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Chapter 3. Example

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Chapter 3. Example

Ok

Uploaded by

dawitdaawit626
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 3.

Example Nr1.
The column B – E on the Figure shown below is under the action of NSd = 2800 kN. Both sides
are pinned. Check the resistance of the column. Steel grade Fe 430 is used.

Solution:
Step 1: Axial load NSd = 2800 kN.
Step 2: Buckling length L = 4000 mm (pinned end both sides. Frame non-sway mode).
Step 3: The section is given.
Step 4: Determine the class of the cross-section and check for a local buckling. The section is
subjected to uniform compression. For the section to be classified as at least class 3, in order to
avoid any modification to the full cross sectional area due to local buckling, the limiting width to
thickness ratio for class 3 section are (See Table 4.1 EBCS-3).
Outstand element of compression flange: c / tf ≤ 15 ε.
Web subject to compression only: d / tw ≤ 39 ε.

For Fe 430 steel grade fy = 275 N / mm2. Thus   235  0.92


275
This gives the following limiting values:
Outstand element of compression flange: c / tf = (254/2) / 16.3 = 7.78 < 15 x 0.92 = 13.8 OK.
Web subject to compression only: d / tw = (310-2 (33)) / 9.1 = 26.8 < 39 x 0.92 = 35.88 OK.
Therefore, the section belongs to at least Class 3. Thus, βA = 1.0

Step 5: Determine the non-dimensional slenderness ratio.


For Fe 430 steel grade, λ1 = 93.9 ε = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.39

1
Slenderness ratio about y-axis: λy = L / iy = 4000 / 135 = 29.63
Slenderness ratio about z-axis: λz = L / iz = 4000/63.6 = 62.89
Hence, the non-dimensional slenderness ratio is determined as:

y  
 y 
  
  A  29.6386.39 1  0.34
 1 

 1
 
 z   z    A  62.89 86.39 1  0.73

Step 6: Determine the appropriate column curves (Table 4.11 EBCS-3).


h  310  1.22 and t f  16.3 mm  40
b 254
Use curve a for buckling about y-axis and curve b for buckling about z-axis.
Step 7: Determine value of χ. Using Table 4.9 and interpolating:
For y-axis: curve a for  y  0.34   y  0.97

For z-axis: curve b for  z  0.73   z  0.77


Therefore, buckling about the z-axis becomes critical.

Step 8: Calculate the design buckling resistance.


 A Af y 0.77x1x11000x275
Nb, Rd    2117500 N  2117.5 kN
 M1 1.1
Step 9: Because 2800 kN > 2117.5 kN, the column do not resist.

Solution 1. Add an additional hinged support at mid-height to increase the resistance about the
minor axis.

Go to Step 5.
Slenderness ratio about z-axis = 29.63 (don’t varies)
Slenderness ratio about z-axis = 2000 / 63.6 = 31.45
Non dimensional slenderness ratio  y  o.34 don’t varies

z 
31.45
1  0.36
86.39
Values of χ:
y-axis: χy = 0.97 don’t varies
z-axis: Curve b for  z  0.36   z  0.94

2
Hence buckling about the z-axis becomes critical

0.94x11000x 275
N b, Rd   2585 kN  2800 kN. don' t resist
1.1

Solution 2: Add 2 plates 200 x 10 mm to reinforce the weak axis.

10x2003
Now: I z  I zW  2  44.5 x106  13.3x106  5.78x107 mm4
12

Iz 5.78x107 4000 64.52


iz   4
 62 mm ; then z   64.52 and  z   0.72
A 1.5 x10 62 86.39

For column curve b; χz = 0.77

0.77 x1.0 x15000x 275


And N b, Rd   2887.5 kN  2800 kN OK
1.1

3
Example Nr 2.
Determine the design buckling resistance of a 457 x 152 x 52 UB used as a pin-ended column.
The column is 3.00 m long and its steel grade is Fe 360.

Step 2: Buckling length = 3000 mm.


Step 3: The section is given.
Step 4: Determine the class of the cross-section and check for local buckling.

For Fe steel grade fy = 235 N / mm2. Thus,   235 f  1


y

These limiting values are:


Outstand element of compression flange: c / tf ≤ 15 ε = 15
Web subject to compression only: d / tw ≤ 39 ε = 39

For the 457 x 152 x 52 UB profile, the actual values are:


Outstand element of compression flange: c / tf = (152.4 / 2) / 10.9 = 7 < 15 OK.
Web subject to compression only: d / tw = (449.8 – 2 x 10.9 – 2 x 10.2) / 7.6 = 53.60 > 39
Therefore, the flange satisfies the Class 3 requirement, but the web is Class 4 section.
Consequently, there must be a reduction in the strength of the section to allow for the load
buckling which will take place in the web. Therefore, the effective area, Aeff must be determined
for the web.
Explanation for the effect.

4
The effective width is beff = reduction factor x b = ρ x b.
The method to calculate the effective area (Aeff) is explained in section 4.3.4 of EBCS-3.
To calculate the reduction factor ρ is as follow.
a). ρ = 1; if  p  0.673


b).    p  0.22  if  p  0.673
 p2


Where  p   b  28.4 k
 t 

In which : t is the relevant thickness.
kσ is the buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio ψ from Table 4.3 or 4.4 as
appropriate.
b  d for webs.
In our example, since the column is axially loaded the stress distribution is uniform, i.e. σ1 = σ2.
Table 4.3 is used to calculate the effective width.
Thus, σ1/ σ2 = 1, and kσ = 4.0 (see lower part of table 4.3)
b  d  407.6 mm
b  407.6  53.6
tw 7.6

28.4 x1x 4   0.944  0.673


 p  53.6

     0.22  0.944  0.22


p
2  0.812
p 0.9442
And b eff   b  0.812x 407.6  331.2 mm

5
Therefore the area that should be ignored at the center of the web is:
A  407.7  331.2x7.6  581.4 mm2

 6650  581.4 
Aeff
And then  A   0.913
A 6650
Step 5: Determine the non-dimensional slenderness ratio (axis-z govern).
3000
z   96.5
31.1
1  93.9  93.9

Hence the non dimensional slenderness ratio  z   z   A  96.5 0.913  0.98


 1  93.9

Step 6: Appropriate column curve.


For h / b = 449.8 / 152.4 = 2.95 > 1.2; and tf = 10.9 < 40 mm; use curve b for buckling about z-
axis.
Step 7: Determine the value of χ.
Using Table 4.9 and interpolating, z-axis: curve b for  z  0.98   z  0.6034
Step 8: Calculate the design buckling resistance.
 A Af y 0.6034x0.913x6650x235
Nb, Rd    782660 N
 M1 1.1
Answer: The design buckling resistance Nb, Rd  782.66 kN.

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