugetaal and Visaithataal Raebareli
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Bakhira Jheel Sant Kabir Nagar

Bal Hapara Kanpur
Bhojpur Taal,Raja ka Bandh,Laundhi Sultanpur
Beti Jheel ,Ajgara and Nuiya Jheel Pratapgarh
Chittaura Jheel (Ashtwarka Jheel) Bahraich
Darwan Lake Ambedkar Nagar
Etauja Jheel Lucknow
Fulhar Lake or Gomat Taal Pilibhit (UPPCS Pre 2009)
Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (UPPCS RO Sonbhadra
2013)
Gaur Jheel Rampur
Kundra Samundra Unnao
Keetham (Sur Sarovar ) Agra
Karela Jheel (Hulas Khera Lake) Lucknow
Lakshmi Taal, Garhmau Lake Jhansi
Madan Sagar Mahoba
Moti Jheel Rampur
Morai Taal Fatehpur
Manasi Ganga Kund Govardhana,Mathura
Shukrataal Muzzafarnagar

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

Raja Ka Taal Firozabad

Ramgarhtaal Gorakhpur
Radha Kund Mathura
Surha Taal Ballia
Dahar Jheel, Bhijwaan Jheel Hardoi
Shekha Jheel Aligarh
Taandadari (formed by Fault), Jirgo and Mirzapur
Tirsi Lake
Rohnia, Samaspur Hakganj,Mamuni,Gorwa Raebareli
Hasanpur and Bisaiya Lakes
Nauh Jheel Mathura
Kokilakund,Krishnakund Kokila Forest, Mathura
Govind Kund, Shyamkund Govardhan, Mathura
Bhakha Jheel Etawah
Bharat Kund om
Ayodhya
Nawabgunj Jheel Unnao
Parvati and Arga Taal(oxbow lakes) Gonda
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Payag Jheel Bahraich

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Lilour Jheel Bareli

Thithaura Jheel Fatehpur
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Alwara Jheel Koshambi

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Sagar taal Badaun

Lakh Bahosi Kannauj
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Sita kund, Chakra Kund Sitapur

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4. UTTAR PRADESH: SOIL

Soil is the upper layer of the Earth which is formed by organic material; clay, rock particles, etc. Soil
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contains minerals, air, water, organic remains and microorganisms within it.
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1. Classification of Soil in Uttar Pradesh

The soil found in Uttar Pradesh is mostly old in nature except the traces found in the river valleys.
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The soil of the state can be classified into three sub-heads. These are:
Soil of Bhabar Region
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• Location: About 8-16 km wide running along the Shiwalik

foothills.
• Process of siltation: Rivers descending from the Himalayas
Soil of Bhabar and deposit their load along the foothills in the form of alluvial
Terai Region fans (often pebbly soil). This soil is very shallow.
• Suitability: This region is not suitable for agriculture as the
soil of this region is porous (permeable). Only big trees with
large roots thrive in this region.
Soil of Terai Region

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• Location: This region is running parallel to the South of

Bhabar and composed of newer alluvium. It is about 15-30
km wide.
• Process of siltation: The underground streams of the
Bhabar region re-emerge in this belt and make it swampy
lowland with silty soils.
• Type of soil: Terai belt is the zone of sand and clay soils.
The soil of Terai region is rich in nitrogen and organic
matter but is deficient in phosphate. It is the zone of sand
and clay soils.
• Suitability: The soil is generally covered by tall grasses and
forest but it is suitable for a number of crops such as wheat,
rice, sugarcane, jute, etc.
• Process of siltation: Developed in Quaternary period and as a
result of sedimentary deposition by rivers.
• Alluvial soil: In this region alluvial soil is found. Alluvial soils
are typically made of a variety of materials, including fine
particles of silt, clay and larger particles of sand and gravel
(Kankar).
• Chemical composition of soil: In the alluvial soil, nitrogen
and fossil are generally low but potash, phosphoric acid and
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alkalis are adequate, while iron oxide and lime vary within a
wide range.
• Suitability: The chemical composition of the alluvial soil
makes this group of soils as one of the most fertile in the world.
On the basis of newer and older, alluvial soils is divided into two
parts
1. Bhangar Soil
Soil of Genetic Plains
• Coverage: It covers the largest part of the plain.
• Location: It is found in those high plain regions which are
free from flood water.
• Fertility: It is not very fertile in nature due to calcareous
deposits locally known as Kankar and it has a low upland
covered by laterite deposits.
• Chemical composition: This soil lacks in nitrogen and
phosphorous due to intensive agriculture and unorganised
management.
• Suitability: The fertility of this soil has been lost due to
continuous use of this soil for agriculture since ancient
times. Thus, this soil needs more fertilisers to practice
agricultural activities.
• Nature: It is old and matured alluvial soil as it is not
renewed frequently as compared to Khadar soil.

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• Known by names: It is known by various names like loam,

clay, sandy loam, bhut, clayey loam, etc.
2. Khadar Soil
• Location: This soil is found in flood plains region of Uttar
Pradesh.
• Nature: It is fine, light brown colour, porous and having
capacity of water retention as compared to Bhangar soil.
• Suitability: It is very suitable for the extensive cultivation
because it does not contain calcareous deposits of calcium.
The soil is frequently renewed because of frequent flooding
thus it does not need manure. It is made of new alluvium
and fine granules (particles).
• Know by names: Sandy, sandy silt, loam, clay or clayey
loam. Lime, potash, magnesium and organic matter are
found in this soil.
• Also known as: The Southern plateau is also known as
Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand region. It was made up in the
Pre-Cambrian period.
• Known by name: Soil found in these regions is called
Bundelkhand soil.
• Location: It lieshttps://t.me/pcsstudies1
just South of Ganga and occupies the entire
Southern zone of the state.
• Crops in this region: Wheat, Sorghum, Bajra, Gram and
Arhar are the important crops which are grown in this soil.
• Soils found in the Southern plateau region are as follows:
Red Soil
• Formation of soil: It is formed by weathering of red
sandstone rocks. Due to the presence of iron oxide, the
Soils of Southern colour of soil is red. The parent materials of the red soil are
Plateau crystalline and metamorphic rocks like acid granites,
gneisses and quartzite.
• Region: The soil is found mainly in Mirzapur, Southern part
of Allahabad, Sonbhadra, Jhansi, Banda, Hamirpur and
Chandauli. This soil is found in the water logging area of
river Betwa and Dhasan in the form of granite.
• Chemical composition: The soil lacks in nitrogen, organic
matter, phosphorous and lime.
• Crops: Cotton, wheat, rice, pulses, gram, millets, tobacco,
oilseed, potato are the main crops of this soil.
• Some other types of soil in the region:
1. Parwa Soil
o It is a light red-brownish colour of sandy loam soil, which
is low in organic matter.
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o This soil is also known as Padwa or Paduwa. It is found in

Hamirpur, Jalaun and coastal part of river Yamuna
especially in ravines.
o The soil responds well to the proper use of fertilisers and
irrigation and gives excellent yields of millet (Kharif) and
gram (Rabi).
2. Rakar Soil
o The slopy areas of hilly and plateau regions are covered
with this soil.
o The soil is divided into deep Rakar and thin Rakar.
o Deep Rakar can be converted into Maad and Kawar while
thin Rakar is convened into light soil.
o The fertility of this soil can be increased with the use of
fertilisers. Generally, crops like sesame or til (Kharif) and
grams (Rabi) are grown in this soil.
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Black Soil or Regur Soil
• Location: It is found in the Western district and Bundelkhand
region of Uttar Pradesh.
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• Nature:
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o It is clayey in nature.
o It is generallyhttps://t.me/pcsstudies1
known as Mar and Kabar. Mar and Kabar
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soils are calcareous and fertile.

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o These adhesive soils expand when they become wet.

o During summers cracks are developed in these soils when
02

they shrink and dry.

o As compared to Mar soil, Kabar soil is less water retentive
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soil.
• Found in: It is found in Mirzapur, Jhansi, and Sonbhadra
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districts. At some places it is mixed with red soil.

• Major crops: Some of the major crops grown on the black soil
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are cotton, wheat, jowar, oilseeds, virginia, tobacco, castor,

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sunflower and millets. Rice and sugarcane are equally

important where irrigation facilities are available.
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1. Maar/Maaf Soil
• This soil is found is the Western districts of the state. It is
black in colour and largely clayey in nature like black or
Apart from the above regur soil but not as fertile.
soils, other soils are • The soil contains silica (60%), iron (15%) and aluminum
found in small (25%).
patches • The soil is highly retentive of moisture. Strenuous effort is
required to work on such soil in rainy season as it gets sticky
like gum.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

2. Monta Soil
• This soil is found in the form of broken pebbles at the
Vindhyan hilly areas.
• Due to slow process of weathering, these pebbles are
converted into fine sand.
• The colour of this soil is reddish. Generally, cereals are
grown in this soil such as millets.
3. Mant and Banjar
• These two soils are found in the eastern parts of Uttar
Pradesh in districts of Gorakhpur, Basti. Maharajganj,
Siddharth Nagar and Gonda.
• The mant soil is loamy, sandy and calcareous. It is known
to retain more water.
• Banjar soil has lesser calcium deposits and it is loamy to
sandy loam in texture.
4. Dhuh
• Dhuh is the soil of waterlogged areas near river banks.
5. Bhaat
• Bhaat soil is found in the Kushinagar district.
• It has aluminium deposits and is suitable for cultivation of
millets.
6. Bhur
• Bhurs are the https://t.me/pcsstudies1
undulating deposits of sandy soils in Bhangar
region.
• These are brought with the wind. These are prominent in
Upper Ganga-- Yamuna Doab region.
7. Tertiary Soil
• It is found in the Shivalik foothills region and is suitable for
tea plantation.
Soils and their Local Names
Soil Local Name
Alluvial Jalodh
Khadar Kachari, Domat, Matiyar
Bangar Uprhar, Domat, Matiyar
Saline and Reh, Bamar, Usar, Kaliar, Thur
Alkaline soil
Red soils in Parua, Rakar
Bundelkhand
and Region
Black soils in Mar, Kabar, Regur, cotton soil
Bundelkhand
Region
Soil of Bhonta or Monta
Vindhyan Hill
Region

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

2. Soil Erosion in Uttar Pradesh

• In Uttar Pradesh, the worst affected districts are Agra, Etawah and Jalaun.
• Foothill areas of Shivalik ranges are critically affected by soil erosion. (UPPCS Pre 2004)
• In Uttar Pradesh, the erosion is done by wind in desert region, by waterlogging in Terai region
and by deforestation in vegetative regions.
• The Chambal and Yamuna rivers are responsible for ravine erosion. Ravine erosion is most
common in the Chambal Valley[UP Lower Pre 2004], Etawah district etc. regions.
• The Western region of Uttar Pradesh including Agra, Mathura and Etawah are the most prone
regions of wind erosion.
3. Soil Conservation: In order to check soil erosion following steps should be taken:
• Afforestation should be done in such places which are devoid of vegetation cover. (UPRO Pre 2014)
• Terraced cultivation should be done.
• Certain farming practices like no-till farming and contour ploughing should be done which help
prevent loosening of soil.
• Crop rotation should be done in which a series of dissimilar crops are grown in an area, to help
in the improvement of soil.
• Constructing dams in such areas where flooding is very common as flooding of rivers has been
the major cause of soil eros
• ion in Uttar Pradesh.

5. UTTAR PRADESH: IRRIGATION

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Around 87% agricultural land of Uttar Pradesh is irrigated land and the rest is depended on rainfall.
Due to unpredictable and inadequate monsoon rainfall the state has many artificial sources of irrigation.
In Uttar Pradesh 74.9% area is irrigated by tubewells and wells which is largest in India [UPPCS Pre
2006&2016 and UPPCS Mains 2017] 15.2% by canals and 9.3% area is irrigated by wells, tanks,
lakes and ponds.

1. Regional Disparity in terms of irrigation

• The western region has the highest percentage of net irrigated area to the net sown area.
• Central and Eastern regions are ranked second and third consecutively
• Bundelkhand region has the lowest percentage.
• In terms of area under well and tube well irrigation, the western region ranks first and
Bundelkhand is least.
• Bundelkhand is highest in terms of tank irrigation followed by the eastern region.
• District wise disparity:
o Meerut, Bagpat, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahar, Bagpat, Hapur (Meerut division) and Shamli
have 100% net irrigated area to the net sown area.
o Mahoba and Sonbhadra have 25% and 32.2% of the net sown area under irrigation.
o Meerut division has the highest 100% net sown area under irrigation whereas Chitrakoot
Dham division has the lowest amounting to 51 %.
2. Well Irrigation
• State-wise: Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under well irrigation in India. It is followed by
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Bihar.
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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

• Region wise: Ganga valley regions in the state are heavily irrigated by well. Gonda, Bahraich,
Basti, Faizabad, Sultanpur, Jaunpur, Raebareli, Pratapgarh, Varanasi, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia,
Ghazipur, Gorakhpur, Maharajganj and Deoria districts of the state are irrigated by wells.
• Methods of well irrigation: There are many different methods of well irrigation that are
adopted on the basis of water availability in the state, e.g. Rahat, Dhekli and Bull pulling,
Charsa, Chain pump, etc.
3. Tubewell Irrigation
• State wise: Uttar Pradesh has the highest tube-well irrigation area in India.
• Area wise: Uttar Pradesh accounts for 28.19% of the tube well-irrigated area of India.
• First tubewell: The first tubewell was sunk in 1930 in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
• Region wise: Meerut, Mainpuri, Etah, Firozabad, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Bulandshahar,
Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur and Aligarh are the districts in the state that are extensively irrigated
by tube wells.
4. Tanks, Lakes and Ponds
• Region wise: Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh is traditionally dependent on tanks for
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irrigation and drinking water. A large number of ponds and lakes were constructed in
Bundelkhand since ancient times.
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• Area wise: In 2015-16, about 64,000 ha land in the state was tank irrigated. It is a significant
decline from 2014-14 when 134,000-ha land was tank irrigated.
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5. Canal Irrigation
• State wise: The maximum part of the totalhttps://t.me/pcsstudies1
irrigated area of the country by canals is in Uttar
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Pradesh.
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• Among irrigation methods: Canals are the third most important source of irrigation in the
state after wells and tubewells. The canals are irrigating those lands which have large plains,
02

fertile soils and perennial rivers.

• Reason for development of canal irrigation: Due to the Ganga and other perennial rivers, the
canal irrigation has been developed in the state. Though the Eastern Uttar Pradesh receives
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sufficient rain, less irrigation is needed in comparison to Western Uttar Pradesh. Thus, many
canals have been constructed in the Western part of Uttar Pradesh.
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• Major Canals of Uttar Pradesh

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• This canal was constructed in 1830 from the left bank of Yamuna near
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Tajewala. It is the oldest canal of Uttar Pradesh.

Eastern • Length of main canal is 197km .
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Yamuna • Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut and Ghaziabad districts are irrigated

Canal by the canal.
• To overcome the problem of scarcity of water in the canal, Hathinikund
Barrage has been constructed.
• This canal was constructed during 1840 to 1854 near Haridwar
(Uttarakhand) from the right bank of Ganga.
Upper
• Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr, Aligarh,
Ganga
Mathura, Etah, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Agra districts are irrigated by this
Canal
canal.
• The main canal is about 298 km.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

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• This canal was constructed during 1872 to 1878 at Narora in Bulandshahar

district. (UPPCS Pre 2007)
Lower • Farrukhabad, Kanpur Nagar,Kanpur Dehat, Fatehpur, Etah, Bulandshahr,
Ganga Firozabad, Etawah, Mainpuri and Prayagraj are irrigated from this canal.
Canal • Parallel Lower Ganga Canal was also constructed after Independence.
• Length of Lower Ganga Canal is 98.8 km and that of parallel canal is 89
km.
• This canal was constructed in 1878 at Okhla from the right bank of the river
Yamuna. Area of Delhi, Gurugram, Faridabad, Mathura, Agra and
Agra Canal
Bharatpur is irrigated from the water of this canal.
• The total length of its branches and sub branches is 1874 km.
• This canal was constructed in 1885 at Parichha, on river Betwa. Area of
Betwa Canal
Jhansi, Jalaun and Hamirpur is irrigated from this canal.
• This canal has been constructed on Dhasan river, which is a tributary of
Dhasan Betwa river.
Canal • The canal irrigates the land of Hamirpur district. It was constructed during
1906 to 1910.
• It was constructed during 1918 to 1928.
• The canal has been constructed near Banbasa of Nainital on river Sharda.
• Land of Pilibhit, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur-Kheri, Hardoi,
Sharda
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Barabanki, Lucknow, Unnao, Raebareli, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, Jaunpur,
Canal Gazipur and Prayagraj is irrigated from this canal and the aim is to increase
agricultural production by multiple cropping and to reform land
management.[UPPCS Pre 2002& 2008)
• Length of main canal is 44.3 km
• It is a joint project of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It was constructed in 1972
Gandak
as a dam on Buri Gandak river 18 km North of Uttar Pradesh-Nepal border.
Canal
• This canal irrigates the land of Gorakhpur, Maharajganj and Deoria
districts of Uttar Pradesh.
• It was constructed in 1975 at Kalagarh in Pandi district of Uttarakhand on
Ramganga river, It’s about 128 m wide. The highest dam of Uttar Pradesh,
Ramganga
i.e. Ramganga dam, is located on this canal. (UPPCS GIC 2010)
Canal
• Districts of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are irrigated by this canal like
Bijnor, Amroha, Rampur and Moradabad.
• This project was started in 1977-78 and got the national status in August,
2012. It was constructed at Katar Kania Ghat in Nanpura tehsil of Bahraich
district on Ghaghara river.
Saryu-
• The main objective behind the construction of the canal is to avail the water
Ghaghara
of rivers Saryu, Rapti and Ghaghara in districts of Bahraich, Shravasti,
Canal
Balrampur, Gonda, Sant Kabir Nagar, Basti, Gorakhpur and Maharajganj.
• Apart from this barrage, four other pump canals have been constructed
here.

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UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

• It is a barrage constructed on river Ganga near Bijnor district to merge

Middle 115.54 km main Ganga Canal with Upper Ganga Canal and was named
Ganga Middle Ganga Canal.
Canal • Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Mathura, Hathras, Firozabad, etc.
districts are benefitted from this canal.
• It is the joint project of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. It is constructed
at Panna (Madhya Pradesh) on river Ken.
Ken Canal • Around 1.4 lakh acre land of Banda district of Uttar Pradesh and
Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh is irrigated from this canal.
• Alongwith its branches and sub-branches, the canal is 640 km long.
• Two canals namely Gursaria and Mandar have been constructed from Mata
Mata Tila
Tila dam on river Betwa in Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh. (UPPCS RI
Dam Canal 2014 & Mains 2014, UPRO 2016)
or Rani
Laxmi Bai • Through this canal, land of Jalaun, Lalitpur, Jhansi and Hamirpur districts
Dam is irrigated. After completion of second phase of the project, an additional
land of 4 laid). acre will be irrigated from this.
• Now, the canal's name is changed to Rani Laxmi Bai Dam.
• It is an Earthen dam constructed at river Belan in Allahabad district to
Meja
construct a 315 km long canal.
Reservoir
Canal • Nearly, 70,900-acre land of Allahabad and Mirzapur district is irrigated
from this reservoir. https://t.me/pcsstudies1
• This canal has been constructed at the dam of river Saprar near Karonda
Saprar
village, which is 8 km South to Mauranipur, Jhansi district.
Canal
• Nearly, 40 thousand acre land of Jhansi and Hamirpur is irrigated from this
canal.
Arjun Dam • This canal has been constructed on river Arjun in Charkhari, Hamirpur
Canal district.
• Nearly 26,700 acre land of Hamirpur district is irrigated by this canal.
• This dam has been constructed on river Bern, a tributary of river Ken. This
Rangeba canal supplies water to Ken canal
Dam Canal • Nearly, 93 thousand acre land of Hamirpur district can be irrigated with
this canal.
• Baroda dam is constructed on river Belan which is a tributary of river Tons
Belan-Tons in Rewa (Madhya Pradesh). Apart from this, another reservoir is
Canal constructed at Maruhar river, which is a tributary of river Belan.
Project • Belan canal irrigated nearly 1 lakh acre land of Allahabad district Prayagraj
of Uttar Pradesh.
• The canal has been constructed on the dam of river Karmnasa at Nagwa.
Nagwa Dam
Canal • Nearly, 60 thousand acre land of Mirzapur and Sonbhadra district is
irrigated by this canal.
Naugarh • This canal is constructed on the river Karmnasa at Naugarh in Ghazipur
Dam Canal district.

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• Nearly, 80 thousand acre land of Chandauli in Varanasi division and

Jamania Pargana in Ghazipur district is irrigated by this canal.
• It has been constructed near Chakia in Varanasi district on the river
Chandra
Chandraprabha.
Prabha Dam
Canal • Nearly, 24 thousand acre land of Chakia and Chandauli tehsil is benefitted
from this canal.
• This dam is constructed on the river Gadai in Ahrora in Varanasi district
Ahrora Dam and the canal is emerged from this dam.
Canal • The canal irrigates the land of Varanasi and Mirzapur districts of Uttar
Pradesh.
• This canal is constructed from the Lalitpur dam which has been constructed
Lalitpur
on Sahjad river in Lalitpur district. The canal irrigates land of Jhansi,
Dam Canal
Lalitpur, Hamirpur and Jalaun districts of the state.
• It is constructed from Ghaghara river. It has two branches namely, Marihan
Ghaglira
and Ghoraval. It irrigates land of Mirzapur, and Sonbhadra districts of the
om
Canal
state.
l.c
6. Dams of Uttar Pradesh
Name of the Dam River Location Remark
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(Nearest City)
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Parichha Dam Betwa Parichha town, It is popular for water sports

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Jhansi
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Jirgo Dam Jirgo Mirzapur It is also a thermal power project and

irrigation canal system, supports UP &
02

Bihar
Rani Laxmi Bai Betwa Lalitpur It is an interstate dam project of the
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Dam (UPPCS Government of M.P. and the U.P. It

GIC 2010 & purposes includes Hydroelectric,
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Mains 2012) Irrigation, Drinking / Water Supply. It is

Earthen / Gravity & Masonry dam
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Govind Ballabh Rihand Pipari, It is the largest dam of India by volume. It

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Pant Sagar Dam Sonbhadra is a concrete gravity dam

(Rihand Dam)
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Moosakhand Karmnasa Chandauli It is an earthen dam.

Ramganga Dam Ramganga Dhampur The dam is part of the Ramganga

(Bijnor) Multipurpose Project, an irrigation and
hydroelectric project.
Aunjhar Dam Aunjhar Chitrakoot It is a Gravity & Masonry dam
Baghelkhand Jamunahwa Balrampur It’s an Earthen dam meant for irrigation
Dam purpose only

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Kanhar Dam Kanhar Sonbhadra By the implementation of this project,

Chopan and Dudhi Blocks of Sonbhadra
district will be benefitted.
Meja Dam Belan Mirzapur It is an Earthen dam
Saryu Dam Saryu Bahraich Recently, PM inaugurated the Rs 9,802
crore Saryu Canal National project in
Balrampur district in eastern Uttar
Pradesh
Pathrai Dam Pathrai Jhansi It is an Earthen dam
Rajghat Dam Betwa Lalitpur It is an inter-state dam project of the
governments of M.P and U.P
Maudaha Dam Birma Hamirpur Also known as Swami Brahmanand dam.
It is earthen in nature
Arjun Dam Arjun Hamirpur It is an Earthen dam
Ban Sagar Dam Son Shandol The foundation stone of the Bansagar
project was laid by the late Prime Minister
Morarji Desai. It is a multipurpose river
Valley Project
Sharda Sagar Sharda Pilibhit It is an Earthen dam
Dam
Nagwa Dam Karmnasa Nagwan It is an Earthen dam
Gunta Dam Gunta Nala Raipura It is an Earthen dam
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(Chitrakoot)
Kachnoda Dam Sajnam Lalitpur It is an Earthen dam
Rajghat Project Betwa Lalitpur Its main purpose is Hydroelectric,
Irrigation, Drinking / Water Supply and it
is Earthen / Gravity & Masonry in nature

7. Irrigation Projects Classification

• Based on Cultural Command Area (CCA):
o Major irrigation Scheme: Major irrigation schemes are those schemes which have a
Culturable Command Areas of More than 10,000 hectares.
Major Irrigation Projects
• Joint project: 5 states namely, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh,
Haryana and Rajasthan.
• Commencement: This barrage has been constructed in 1872 in
Saharanpur on Yamuna river.
• Destruction due to flood: Due to destruction by heavy flood of 1978,
Hathnikund
the Central Government planned a pact among these 5 states on the
Barrage
demand of Yamuna river water on 12th May, 1999.
• Construction of new barrage: Thus, construction of a new Hathnikund
barrage was start in the year 1994 and completed in 1999.
• Renaming: It was renamed as New Tajewalan Barrage or Tajewalan
Barrage Renuvation Project.
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• Eastern Yamuna Canal System: It irrigates the fields of

Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Meerut and Ghaziabad.
• Ongoing project: This project is under construction which was
proposed to built in the year 1976. It is an Earth filled dam which is
Kanhar Irrigation
constructed on Kanhar river, a tributary of Son river in Sonbhadra
Project
district.
• Purpose: Its water will be used for Uttar Pradesh and Bihar state for the
drinking water and irrigation purposes.
• Joint project: Among the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and
Jharkhand.
• Location: It was constructed in 1978 on Son river in Shandol of Madhya
Pradesh.
Bansagar Dam
Project • Purpose: Its water is used for irrigation purpose in Allahabad
(Prayagraj) and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh.
• National project: In 2014, this project was included in the Pradhan
Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana. From July 2018, the project has become
a national project.
• Commencement: This project was started in 1993 and it is still in
progress. The barrage is constructed near Taj Mahal in Agra on Yamuna
Agra Barrage
river.
Project
• Purpose: The aim ofhttps://t.me/pcsstudies1
this project is to provide water to Agra for drinking
and irrigation purposes.
• Potential: Nearly, 37,453 hectare land of Bareilly and Badaun is
irrigated by this project. Under this project a 617 m long barrage has
Badaun Irrigation
been constructed on Ramganga river in Bareilly district.
Project
• Ongoing project: Its construction was started in 2012 and it is still in
progress.
• Location: The barrage is constructed on Yamuna river near Gokul town
Gokul Barrage in Mathura district.
Project • Purpose: This project has been constructed to provide water for drinking
and irrigation purposes to Agra and Mathura districts.
• Location: This barrage is constructed on Ganga river in Kanpur.
Luv-Kush Barrage
Project • Purpose: The aim of this project is to provide sufficient water for
drinking and irrigation purposes to Kanpur city.
• Location: The project is being constructed near Noida-Delhi bypass.
• Purpose: Through this project, Noida and Ghaziabad will get adequate
water supply for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Gangajal Project
• Overhead authority: To overview the functions of Ganga Project the
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) was set up in 2009
under Section 3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

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• Overview: In this project, barrage has been constructed on river

Banganga near Shohratgarh in Basti district on which a 45 km long canal
Banganga Project is constructed.
• Purpose: Nearly, 23-thousand-acre land of Basti district is irrigated
from it.
• It is a project to transfer excess water from the river Ken to the Betwa
through a concrete canal. It aims to provide irrigation and drinking water
to the Bundelkhand region.
Ken – Betwa River
• The beneficiary states are MP and UP. (UPPCS Pre 2006)
Linking Ptoject
• The propsed canal is 221km log and pass through Jhansi, Banda and
Mahoba districts of UP.
• It was first such project in India.
o Medium irrigation Schemes: The Medium Irrigation Schemes have a CCA of 2,000-
10,000 hectares.
o Minor Schemes: Those with Culturable command areas up to 2000 hectares.
om
o Minor Irrigation Projects in Uttar Pradesh
§ Around 77% irrigation is done through minor irrigation sources in the state. Out of these
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approx. 78% irrigation is done by private means of irrigation.
8. Schemes for Minor Irrigation Resources
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• Boring Scheme (shallow Tube well): This scheme has been operational since 1985. Under this
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scheme, small and marginal farmers and farmers of SC & ST community are provided grants
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for boring.
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• Scheme for Medium Deep Tube wells: It was launched in 2004-05. Under this scheme, grants
are provided for the construction of medium-deep tube wells in areas where groundwater is
02

available at the depth of 31m to 60 m. The farmers of all caste/ category are eligible for this
scheme.
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• Scheme for Deep Tube Wells: It was started in 2012-13. Under this scheme, grant is provided
for boring of deep tube-wells in the plateau, deep and hard strata regions.
ni

• Ram Manohar Lohia Community Tubewell Scheme: Under this scheme subsidy is provided
to

for construction of tubewells in the region where no other medium or deep tubewell exists in
300 m range. The subsidy is provided to the group of farmers. The minimum command area of
nn

tubewell should be 20 ha. The scheme also has provision of irrigating neighbouring fields on
chargeable basis.
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• Scheme for Surface Pump Set: It is applicable in Bundelkhand and cross-Yamuna plateaus/
tableland districts viz Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Chandauli and Prayagraj. Under this scheme, a
grant is provided to the farmers for the installation of pump sets for irrigation from natural
surface water sources.
• Scheme for Blast Wells: This scheme is applicable in the eight districts of Bundelkhand and
Vindhyachal region viz. Jhansi, Lalitpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Prayagraj, Mirzapur, Sonbhadra
and Chandauli. Under this scheme, community and private wells are constructed using blasting
technology. The private blast wells are constructed on the 100% government expenditure.
• Construction of Check Dams for Rain Water use & Groundwater Recharging: Under this
scheme, check dams are being constructed on the small streams and rivers in the plateau region

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including Bundelkhand. The objective of these check dams is optimum use of rainwater,
irrigation and groundwater recharge. This is a community based scheme.
• Scheme of In-Well-Ring Boring in Plateau areas/Table Land: Grants is approved only in
those areas of Jhansi, Lalitpur and Chitrakoot where tube wells by hand boring set is not possible
to be constructed. Facility for bank loans is also available.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sichai Yojna: A new scheme related to Redevelopment and
Management of ponds larger than 1 Hectare falling in the areas of exploited & critical
development segments has been started in 2016-17 with 60:40 funding of centre and state. The
Water Panchayat will be formed for the management of each such pond and Bio-energy
Plantation will be done on these ponds.
9. Minor (Lift) Irrigation Projects
Various Minor (Lift) Irrigation Projects are being run by the Irrigation & Water Resources
Department under the Ministry of Jal Shakti , Govt. of U.P.
10. Micro Irrigation Systems
• Approximately 80% of total water resources are used for irrigation. Since water resources are
limited, more efficient irrigation methods need to be employed. Micro irrigation is such a
system where drips, sprinklers, etc. are employed to irrigate at each plant at surface or
subsurface level.
o Drip Irrigation System: Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves
dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small
diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers.
o Sprinkler Irrigation System: In this system pressurised water is sprayed using a sprinkler
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in the designated area. It is similar to the application of rainwater. Size of the droplets and
water pressure affects the efficiency of irrigation. These are controlled by a pump and
nozzle.
• Benefits of Micro Irrigation
o Optimum water use and uniform water application
o Improvement in quality and yield
o Saving in electricity
o Application of fertilisers, herbicide, weedicide and pesticide with irrigated water
o Inhibit weed growth by limited application of water
o Suitable to various topography and soil type
o Improves tolerance of crops to soil salinity especially in drip irrigation due to high moisture
content at the root of the plant
• Schemes/Projects for Micro Irrigation
o Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sichai Yojna (Per Crop More Drop): This scheme is applicable
in all the districts of the State. Farmers are being provided subsidies up to 90% for setting
up micro-irrigation systems.
o Kulpahar Sprinkler Irrigation Project: This project is aimed to create a sprinkler
irrigation facility by pumping water from Arjun dam. The project will benefit Kulpahar of
Mahoba district.
o Masagaon and Chilli Sprinkler System: This project will be financed under the
Bundelkhand package. It aims to create sprinkler irrigation facilities in Masagaon and
Chilli villages of Hamirpur.

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o Shahzad Dam Sprinkler Irrigation Project: Under this project, sprinkler irrigation
facilities for Paraun, Rajpura, Baroda Dang, Baswaha, etc. villages of Lalitpur district have
been constructed.
11. Uttar Pradesh State Water Policy
• Water is a precious resource for all living beings and development activities. Thus, to save this
precious and limited resource, Uttar Pradesh adopted the 'State Water Policy' which is based on
the general guidelines and parameters of 'National Water Policy, 1987'. The main objectives of
State Water Policy are as follows:
o Ensure preservation of the scarce water resources and to optimise the utilisation of the
available resources.
o Bring about qualitative improvement in water resource management which should include
user's participation and decentralisation of authority.
o Maintain water quality, both surface and underground, to established norms and standards.
o Promote formulation of projects as far as and whenever possible on the concept of basin or
sub-basin, treating both surface and the groundwater as a unitary resource and ensuring
multipurpose use of the water resources.

6. UTTAR PRADESH: AGRICULTURE

• Largest food gain producer: Uttar Pradesh is a largest food grain producing State in India
producing about 18.89% of the country's total food grain production.
• Contribution of UP: In fiscal year 2021 contribution of Uttar Pradesh was about 58.32 million
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tones
• in the national food grain production of about 314.51 million tones. However, the state is also
characterized by extreme dependence on agriculture.
• Contribution of agriculture and allied activities in state GDP: Agriculture accounts for
about 26% of GSDP.
• Employment: Agriculture provides around 59% employment to the residents of the state.
• Main crop of the State: Cereal and Pulses, Oilseeds are also grown in some area with low
productivity. Relatively larger share in production is obviously attributed to higher foodgrain
yield in the state
• Monitoring institution: To monitor the agricultural activities, the state has Uttar Pradesh
Council of Agricultural Research which is situated at Lucknow.
1. Agro-Climatic Regions of Uttar Pradesh
• The state of Uttar Pradesh is divided into 9 agro-climatic regions or zones on the basis of factors
affecting the agriculture. These zones are discussed below:
(i) Bhabar and Terai Region: It includes the regions of foothills of Himalayas, like
Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Lakhimpur-
Kheri, Bahraich, Shravasti, etc.
(ii) Central Western Plains: It includes regions of Bareilly and Moradabad.
(iii) Western Plains: It includes Meerut division and its surrounding area.
(iv) Southern-Western Semi-Arid Plain: It includes Agra division and its surrounding area.
(v) Central Plain: It includes Kanpur and Lucknow divisions and Fatehpur region.
(vi) Bundelkhand Region: It includes Jhansi and Chitrakoot divisions.
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(vii) Northern-Eastern Plain: It includes Gorakhpur division and regions of Gonda.

(viii) Eastern Plain: It includes Varanasi, Faizabad, Azamgarh division and few areas of
Prayagraj division.
(ix) Vindhya Region: It includes regions of Mirzapur, Sonbhadra and Southern Prayagraj.
2. Crop Production in Uttar Pradesh
• The main types of crops in Uttar Pradesh are Rabi crops, Kharif crops and Zaid crops. These
crops are briefly discussed below:
Rabi Crops
These crops are sown in winter season in October to December and harvested in months of
February to April. These crops need less water and average temperature. Important rabi crops
are wheat, barley, gram, masoor, potato, pulses, etc. Some important rabi crops are given
below:
• State area: It is produced in the largest part of the state in about 24%
agricultural land.
• Left out area: It is grown almost all over the state except the Northern hilly
om
and Southern plateau regions.
• State rank: Uttar Pradesh ranks first in wheat production. [UPPCS RO
2016, Mains 2016,Pre 2006]
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Wheat • Conditions: Generally, the crop needs 50 cm to 75 cm rainfall and during

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sowing period it needs 10° C to 15° C temperature.

• Location in state: Ganga-Yamuna and Ganga-Ghaghara doab are the
m

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largest wheat producing areas in which Gorakhpur, Meerut, Bulandshahr,
Saharanpur, Agra, Aligarh, Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Kanpur, Etawah,
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Farrukhabad and Fatehpur are the main producers of wheat.

• Distinction: Due to high rainfall the Eastern and North-Eastern districts of
02

Uttar Pradesh have low yield of wheat.

• Importance: It is grown in those regions where light loam soils and arid
c2

soils are found.

• Conditions: It requires 30 cm to 50 cm rainfall and during sowing period, it
ni

Gram requires 15°C to 25°C temperature.

to

• Location in state: Banda, Hamirpur, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Jalaun, Mirzapur,

Sonbhadra, Kanpur, Fatehpur, Sitapur, Barabanki, Allahabad and Agra are
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the main districts where gram is grown.

• Importance: It is the largest growing crop in the state among all the oilseeds
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crops.
• Conditions: Mustard is grown independently or with a combination of other
Mustard crops like wheat, peas and barley.
• Location in state: Gonda, Bahraich, Mirzapur, Saharanpur, Sonbhadra,
Kanpur, Sitapur, Etah, Meerut, Faizabad, Etawah, Sultanpur, Mathura,
Aligarh and Bulandshahr are the main districts where mustard is grown.
Barley • Soil condition: It is grown best in sandy and alluvial soils. It is a short
growing season crop and has good drought tolerance.

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• Geographical conditions: Its geographical conditions are as same as the

wheat.
• Location in state: Varanasi, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Ballia, Mau, Ghazipur,
Gorakhpur, Etah, Allahabad and Pratapgarh are the districts where barley is
grown.
Kharif Crops
The crops which are grown during the monsoon (rainy season) are called kharif crops. Seeds of the
crops are sown in the beginning of the monsoon season (May to July). After maturation, these
crops are harvested at the end of the monsoon season from September to October. These crops
require high temperature and more water. Important crops of this season are rice, cotton, jute,
sugarcane, arhar, bajra, groundnut, maize, etc. Major crops of kharif season are discussed below:
• State rank: Uttar Pradesh ranks 2nd in India in the production of rice after
West Bengal.(UPPCS Mains 2004 & 2009)
• State area: Rice is sown on the 18% cultivable land in the state. The largest
area under rice cultivation is in UP as well as in hybrid rice
cultivation.(UPPCS Mains 2007& 2014)
Rice • Conditions: It requires 20°C temperature during sowing period and 27°C
temperature during harvesting period. It requires 75 cm to 125 cm rainfall.
It requires clayey soil which is very fertile for this crop.
• Location: It is grown in the Terai region which includes Shravasti,
Maharajganj, Bahraich, Kushinagar, Deoria, Balrampur, Shahjahapur,
Ballia, Pilibhit, Saharanpur, Mau, Varanasi and Lucknow districts. Rice is
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extensively grown in Shahjahanpur.
• Conditions: This crop is sown in April-May and harvested in August-
September.
Jute • Location: It is a fibre crop which is grown in Terai Belt and Saryu and
Ghaghara Doab. Bahraich, Maharajganj, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Gonda, Sitapur
and Lakhimpur-Kheri are the major centres for the cultivation of jute.
• State rank: Uttar Pradesh ranks first in terms of production of sugarcane in
the country. (UP Lower 2008 & PCS Pre 2019, RO 2017)
• State area: It is sown on the 13% of the total cultivable land in the state.
• Conditions: It requires 20°C to 26°C temperature, 100-200 cm rainfall and
clayey loam soil.
• Location: It is grown in two belts:
Sugarcane o Terai Belt: It includes Rampur, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Sitapur, Lakhimpur-
Kheri, Gonda, Faizabad, Azamgarh, Mau, Jaunpur, Basti, Ballia,
Maharajganj, Deoria and Gorakhpur districts.
o Ganga-Yamuna Doab: It includes Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Ghaziabad,
Bulandshahar, Aligarh, Saharanpur and Moradabad districts.
• Distinction: Muzaffarnagar is the largest producer of sugarcane.
• Uttar Pradesh Council of Sugarcane Research was established in 1912 in
Shahjahanpur.
Cotton • Condition: It is sown in June-July and harvested in October-November.

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• Varieties: Different varieties of cotton are grown like UP Deshi, Bengal

cotton, Punjab cotton, American cotton, etc. It is grown along with maithi,
mung and toria. Small fiber cotton is grown at large scale instead of large
fiber cotton.
• Location: It is grown in the state in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Rohilkhand
and Bundelkhand regions with the help of irrigation. Saharanpur,
Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahar, Aligarh, Agra,
Firozabad, Etawah, Kanpur, Rampur, Bareilly, Moradabad, Mathura,
Mainpuri and Farrukhabad are some districts of the state where cotton is
grown.
• Cereal crop: It is an important cereal crop in the state. Bajra and barley are
sown along with this crop.
Arhar
• Location: Varanasi, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Allahabad, Hamirpur and Lucknow
are the main districts where arhar pulses are grown.
• Conditions: It is grown in arid climatic regions where rainfall is less than
50 cm. It is grown in May and July and harvested in September and
Bajra December.
• Location: It is produced by Agra, Aligarh, Moradabad, Mathura, Budaun,
Firozabad, Etawah, Mainpuri, Kanpur, Ghazipur, Farrukhabad and
Pratapgarh districts.
• Condition: The cultivation of groundnut takes more time due to arid
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climate. It needs sandy soil for growth. It is sown in June and July and
Groundnut harvested in November and December.
• Location: It is mainly grown in the districts of Sitapur, Hardoi, Etah,
Badaun, Moradabad, etc. on a small scale.
• Importance: It can be grown throughout the year. It is used for starch
glucose and soft drinks.
Maize • Location: It is a rainy crop. It is grown in the districts like Meerut,
Ghaziabad, Bulandshahar, Farrukhabad, Gonda, Jaunpur, Etah, Firozabad
and Mainpuri.
Zaid Crops
Zaid crops are sown between Rabi and Kharif crops These are grown in March-April and
harvested in June-July. The zaid crops require warm dry weather for growth and longer day
length for flowering. The main zaid crops are watermelon, muskmelon, bitter gourd, pumpkin,
cucumber and seasonal fruits and vegetables.

3. Other important crops

Plantation Crops
It is cultivated in Terai regions. The famous tea producing districts are Deoria,
Tea
Siddharth Nagar and Pilibhit.
Barabanki is the largest producer of opium in Uttar Pradesh. It is also produced
Opium
in Ghazipur district. The only factory of opium is located in Ghazipur district.

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It is majorly produced in Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Prayagraj, Gonda, Hamirpur,

Linseed
Bahraich, etc.
It is majorly produced in Meerut, Varanasi, Saharanpur, Ghaziabad,
Tobacco Bulandshahr and Mainpuri districts in Uttar Pradesh. It is used in smoking and
medicinal products.
Horticulture
To encourage the horticulture development, the State Government established Horticulture and
Food Processing Department in 1974. India's first Gardening Call Centre has been opened in
Central Institute for Sub Tropical Horticulture in Rehmankhera, Lucknow. State Food Processing
Industrial Institution is located at Lucknow.
Fruits, Vegetable and spices
It is produced in Central and -Western districts of Uttar Pradesh. Dasheri,
Mango
Langra and Safeda are the famous varieties of Malihabadi mango in Lucknow.
It is grown in Prayagraj, Bareilly and Ayodhya districts of Uttar Pradesh.
Guava Safeda, Dholka, Halfji Lucknow and Karela Allahabad are the main varieties
of guava. om
It is produced at a large scale in Varanasi, Allahabad, Gorakhpur and
Kaushambi. Few varieties are Mal-Bhog Chini, Champa, Alfan, Adheshwar,
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Banana
Dudhsagar and Sabja. The first ripening chamber of Uttar Pradesh is set up in
Allahabad.
ai

It is produced mainly in the Bundelkhand region and generally all over the
Lemon
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state. https://t.me/pcsstudies1

Papaya It is grown in Saharanpur, Unnao, Lucknow and Faizabad districts in the state.
2g

It is a kharif crop. It is grown in Ganga, Saryu, Gomati river valleys in the

Watermelon
state.
02

It is grown in Saharanpur and Bundelkhand region. The Desi Nagpuri, Empdar

Orange
and Laddu varieties of orange are grown in this district.
c2

Meerut, Varanasi and Saharanpur are the main malta producing districts of
Malta
Uttar Pradesh. Mausammi and blood red are some varieties of malta.
ni

Lichi It is grown in Saharanpur and Meerut districts in the state. Shaftalu It is grown
to

in Western part of the state and in Lucknow district.

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Amla/Indian Amla has medicinal values. The Indian climate is considered best in Asia for
Gooseberry the growth of this cash crop. Pratapgarh is the largest producer of Amla crop.
gi

Vegetables and Spices Productions

• Uttar Pradesh ranks first in the production of potato. It produces around
40% potato in the country. The best quality of potato produced in vast
farms in Agra, Firozabad, Aligarh, Hathras and Mathura districts
Potato • Central Potato Research Institute is located in Meerut.
• The state has three agricultural export zones, namely, Lucknow,
Saharanpur and Agra, in which Agra has been established for potato
export. The potato of this zone is known as Taj Brand.

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• Aaloo Vikas Neeti, 2014 has been implemented in the state. The main
objective of this scheme is to provide reliable rate to potato farmers of
their products and for overall development of potato farming.
Turmeric and Uttar Pradesh ranks first in the production of turmeric and ginger in India.
Ginger Turmeric and ginger are mainly grown in Bundelkhand region.
Onion and Both of these crops are mainly produced in Farrukhabad, Budaun, Mainpuri,
Garlic Etawah, Kannauj, Etah, Firozabad, etc.
Both of these crops are produced in Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar,
Coriander and
Azamgarh, Mau, Jaunpur, Sultanpur, Ambedkar Nagar and Faizabad districts
Aniseed
in the state.
Floriculture in Uttar Pradesh
In Uttar Pradesh, flower production is done in Varanasi, Lucknow, Allahabad (Prayagraj),
Mirzapur and Jaunpur districts. In Kannauj district, flowers are used to produce perfumes.
Lucknow is one of the nine ideal flower producing centres in the country.
• The state produces some important medical and scented plants like
Alovera, Basil, Satawari, Sarpgandha, Shankhpushpi, Arjun, Khus, etc.
Medical and
Scented Plant • Mentha plant is similar to mint plant. It is produced in Western districts
Production like Barabanki, Budaun, Rampur, Kannauj, Jalaun, Auraiya, Etawah and
Etah districts. Uttar Pradesh produces around 90% mentha oil of the
country.
• Betel is produced in the state in 21 districts like Mahoba, Banda, Unnao,
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Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Raebareli, Ballia, Lucknow, Hardoi, Gorakhpur,

Azamgarh, Barabanki, Kanpur, etc.
Betel
• The Betel Research and Training Centre was established in 1981 in
Production
Mahoba
• Mahoba Deshawari, Kalkatiya Kapuri Bangla, Magahi Sanchi, Banarasi,
Sophiya, Ramtek and Mitha are main varieties of betel plant.
• Oil extracted from the seed of Jatropha is used as an alternating of diesel
oil. Thus, Uttar Pradesh Government is giving main emphasis on its
Jatropha production.
• Jatropha Cloning Garden Scheme is being implemented by Biotech Park
at Bakshi Ka Talab region in the state.

4. The State Agriculture Policy, 2013

• Vision: The vision of the policy is transforming the state into a Granary of the Nation by
ensuring food and nutritional security and to improve the quality of village life with
inclusive and sustainable growth.
• Objective: The objectives of the State Agriculture Policy, 2013 are as follows:
o To achieve a growth rate of 5.1% in the agriculture sector.
o To develop appropriate eco-friendly farming systems which would improve the soil
health as well as farm income.
o To develop and conserve natural resources for maintaining ecological balance.

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o To increase the income of farmers through agricultural diversification towards high

value activities, while retaining the core competence in area of food and nutritional
security.
o To develop infrastructure facilities in sectors of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agriculture
implements, extension services, food processing and marketing by promoting private
sector involvement across the agricultural supply chain.
5. Agricultural Development Schemes in Uttar Pradesh
• The scheme will provide a long-term debt financing facility for
investment in viable projects for postharvest management
Atma Nirbhar infrastructure and community.
Krishak development • Rs 1 lakh crore will be provided by banks and financial institutions
scheme as loans to Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, Marketing
Cooperative Societies, Self Help Groups, farmers, and joint
liability groups.
• Aims to double the farmer income covering all the Assembly
constituencies of the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Kisan Kalyan mission • This is to be achieved through campaigns that create awareness
among farmers on how to reduce agricultural caused by using
fertilizers in a balanced manner.
• Launched in 1954 in Muzaffarnagar and Sultanpur
• The aim of thehttps://t.me/pcsstudies1
scheme is to increase agricultural production,
productivity and to uplift the status of farmers in the state.
Consolidation • Under this scheme, the fragmented land is consolidated, chak roads
Program or lane, street side drains are marked, and under this consolidation
exercise, land is arranged and reserved for public purposes, such as
school, hospital, community centre, play field, veterinary hospital,
etc.
• The first program on oilseeds was launched in 1986 as Technology
Mission on Oilseeds (TMO).
Integrated Scheme of
• The core idea was to increase the production and productivity of
Oilseeds Pulses,
oilseeds to make the country self-reliant in this vital sector. Later
Oilpalm and Maize
pulses, oil palm and maize were brought in its ambit in the 1990s.
(ISOPOM)
• The scheme was later restructured in 2004 as Integrated Scheme of
Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM).
• In order to provide information to 2.50 crore land holders about
their land holdings the Kisan Bahi Yojana came into existence in
1992.
Kisan Bahi Yojana • It is a revised form of previous holding passbook scheme. It
includes information about the landholders, his/her name, address,
his landholding information, sales, mortgage, lease and
information about exchange.
Agriculture • This scheme was financed by the World Bank which started in the
Development Project year 1998.

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• It is considered a revolutionary project for the development of

agriculture and allied sectors in the state.
• It has been operated in the selected development blocks in all the
districts of the state.
• Introduced on 22nd Jan.,2020 for the age group of 18-70 years of
farmers.
Mukhyamantri
• If S/he dies or become disabled in an accident while working in the
Krishak Durghtana
field, he or his family will get relief up to Rs. 5 Lakhs.
Kalyan Yojna
• DM is the appropriate authority and application after 75 days of
causality will not be considered.
• The scheme was introduced in the year 1999-2000 by the
Government of India.
Kisan Credit Card
• The scheme is aimed to provide credit to farmers at lowest interest
rates by the banks.
om
• This scheme was launched in the year 2001. Under this scheme,
grants-in-aid is released to State Governments with an objective to
Farmer Friend
support their efforts of revitalisation of the extension system.
l.c
Programme
• The extension activities like farmers training, demonstration,
ai

exposure visits, kisan mela, mobilisation of farmers groups and

setting up of farm schools are included under this programme.
m

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• In order to provide certified seeds at the fair price to the farmers,

2g

the State Government set up Uttar Pradesh Beej Vikas nigam on

Uttar Pradesh Beej 15th February, 2002.
02

Vikas Nigam • The nigam is functioning since 10th December, 2002. Seed
production work is done by this corporation with the assistance of
c2

14000 producers.
• This scheme was launched by the State Government on 2nd
ni

October, 2003. Under this scheme, 500/ month is given to the

Farmer Old Age
to

farmers of age above 60 years old.

Pension Scheme
• The pension is given every 6 month and both husband and wife are
nn

eligible for this pension. Thus wife would get the benefit.
• This scheme is being in operation since 2007 in districts of
gi

Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Chandauli, Ghazipur, Mau and Ballia and 7

Gramin Khadya Bank districts of Bundelkhand region.
Yojana • In all of these districts, there are total 500 banks and 40
beneficiaries are connected to each bank.
• Under this scheme, a beneficiary can take 1 quintal free foodgrains
with simple interest of 1 year.
• In order to develop and improve the agricultural land in Uttar
Kisan Hit Yojana
Pradesh, the scheme was started in 2007-08.

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• The aim of this scheme is to achieve the growth rate of 4% in

National Agricultural agricultural sector and prepare and implement agricultural schemes
Development Scheme for the districts and states on the basis of available resources in the
agricultural and allied sectors.
• This scheme was started by the Central Government in the year
2008-09.
• The aim of this scheme is to usher in a system of updated land
National Land Record
records, automated and automatic mutation, integration between
Modernisation
textual and spatial records, inter connectivity between revenue and
Programme
registration and to replace the present deeds registration.
• Under this scheme, all the tehsils have been connected with state
headquarters via district headquarters through E-Link facility.
• This scheme was launched in 2012-13. Under this scheme, it is
Beej Gram Yojana
estimated that the farmers will be getting quality seeds.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal • This scheme was launched by Prime Minister of India on 13th
Bima Yojana February, 2016. In this scheme, farmers only have to pay 2%
uniform premium for Kharif Crops and 1.5% for Rabi crops and
5% premium for annual commercial and horticultural crops.
• At present, the scheme is in operation in 15 districts in Uttar
Fruit Belt Pradesh. There are 13 mango belts, 2 guava belts and 1 amla belt
Development Scheme under this scheme.

The Millennium • Started in the year 2011, the state government would be conducting
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Farmers School classes for farmers in government schools to impart knowledge

about latest techniques of agriculture, crop insurance, marketing
Programme
etc.
• The state government has constituted this aayog in 2017 to make
efforts and suggestions that can help in doubling the farmers
Krishak Samridhdhi
income.
Aayog
• The CM will be its chairperson and state agriculture minister and
member of NITI Aayog will be its vice-chairpersons.
• It is a scheme of UP Govt. to make the schemes and the process
Pardarshi Kisan Seva related to agricultural fields transparent to ensure that the benefits
Yojna of the scheme are availed by those who need it by proper use of
technology.

7. UTTAR PRADESH: MINERALS

• Resource density: Despite its large geographical extent, Uttar Pradesh has limited mineral
resources. Only 3% of the country's mineral resources are obtained from Uttar Pradesh.
• Regional disparity: Bundelkhand and Vindya regions in the southern highlands of the state are
resourceful with several minerals. On the other hand, the plain region is generally devoid of any
mineral resources.
• Location: Uttar Pradesh's 12 districts have been declared as mineral rich areas viz., Mirzapur,
Saharanpur, Sonbhadra, Allahabad (Prayagraj), Banda, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Jhansi, jalaun,
Lalitpur, Chitrakoot and Chandauli.

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1. Important Mining Regions and Districts in Uttar Pradesh

Minerals Major Regions
Limestone Mirzapur (Gurma, Kanacha, Babuhari) Sonbhadra (Kajrahat)
Coal Sonbhadra (Singrauli,Bina, Kakdi, Khadia, Krishnashila) (UPPCS
Mains 2017)
Bauxite Banda, Chandauli and Sonbhadra
Dolomite Mirzapur, Sonbhadra and Banda
Gypsum Hamirpur and Jhansi
Gold Sand of Ramganga and Sharda rivers
Uranium Lalitpur
Pyrites Mirzapur
China clay Sonbhadra
Diamond Banda and Mirzapur
Marble Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
Fire clay Mirzapur
Rock phosphates Banda and Lalitpur
Copper Lalitpur (Sonrai region)
Asbestos Mirzapur
Concrete Throughout the planes
Building stones Mirzapur https://t.me/pcsstudies1

Andalusite Mirzapur
Saphite Hamirpur
Pyrophyllite Jhansi, Lalitpur and Hamirpur
Granite Banda, Hamirpur, Lalitpur, Mahoba
Potash salt Kanpur, Gazipur, Prayagraj, Chandauli, Varanasi, Jhansi, Banda
Talc Jhansi, Hamirpur
Silica sand Shankargarh, Lalpur (Prayagraj), Bargarh Lohgarh, Dhandraul
(Chitrakoot), Chandauli, Jhansi
Ochre Banda
Sillimanite Sonbhadra
Diaspore Lalitpur, Mahoba, Jhansi, Hamirpur
(Pyrophyllite)
Granite dimension Lalitpur
stone
Granite- blocks/ Lalitpur, Jhansi, Hamirpur
crushed stone
Dolostone- Sonbhadra
blocks/crushed stone
Sandstone Sonbhadra, Mirzapur, Prayagraj, Chitrakoot, Lalitpur, Agra
Mixture of sand, Saharanpur, Bijnor
gravels, boulders

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Sand Morang Jalaun, Hamirpur, Fatehpur, Banda, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Lalitpur,

Sonbhadra
Ordinary sand All districts of state except Hathras, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Amethi,
Jaunpur
Barites Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
2. Minerals of Uttar Pradesh
• Metallic and non-metallic both types of minerals are found in Uttar Pradesh. These are discussed
below:
(a). Metallic Minerals: Metallic minerals are those minerals which contain one or more
metallic elements. These minerals are discussed below:
It is used in aluminium industry. It is used in kitchen utensils,
aeroplane parts, foils, etc. Hindustan Aluminum Corporation
Bauxite
(HINDALCO) was established in Renukoot in 1962. Metal grade
bauxite occurs in South of Manikpur in Chitrakoot district.

Copper
om
It is found from sedimentary rocks which contains 3% to 6% of
copper. Copper is used in building construction, power generation,
transmission and electronic product manufacturing.
l.c
In Uttar Pradesh, Hematite and Magnetite iron is found. Large
Iron
reserves of low grade iron ore occur at Laltpur. These reserves are also
ai

used for making sponge iron.

m

Gold It is found in the sand of river Ramganga and Sharda. It is also found
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in Lalitpur and Sonbhadra district.

2g

Diaspore Uttar Pradesh stands at first position in the production of diaspore.

02

(b). Non-Metallic Minerals: Non-metallic minerals are those which do not have metallic
content in them.
c2

Its estimated to be about 15 million tonnes near Bari village of

Dolomite Sonbhadra. It is used in Portland cement, Plaster of Paris and
ni

Sulphuric acid. It is also used in iron steel industry.

to

Coal is used primarily as an energy source used to produce electricity

Coal in coal-fired power plants. Uttar Pradesh stands at 8th position in coal
nn

reserves in the country.

Glass Sand Glass sand is used in utensil, eyewear, building, etc. Uttar Pradesh has
gi

or Silica achieved 3rd rank in India in production of glass sand.

Sand
It is found in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. Very
few rocks have as many uses as marble. It is used in buildings and
Marble
floors, cosmetics, paint, paper, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. It has
also been used in historical monuments like Taj Mahal.
It is used in ceramics, toothpastes, cosmetics, paint, bulb, etc. The
China Clay China clay of Naudiha-Ramgarh is a low grade plastic-clay. It is used
for the production of crockery.

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It is used as fertilizer and for aluminum recycling to produce

Potash Salt
potassium hydroxide, oil well drilling fluid and water softening.
Uttar Pradesh has achieved 2nd rank in India in reserves of limestone.
Limestone It is found in Kanach, Guruma, Babuhari of Mirzapur and Kajrahat of
Sonbhadra. Limestone is used in cement factory.
It is found in Lalitpur district. It is widely used in the military for non-
Uranium
radioactive purpose, making bomb, nuclear power, etc.
Gypsum is used in manufacturing of wallboard, cement, Plaster of
Gypsum
Paris and soil conditioning.
It is found in Jhansi and Hamirpur district of Uttar Pradesh. This is
Pyrophyllite
used in ceramic industry, insecticides and in the production of rubber
It is found in entire plain area of Madhya Pradesh. It is the mixture of lime
Concrete
and soil. It is used in cement industry and for obtaining hydraulic lime.
It is found in Hamirpur and Jhansi. It is used in talcum powder, soap,
Talc
paste, textile, beauty products and paper.
It is found in Mirzapur district. It is used in cement industry and
Asbestos electrical equipments. It is mixed with manganese and lime and is
used in industries.
It is used in spark plugs and porcelain. Low grade andalusite deposits
Andalusite are found in Harnakachar area near Wyndhamganj and Bagisoti area
of Sonbhadra. https://t.me/pcsstudies1

Diamond There is probability of large diamond reserve in the border area of

Banda in Kalinjar.
Large reserves of rock phosphate is found in Durmala, Kimoi,
Rock
Masrana and Chamsari. Low grade phosphate occur in Lalitpur. It is
Phosphate
used in fertilizer industry and treatment of acidic soil.
Granite It is found in Lalitpur, Jhansi, Mahoba, Banda and Sonbhadra. It is
used in making block slabs and tiles.

3. Mining Policy of Uttar Pradesh, 2017

• The main objectives of the Mining Policy, 2017 are as follows:
o Conservation of minerals.
o To make a balance between environment and ecosystem.
o To enhance revenue generation from present 1.85% to 3% in next 5 years.
o To facilitate fair competition.
o To provide technological support and advisory services for scientific development of
minerals.
o To make information data available.
o To intensify exploration of minerals through technological intervention.
o To promote transparency and consumption free environment.

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7. UTTAR PRADESH: ENERGY RESOURCES

Uttar Pradesh is the fifth largest power generating state in the country. Coal, petroleum, natural gas,
hydroelectric and nuclear energy, etc. are the major sources of energy in the state.
In Uttar Pradesh approximately 88% thermal electricity and 10% hydroelectricity are produced but the
production of electricity is less than its demand. Energy resources in Uttar Pradesh are divided into two
categories

1. Conventional Energy Resources:

• The conventional energy resources are non-renewable and exhaustive in nature.
• These resources include coal, gas, petroleum, atomic mineral and hydro power.
• Singrauli region of the state has nominal coal reserves. NTPC unit at Sinrauli is the oldest unit
of NTPC. (UPPCS Pre 2021)
• There are no known reserves of petroleum and natural gas in the state. State's petroleum and
natural gas demands are entirely fulfilled through imports.
• However, the state has key infrastructures related to petroleum and natural gas, which are listed
below:
(a). Mathura Oil Refinery.
(b). Hazira (Gujarat)—Vijaipur (Madhya Pradesh) Jagdishpur (Amethi, Uttar Pradesh)
Gas Pipeline: This natural gas pipeline has been constructed by Gas Authority of India
Limited. It fulfils the natural gas requirement of various industries in the state.
(c). Kandla-Gorakhpur LPG Pipeline: It is a joint under-construction project of Indian Oil
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Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation. This

2,757-km long pipeline will provide cooking gas to Lucknow, Prayagraj, Kanpur,
Varanasi, Gorakhpur and ihansi.
(d). Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project: Under this project, a 2,655-km long pipeline is being
constructed from Jagdishpur, Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal and Odisha. This pipeline will
supply natural gas for industries, CNG for automobiles and LPG for household use in
Varanasi.
• Electricity: Present installed thermal power capacity of 25882.14 MW in the state till
Feb.2022[UPPCS Mains 2008] which is 2nd in the country, but it is insufficient to meet the
demand. Thus, there exists a continual deficit in the demand and supply in the state.
o Thermal Power Station in Uttar Pradesh
§ At present UPRVUNL (Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited) is
looking after generation of power in five thermal power plants located in different parts
of Uttar Pradesh.
§ UPRVUNL was constituted on 25th August, 1980 under the Companies Act, 1956 for
construction of new thermal power projects in the state.
§ The first thermal power station of Uttar Pradesh, Unchahar Thermal Power Station'
was constructed by UPRVUNL.
§ Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board was constituted on 14th January, 2000 in
accordance with Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Reforms Act, 1999 and Uttar
Pradesh Electricity Reforms Transfer Scheme, 2000.

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§ It is responsible for managing and planning the thermal power stations through its
distribution, transmission and supply of electricity.
§ The total number of thermal power stations in Uttar Pradesh is about 28 with an installed
capacity of 5933 MW.
§ Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has started a thermal power station in Uttar
Pradesh on 8th August, 2015. Important thermal power stations in the state are as
follows:
Established in 1942 + installed capacity of 220 MW +
located at Harduaganj in Aligarh district of UP + this place is
also known as Qasimpur Power House + owned and operated
Harduaganj Thermal by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited +
Power Station Soviet Union helped to install new thermal power station in
(UPPCS Mains 2006) the year 1963-68 with a capacity of 665 MW + coal for this
power plant is sourced from coal mines of Bharat Coking
Coal Limited (BCCL) and Eastern Coal Fields Limited
(ECL) om
Located at Anpara in Sonbhadra district of UP + It has total
power generation capacity of 3,830 MW + nine operational
l.c
Anpara Thermal units, all of which are coal-fired thermal power stations +
Power Station machinery for these units are controlled by Bharat Heavy
ai

Electricals Limited (BHEL), Toshiba Corporation (Japan)

m

and Lancohttps://t.me/pcsstudies1
Power from Dongfang Electric Company (China)
Located approximately 15 km from Chopan Railway Station
2g

in Sonbhadra district + power generating capacity of 1288

Obra Thermal Power MVV + established with the help of Soviet Union + owned
02

Station and operated by the UPRVUNL + thirteen functioning units,

all of which are coal-based thermal power stations +
c2

machinery for most of the units are controlled by BHEL

Located at Parichha in Jhansi district of UP + owned and
ni

Parichha Thermal
operated by UPRVUNL + total installed capacity of 1140
Power Station
to

MW
Located at Panki in Kanpur district of UP + owned and
nn

Panki Thermal Power

operated by UPRVUNL + It has an installed capacity of 220
Station
MW
gi

Chandausi Thermal Chandausi in Sambhal district of UP + installed capacity of

Power Station 2x100 MW
Combined Thermal Power Stations in Uttar Pradesh
Meza Thermal Power Located at Meza Tehsil of Allahabad, UP + combined project
Station of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and state
Government + It has an installed capacity of 1320 MW
Ghatampur Thermal Located in Rambai Nagar, Kanpur district of UP + combined
Power Station project of State Government and Neyveli Lignite Corporation
+ It has total capacity of 1980 MW

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Lalitpur Thermal located in Lalitpur district of UP + combined project of State

Power Station Government and NTPC + installed capacity of 4000 MW
Private Sector Thermal Power Stations in Uttar Pradesh
Rosa Thermal Power Located in Shahjahanpur, UP + started by Aditya Birla Group
Station but at present it is operated by Reliance Group + It has total
installed capacity of 1200 MW
Bara Thermal Power Located in Bara, Allahabad district of UP + constructed by
Station JP Group + It has total capacity of 3x660 MW
Karchhana Thermal Located in Karchhana, Allahabad district of UP + It has total
Power Station capacity of 2x660 MW
Power Stations Under National Thermal Power Corporation
There are six power stations which are generating power and two power stations which
are being constructed in the state under National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
These power stations are given below in the table with their location:
Location
Generating Centre

Rihand Thermal Power Sonbhadra

Station
Anwala Thermal Power Bareilly (Gas based)
Station
Firoz Gandhi Unchahar Raebarelihttps://t.me/pcsstudies1
Thermal Power Station
Shakti Nagar Super Sonbhadra
Thermal Power Station
Auraiya Thermal Power Auraiya (Gas based)
Station
Dadri Thermal Power Gautam Budha Nagar (Gas based)
Station
Construction Centre Location
Tanda Expand Thermal Ambedkar Nagar
Power Station
Bilhaur Thermal Power Kanpur
Station

o Hydroelectricity: Total installed hydroelectric capacity is approximately 1.77% of total

installed capacity. Important Hydroelectric projects in the state are as follows:
Built near Pipri in the Sonbhadra district of UP(1962) +
Rihand
reservoir behind this dam is also known as Govind Ballabh Pant
Hydroelectric
Sagar + total installed capacity 300 MW + It is the largest man-
Project
made lake in India.

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Khara It has an installed capacity of 72 MVV + operated by Uttar

Hydroelectric Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UPJVNL).
Project
Sharda Barrage on the Sharda river (Mahakali river) was built
in the 1920s under an agreement signed between British India
Sharda and Nepal + It still regulates the diversion of the (Sharda)
Hydroelectric Mahakali river exclusively for the purpose of irrigation and
Project power in UP + It was also attached with Ganga Grid system +
Districts like Pilibhit, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Kheri,
Sitapur and Lucknow are getting electricity from this project
Most of the projects are situated on the river Ganga + Pathri
(Saharanpur), Muhammadpur (Saharanpur), Nirgrajani,
Ganga
Chitwara, Salawa (Muzaffarnagar), Bhola (Meerut), Palra
Hydroelectric
(Bulandshahr) and Sumera (Aligarh) are the major hydroelectric
Project
power projects on the river Ganga + It has total installed
capacity of 13.7 MW
Located in Lalitpur district + constructed on bank of the river
Matatila
Betwa + provides electricity for industries, agriculture and
Hydroelectric
domestic use of UP and MP + It has an installed capacity of 30.6
Project
MW
Sheetla Located in Jhansi + Constructed by State Hydel Power
Hydroelectric Corporation Limited+ It has an installed capacity of 3 MW.
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Project
Obra Located in Obra (Sonbhadra) + It is constructed on the Rihand
Hydroelectric River with an installed capacity of 99 MW.
Power Project
Parichha Located in Jhansi + It is situated on the Betwa River + It has an
Hydroelectric installed capacity of 2 x 10 MW.
Power Project
Babail and Belka Located in Saharanpur + Both projects are situated on the
Hydroelectric Yamuna River + Both has installed capacity of 3 MW each.
Project
Combined Hydroelectric Power Projects in Uttar Pradesh
Gandak It is a combined hydroelectric power project of Bihar and Uttar
Hydroelectric Pradesh Government. This project was started in 1961.
Project
Tihari It is a combined project of Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand and
Hydroelectric Central Government.
Project
It is a joint project of UP and MP Governments on Betwa river.
Rajghat River The height of dam is 43.8m and its length is 11200m. It is a
Valley Project Hydro Electric project with installed capacity of 315MW
(UPPCS Pre 2006)

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

o Nuclear Energy: Only nuclear power plant in the state is situated in Narora or
Bulandshahar. Its total capacity is 440 M W.
§ In 2000, Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) became the first ISO-14001 certified atomic
power in Asia and also received the Golden Peacock award from the World Environment
Foundation for its efforts in environment preservation.[UPLDA 2002]
2. Non-Conventional Energy Resources
• The non-conventional energy resources include solar energy, biogas/biomass energy and wind
energy.
• Solar Energy
o The Government of Uttar Pradesh adopted and announced the Solar Power Policy in 2013.
The policy came into effect from the date of issuance and remain in operation upto 31st
March, 2017. Major initiatives for solar energy development in the state are as follows:
Grid Combined It was established in 1992 in Sarai Sadi village in Mau, Kalyanpur
Photovoltaic Power village in Aligarh and Harraiya in Basfi.
Plant

National Solar Mission

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In Uttar Pradesh, Grid connected project of 100 MW has been
established in Banda, Jhansi and Badaun under this mission
2010
during 2016-17 by private sector.
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Solar Photovoltaic It is allocated in those village/areas where no proper arrangement

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Pump (Potable water) of drinking water is available. It has capacity of 1200 watts.
In Uttar Pradesh, 54 solar energy shop has been established for
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Aditya Solar Shop https://t.me/pcsstudies1

easy access to availability and services of new renewable energy

Project
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system.
It is a centrally sponsored programme. Under this programme,
02

Solar City Programme Prayagraj, Agra and Moradabad are supported for better solar
facilities.
c2

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam The aim of this scheme is to make drinking water available in
City Solar Beam backward regions.
ni

Yojana
This is a combined project of State Government and Centre
to

Government. The aim of this project is to provide the facility of

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electricity on the roads of the street by solar devices. The device

Solar Street Light consists of solar PB module of 74 watts, battery of 12 volt and an
11 watt CFL. It is a automatic device, which gets off in the
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morning and gets on in the evening. Rampura became the first

village in India to have its Solar Power Plant (UPLDA 2010)
It is used for cooking the food with the help of solar sources of
Solar Cooker (Dish energy. It does not require any other sources of energy and fuels
type) for cooking. There are 1156 type of solar cookers which have
been distributed and purchased in the state.
• Biomass Energy: The potential of biomass resource in Uttar Pradesh has been estimated at
about 38 MW. Power generation capacity of 1331.4 MW has been achieved in the private sector
sugar mills, rice mills, paper mills and other industrial units. Uttar Pradesh is the leading state

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

in the country in biomass power generation. In Uttar Pradesh, three biomass power plants have
been established in Ghazipur, Mathura and Kanpur.
• Wind Energy: The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) has selected Pilibhit,
Sitapur, Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur-Kheri districts of Uttar Pradesh for the establishment of
wind monitoring stations. The project is being handled by the Uttar Pradesh New and
Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNREDA) under the department of additional
sources of energy of the State Government. It has production capacity of 1260 MW.
• Initiatives for Development of Non-Conventional Energy
Urja Park It is a separated area used and planned for the purpose of clean energy
development like solar and wind generation facilities. In Uttar Pradesh, an
Urja Park has been established in Lucknow Zoo.
Border Area It is conducted by Central Government. It was started in 1999-2000. It is
Development initiated in the border areas of the Uttar Pradesh i.e. Bahraich, Pilibhit,
Programme Shravasti, Lakhimpur, Balrampur and Siddharthnagar. Under this
(BADP) programme, solar home light, solar pump, solar water heater, solar lantern,
etc. are provided in the border areas.
Remote Village This programme aimed at providing financial support for electrification in
Electrification villages and hamlets area of Uttar Pradesh where the power supply of
Programme UPPCL is not able to electrified. It was approved on 31st March, 2012. It
was based on renewable sources of energy.
Social Area This scheme operates the energy parks in Uttar Pradesh. In Uttar Pradesh
Demonstration an energy parks have https://t.me/pcsstudies1
been established in Lucknow zoo. Under this
Scheme scheme, Akshay Urja Equipments is conducting 22 projects in the state.
(SADC)
3. Administrative structure in Uttar Pradesh
• The state has a well-developed structure for administration, regulations and policy formulation
in the energy sector. Its details are given below.
a. Uttar Pradesh State Electric Council was established in 1959 to increase the total
installed capacity in the state.
b. Uttar Pradesh Electric Regulatory Commission was constituted in 1998 for effective
regulation in the electricity sector in the state.
c. Under Uttar Pradesh State Electric Reform Act, 1999, the works related to power
generation are divided into three corporations. These are :
i. Uttar Pradesh Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited, for thermal electricity.
ii. Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited for Hydroelectric power.
iii. Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, for supply and distribution.
d. Major Power Corporations in Uttar Pradesh
It is a hydroelectric power generating company of Uttar
Pradesh Government. It was established in 1985. The
Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut
objectives of the UPJVNL is to establish, operate and maintain
Nigam Limited (UPJVNL)
hydroelectric generating stations in Uttar Pradesh. It has total
installed capacity of 526 MW.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

It is located in Greater Noida. It covers an area or 335 sq km.

Noida Power Company It was formed in December, 1993. It has total capacity of 265
Limited (NPCL) MW. It supplies power to over 71 lakh consumers in Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
Uttar Pradesh Power It was created on 14th January, 2000. UPPCL is the company
Corporation Limited responsible for electricity transmission and distribution in the
(UPPCL) state. The headquarters of UPPCL is located in Lucknow.
It is an electrical power company located in Kanpur, Uttar
Kanpur Electricity Supply
Pradesh. It was formed on 14th January, 2000. It supplies
Company Limited
power to the entire area of Kanpur Municipal Corporation. It
(KESCO)
is a part of UPPCL.
In June 2003, DVVNL has started functioning. It is
Dakshinanchal Vidyut
responsible for power distribution in 5 zones in Southern Uttar
Vitran Nigam Limited
Pradesh, consisting 21 districts. It covers an area of 3134 sq
(DVVNL)
km.
It was established in July, 2003. PVVNL has inherited the
Paschimanchal Vidyut
responsibility for distribution of power in Western Uttar
Vitran Nigam Limited
Pradesh from UPPCL. It has 564 sub-stations with total
(PVVNL)
installed capacity of 6569 MW.
It was started in July, 2003. It is responsible for distribution
Purvanchal Vidyut Vitran
of electric power in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The headquarters
Nigam Limited (PVVNL)
of PVVNL https://t.me/pcsstudies1
is located in Varanasi.
It is an independent company which started functioning from
Madhyanchal Vidyut
July, 2003. It is responsible for supply of electricity in middle
Vitran Nigam Limited
region of Uttar Pradesh. It has approximately 27 lakh
(MVVNL)
consumers.
4. Government Policies
Policy Description
In 2009, Small Hydroelectric Policy was enacted by State
Small Hydroelectric
Government for the expansion of small hydroelectric projects.
Policy, 2009
Project with less than 25 MW capacity are taken under this policy.
• The objectives of this policy are
o To promote electricity generation from biomass sources in
the state.
o To identify line of action and technique based important areas
Biomass Energy Policy,
for renewable energy in the state.
2015
o To encourage renewable energy investment in the private and
public sector.
o To meet the requirement of Renewable Purchase Obligation
(RPO) by generation from renewable energy sources.
• The main objectives of Wind Energy Policy, 2015 are
Wind Energy Policy,
2015 o To promote generation and use of clean and green power in
the state by harnessing wind energy.

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UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

o To spread environmental awareness among the general

public.
o To contribute to productive use of wastelands.
o To enhance skills and create employment opportunities.
o To promote establishment of local manufacturing facilities.
• The state government started the mini-grid policy in 2016 with
an objective of supplying the electricity generated through locally
available energy resources such as solar energy, biomass, etc. to
the local population.
• Its detailed objectives are given below.
o To promote the decentralised generation of clean & green power
Mini-Grid Policy 2016
by harnessing renewable energy.
o To provide ensured power supply to nearly 02 crore households
in the state to meet the minimum household needs of the power.
o To reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.
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o Encouraging private sector participation in the decentralised
generation of renewable power.
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On December 5th, 2017 Government of Uttar Pradesh started solar
New Solar Energy
energy policy. According to this policy, the State Government
Policy, 2017
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proposed to meet the target of generating 10,700 MW of solar energy.

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8. UTTAR PRADESH: TRANSPORT

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The transport system of Uttar Pradesh is divided into four types:

1. Road Transport
02

2. Rail Transport
3. Air Transport
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4. Water Transport
1. Road Transport
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• Uttar Pradesh has second largest road network in India after Maharashtra.
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• The total road length of the state is about 18.37 lakh km.
• The state is well connected to its nine neighbouring states and almost all other parts of India
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through the National Highways.

• The road transport in Uttar Pradesh consist of about 70% of the total transport network.
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• The major types of roads running in the state are National Highways, Expressways, State
Highways, District roads and Village roads.
Ø National Highways
o These roads connect state capitals, parts and foreign highways.
o The total length of National Highways in Uttar Pradesh is 11,737 km. (UPPCS Pre 2000)
o UP is ranked second in the country in terms of the total length of the National Highways
whereas Rajasthan is ranked third and Maharashtra first.(UPLDA Pre2010 ,UPPCS Pre
2018)
o In the coming 4 years, the central government has announced the construction of 4,595 km
new National Highways in the state.
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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

o The longest national highway of Uttar Pradesh is NH-2 which connects Delhi to Kolkata
and passes through Uttar Pradesh.
o Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has announced giving two new
highways to Uttar Pradesh. The first highway is NH 135 C which will start from Rampur
near Prayagraj and will join NH-39 near Singrauli Baithan in Madhya Pradesh.
o The second national highway is NH 319 D which will start from NH-19 near Badlapur
Junction and will join NH-31 near Mungra Badshahpur of Jaunpur.
National
Length in Uttar Pradesh
Highway Starting Point to End Point
(km)
No.
2 Delhi- Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-Prayauraj- 752
Varanasi-Kolkata
3 Agra-Gwalior-lndore-Nasik 26
7 Varanasi-Mirzapur- Reewa-Kanyakumari 128
11 Agra-Jaipur-Bikaner 51
19 Ghazipur-Ballia-Rudrapur-Bihar 120
21 Agra-Jalesar-Sikandra-Raebareli 214
24 Delhi-Bareilly-Lucknow 431
24B Lucknow-Raebareilly-Prayagraj Road 185
25 Lucknow-Kanpur-Jhansi-Shivpuri 270
26 Jhansi-Lalitpur-Lakhnadevhttps://t.me/pcsstudies1 128
27 Prayagraj-Mangawan-Madhya Pradesh 43
28 Lucknow-Faizabad-Basti-Gorakhpur-Barauni 311
29 Gorakhpur-Ghazipur-Gorakhpur-Sonauli 306
56 Lucknow-Jagdishpur-Sultanpur-Varanasi 285
86 Kanpur-Hamirpur-Chhatarpur-Sagar-Bhopal 180
87 Rampur-Pantnagar-Nainital-Ranikhet 32
91 Ghaziabad-Bulandshahr-Aligarh-Etah- 405
Kannauj-Kanpur
91A Etawah-Bharthana-Bela-Kannauj 116
93 Agra-Aligarh-Chandausi-Moradabad 220
96 Balrampur-Ayodhya-Sultanpur-Prayagraj 248
227A Ayodhya-Kalvadi-Barhalganj-Bihar 218
231 Raebareilly-Pratapgarh-Jaunpur 169
232 Tanda-Sultanpur-Amethi-Raebareli-Banda 305
233 Nepal Border-Lumbini-Naugarh-Bansi-Basti- 292
Azamgarh-Varanasi
235 Meerut-Hapur-Bulandshahr 66
330A Raebareilly-Jagdishpur-Faizabad 110
727A Gorakhpur-Deoria-Salempur-Bihar 100
730 Pilibhit- Lakhimpur- Balrampur-Pandaruna 519
931 Jagdishpur-Gauriganj-Amethi-Pratapgarh 68

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

Ø Expressways
o It is a 6-lane highway. In UP, the first expressway was constructed between Noida and
Greater Noida in the year 2003-04. On 27th December, 2007, the UP Expressway
Industrial Development Authority was constituted for the development of expressways.
Major expressways of the state are as follows:
6-lane controlled access expressway, connecting Greater Noida with
Yamuna (Taj)
Agra + Stretches 165 km + connects international tourist destinations,
Expressway
Delhi and Agra
Eight lane access controlled expressway of 1,047 km + connects
Ganga
Greater Noida to Ballia along with Varanasi, Prayagraj, Raebareli,
Expressway
Kanpur, Farrukhabad and Bulandshahar.
India's widest 96 km long controlled access expressway connecting
Delhi with Meerut + 8 lane old expressway would be widened to 14
Delhi-Meerut
lanes + divided into 4 parts i.e. Nizamuddin to UP border, UP border
Expressway
to Dasna, Dasna to Hapur and Hapur to Meerut+ first expressway in
which cycle track is also constructed.
302 km tolled controlled-access highway + constructed by Uttar
Pradesh Expressway Industrial Development Authority + longest
expressway in India + 6 lane expressway which is expandable to 8
Agra-Lucknow
lane in future + It connects Agra and Lucknow with Shikohabad,
Expressway
Firozabad, Mainpuri, Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur, Unnao and Hardoi. +
A 3 km stretch airstrip has been built for war like emergencies in this
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expressway.
8-lane access controlled expressway on the bank of Upper Ganga
canal from Sanauta bridge (Bulandshahar) to Purkazi (Muzaffarnagar)
Upper Ganga + connects National Capital Region (NCR) with Western Uttar
Canal Pradesh + planned to stretch from Bulandshahar (UP) to Haridwar
Expressway (Uttarakhand) through Muzaffarnagar and Roorkee in India + total
length is 216 km in UP + State Government proposes to connect this
expressway with Eastern Peripheral Expressway.
6 lane expressway passing through the states of Haryana and UP +
Eastern
covers Baghpat, Ghaziabad and Noida in UP + 135 km long + consists
Peripheral
of two sections i.e. 86 km long Palwal-Ghaziabad Section and 49 km
Expressway
long Ghaziabad-Sonipat section.
Allahabad It is an 86 km long expressway and is a part of the Golden
Bypass Quadrilateral project and National Highway 2. The expressway is a
Expressway: long access-controlled highway.
Delhi Noida 8 lane, 10.2 km access-controlled expressway + connects Delhi to
Direct Flyway Noida, an industrial suburb area + built and maintained by The Noida
(DND) Toll Bridge Company Limited.
Proposed Expressway
Expressway is a proposed 289 km, 4-lane access-controlled highway
Bundelkhand
in Uttar Pradesh. It was announced in 2017. It will connect Chitrakoot,
Expressway
Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun and Auraiya districts.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

It is an under construction 6-lane divided and access-controlled

Purvanchal highway in Uttar Pradesh. This expressway will connect the historical
Expressway towns of Ghazipur and Azamgarh with the state capital Lucknow. The
total length of the expressway would be 343 km.
Prayag This expressway is a proposed 150 km, four lane access-controlled
Expressway highway in Uttar Pradesh. It will connect Lucknow to Prayagraj.
Link It is a proposed 89 km, 4-lane access-controlled highway in Uttar
Expressway Pradesh. It will connect Gorakhpur to Azamgarh.
Ø State Highways
o State Highways connect the capital, headquarters of districts and towns in the state.
There are 83 state highways in the Uttar Pradesh. Total length of the State Highways
in Uttar Pradesh is 8,432 km. Major State Highways in the state are as follows:
§ SH-1: The total length of SH-13 is 154 km. It passes through Maharajaganj,
Gorakhpur, Ballia and Deoria.
§ SH-5: The total length of SH-13 is 350 km. It is a major highway of the state. It
om
passes through Siddharthnagar, Basti, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra.
§ SH-13: The total length of SH-13 is 228 km. It passes through Barabanki, Raebareli,
Bahraich, Fatehpur and Banda.
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§ SH-21: It has total length of 385 km. It passes through Lakhimpur-Kheri, Hardoi,
Kannauj, Auraiya, Sitapur, Jalaun, Hamirpur and Mahoba.
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§ SH-33: It passes through Badaun, Kasganj, Bareilly, Meerut and SikandraRao.

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Ø District Roads
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o These are important roads within a district connecting areas of production with markets
and connecting with the State Highways and National Highways. It is maintained by the
Zila Parishad.
02

o District roads are classified into two types, major district roads and other district roads.
It also connects the administrative centre headquarters, and rural areas within the state.
c2

o According to Public Works Department (PWD), the total length of the district roads in
Uttar Pradesh is 55,062 km.
ni

Ø Schemes of State Government

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o Plastic Road: In the year 2018-19, a 3.4 km road costing 483.29 lakh was built in Kothi
nn

Ausaneshwar Haidergarh of district Barabanki using plastic waste. There is a saving of

rupees 3.25 lakh per km by using plastic waste.
o Linking Villages/Settlements through Link Roads: The state government has this
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scheme to link all the unconnected settlements through the link roads. During 2019-20,
1,796.8 crores were provided for connecting villages/settlements through Link Roads.
o Asian Development Bank Scheme: The cost of this scheme is 2,782 crores, of which
70% money will be spent by Asian Development Bank and 30% by the state
government. There are eight roads to be constructed under the scheme with a total length
of 431 km.
o World Bank Scheme: The cost of this scheme is 3,700 crores, of which 70% money
will be spent by the World Bank and 30% by the state government. In the first phase of
the scheme, four roads will be built with a length of 335 km. The work on the four roads
of the first phase has started.
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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

Ø Uttar Pradesh Road Safety Policy, 2014

o It seeks to check occurrence of street accidents and resulting mortalities.
o Uttar Pradesh is the first state in India which had launched Road Safety Policy. For NH-
2 and NH-25, the first Highway Police have been constituted.
2. Rail Transport
o There are about 9167 km of railway lines in the state and these make the state ranked first in
railway network in India.
o The first train was started in March, 1859 from Allahabad to Kanpur in the state. Railways
museum in the state is located in Varanasi.
o There are 17 railway zones in India out of which 5 railway zones are across the state namely,
Northern Railway, North-Eastern Railway, East Central Railway, North Central Railway
and West Central Railway.
o Railway Security Council is located in Lucknow and Loco Factory is also located in
Izzatnagar of Lucknow.
o Diesel Locomotives Works Factory was established on 23rd April, 1956 at Manduadih in
Varanasi district by the first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad. (UPPCS Mains 2008)
o Railway Safety Commission was established in 1961 and its headquarters is situated in
Lucknow.
o State first railway station of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow Railway Station. It was established
in 1926.
o Central Railway Electrification Organisation was constituated in 1985, in Prayagraj.
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o The first Lockers on Wheel service was started in Shatabdi Express in 1994-95 which runs
between New Delhi and Lucknow.
o The third Rail Coach Factory is established in Lalganj (Raebareli). The Electric Driver
Training Centre is located in Ghaziabad.
o India's largest train (26 coaches) is Prayagraj express. It runs between Delhi to Prayagraj.
o Longest Indian railway yard is situated in Deendayal Upadhay Nagar, Uttar Pradesh and
Asia's biggest power house loco shed is also situated here.
o World's longest Railway Platform is situated in Gorakhpur. Total distance is 1366.40 m.
o India's fastest train Gatimaan Express has been started on 5th April, 2016. It runs between
Nizamuddin to Agra. It covers total distance of 187 km at speed of 160 km/hr. It is the first
high speed train of India.
o In 2007, Buddha Parikrama Express has been started to connect the holy places of Lord
Buddha. It passes through Kaushambi, Prayagraj, Gaya, Rajgir, Vaishali, Patna, Varanasi and
Gorakhpur. This journey takes 6 days and 5 nights to complete.
o India's first 'Humasfar Train' was started on 16th December, 2016 from Gorakhpur. It runs
between Gorakhpur to Anand Vihar.
o Vande Bharat Express, also known as Train 18, is a semi-high speed intercity Electric
Multiple Unit (EMU). The train was launched on 15th February 2019.
3. Metro Rail
• The state government took the decision to start Metro Rail in the state capital Lucknow in 2013-
14. Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation was established in the year 2013 as a joint unit of union
government and state government.

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

• The length of the first phase (Phase-1 A) of Lucknow Metro Rail, North-South corridor
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport to Munshi Pulia) is 22.878 km. There is 3.44 km underground
route in the corridor which expands from Charbagh to K.D. Singh Babu Stadium. Remaining
19.438 km metro route is elevated. Metro has a total of 21 stations (17 elevated, 4 underground).
Metro trains have four coaches. Approximately I 310 people can travel in a metro train.
• The work of the East-west corridor Phase 1 B (length 11.165 km) has also started.
• Expansion of Metro: Besides Lucknow, Metro rail also started in Kanpur. In Agra, Meerut,
Varanasi, Gorakhpur and Prayagraj. Lucknow Metro Rail corporation is given responsibility
for preparing DPR for these projects as well.
• Kanpur Metro Rail Project: Under the Kanpur Metro Rail Project, construction of two
corridors (length — 32.385 km) is proposed. The estimated cost of this project is 1,1076.48
crores. This project will be executed based on the equity sharing. Kanpur Metro’s 8.7 km
Priority Corridor was inaugurated by the PM on December 28, 2021. The rest of Phase 1 is
expected to be completed by Dec.,2024.
4. Air Transport
• Uttar Pradesh has 2 international airports and 4 domestic airports. It has total 46 airstrips out of
which 16 are under the control of the State Government, 8 airstrips are under the control of
Airforce and remaining are under the control of Central Government.
• The international airports in Uttar Pradesh are Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport,
Amansi, Babatpur, Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport, Varanasi.
• The Lucknow Airport is the 2nd busiest airport in North-India after Indira Gandhi International
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Airport (IGIA), New Delhi. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy is a pilot training institute
located at Fursatganj Airport, in Amethi district. It was established in 1985.
• Flying school is situated in Meerut, Aligarh and Saifai (Etawah) districts.
• The Civil Aviation training centre is situated at Prayagraj. Established in 1948, it is the pioneer
institute which gives training in various aviation fields.
• One National Parachute Training College is located in Agra. In Uttar Pradesh, 12 districts are
selected under the scheme of UDAAN of Central Government. These are Agra, Kanpur,
Aligarh, Prayagraj, Azamgarh, Bareilly, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Ghaziabad, Moradabad, Shravasti
and Sonbhadra.
• List of Major Airports in Uttar Pradesh
Airport Location Role
Chaudhary Charan Singh Lucknow Civil
International Airport
Lal Bahadur Shastri Varanasi Civil
International Airport
Bareilly Airport Bareilly Indian Airforce
Jhansi Airport Jhansi Indian Airforce
Kheriya Airport Agra Indian Airforce
Bamrauli Airport Prayagraj Indian Airforce
Fursatganj Airport Raibareli Civil
Hindon Airport Ghaziabad Indian Airforce

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GEOGRAPHY SPECIAL SHORT NOTES

UP SPECIAL NOTES 2.1

Sarsawa Airport Saharanpur Indian Airforce

Chakeri Airport Kanpur Indian Airforce
Gorakhpur Airport Gorakhpur Indian Airforce
Kalyanpur Airport Kanpur Civil
Dr BR Ambedkar Airport Meerut Airstrip
Under Constuction
Kushinagar International Kushinagar Civil
Airport (Under construction)
Jewar Airport (Under Gautam Budh Nagar Civil
construction)

5. Water Transport
• In Uttar Pradesh, the water transport facilities are available in the rivers, Ganga, Yamuna,
Ghaghara and Gomati. The National Waterway-1 runs from Haldia (West Bengal) to Prayagraj
(UP) across the Ganges, Bhagirathi and Hooghly river systems. (UPPCS Mains 2002)
om
• It is 1620 km long, making it the longest waterway in India. First water way terminal in UP was
started in 2018 in Ramanagar near Varanasi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
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