CHAPTER 1

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
‫ود‬ ‫ـ ا‬ ‫ا ــــــ‬
1.1 DEFINITION

Integration is an inverse process of differentiation process.

If the integration is evaluated with boundaries, it’s called
indefinite integral while if the boundaries are exit, it’s called
definite integrals.
( )
If = ( ), Then

∫ f (s )dx = F (x ) + c
Where c is the integration constant.

Ex: Q
d 3
dx
( )
x = 3x 2
∫( )
3 x 2 dx = x 3 + c

d
Ex: Q (sin( x )) = cos( x )
dx ∫
cos ( x )dx = sin( x ) + c

Note:
∫ f (x ) ± g (x ) dx = ∫ f (x )dx ± ∫ g(x ) dx
∫ f (x ) × g (x ) dx ≠ ∫ f (x )dx × ∫ g(x )dx ∫ g(x ) dx
:'‫ـــــــــ‬1& ‫ور‬ ‫" ا!دوات ا‬#$ % #& '&()* ‫' ا‬+# (,& -./* ‫و‬

Trigonometric Identities 21.1+ ‫(ت ا‬34# ‫• ا‬

('<(=* ‫@ ا‬A,& B% C*;‫ درا‬DE;) 2;(;!‫وال ا‬9 ‫ول >=(<' ا‬9: •
2;(;!‫وال ا‬9 ‫ول >)(&' ا‬9: •
1
 ‫‪:‬ــــــــ‪9‬ول ا *=(<ــــــــ‪4‬ت‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪√ −‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪√ −‬‬
‫) (‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬
‫√‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) (‬
‫√‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪√ +‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬
‫√‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪√ −‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪√ +‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬
‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫) (‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ت‬4‫ول ا *)(&ـــــــ‬9‫ــــــــ‬:
Integral Result Integral Result
+ +
√ −
!
+ +
+ +
, ≠−
+
+
√ −

+ +
( ) √ +
− ( )+ +
( )
√ −
( )+
( ) +
−
− | ( )| + −
( ) +
√ −
| ( )| + −
( ) +
√ +
| ( )+ ( )| ( )+
( ) #$%(&) '( (&)
| ( )− ( )| ( )+
( ) #)(ℎ(&)

( )+ ( )+
( ) %+#ℎ(&)
− ( )+
( )

3
 Trigonometric Identities

• sin(a ± b ) = sin(a ) cos(b ) ± cos(a ) sin(b )

• cos(a ± b ) = cos(a ) cos(b ) m sin(a ) sin(b )
tan (a ) ± tan (b )
• tan (a ± b ) =
1 m tan (a ) tan (b )
• sin 2 ( x ) + cos 2 ( x ) = 1
• 1 + tan 2 ( x ) = sec 2 ( x )
• 1 + cot 2 ( x ) = csc 2 ( x )
• sin(2 x ) = 2 sin( x ) cos( x )
• cos (2 x ) = cos 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( x ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( x ) = 2 cos 2 ( x ) − 1
1 1 1 1
• sin2 ( x ) = − cos(2 x ) , cos2 ( x ) = + cos(2 x )
2 2 2 2
1
• sin(a ) cos(b ) = [sin(a − b ) + sin(a + b )]
2
1
• cos(a ) cos(b ) = [cos(a − b ) + cos(a + b )]
2
1
• sin(a ) sin(b ) = [cos(a − b ) − cos(a + b )]
2

1.2 Methods of Integrations

:‫> ر‬D‫ه ا‬F‫ ھ‬H‫ أھ‬I ‫ و‬.345 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 6 789 ‫ ب ا ;ت‬89 ‫ع أ> ر‬AB C‫و‬
‫ ول‬L ‫ ام ا‬N O P ‫ ;ت‬C •
Q ‫ ة‬6 S T‫ا‬AU ‫ ام‬N O P ‫;ت‬ C •
Partial fraction V WXL ‫ر ا‬A8 ‫ ام ا‬N O P ‫;ت‬ C •
Complete square ZP ‫ ام إ[ ل ا‬N O P ‫;ت‬ C •
integration by parts ‫ئ‬XL ‫ ام ا‬N O P ‫;ت‬ C •
integration by substitution ‫ وض‬c ‫ ام ا‬N O P ‫;ت‬ C •

.‫م‬9K*L> M2N‫م و‬9K*L> B*& V 9 [ ‫ رس‬BO 3Qe >‫و‬

4
1.2.1 Integration using Tables ‫اول‬9Q ‫ام ا‬9K*;($ '&()* ‫ا‬

When?

‫أو طرح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫او‬ ‫دوال ا دول‬ ‫ل‬ ‫• و ا دا دا ل ا‬

‫ل ا دا إ‬ ‫ دام ض ا وا د ا ر‬#‫• و أ ن ا‬
‫و‬
‫ا دول‬
(ax+b) ‫ ـ‬x ‫ دال ل‬#‫دوال ا دول ا‬ ‫ل دوال‬ ‫• و ط&وب‬
x‫ل‬ & ( ‫م ا‬# ‫ل دى ن ا دول و‬ ‫ھ‬

Example 1

Evaluate the following integrals;

∫ ∫ (1 − x ) dx
2
a) 3 x 2 + sin( x ) + 3 x dx b)
3
1 3 1
c)
∫ 4
( x + 3)3
dx d)
∫ x  2 +  dx
 x

1 3
e)
∫ (2 x + 1)7 dx f)
∫ x + 2 dx
x x

Solution

a) All the functions are listed in integration table;

3x
∴ I = x 3 − cos ( x ) + +C
ln(3 )

b) [ ZP h‫س او‬Ai ‫ ا‬jck

3

∫( ) x2 4 2
∴I = 1 + x − 2 x dx = x + − x +c
2 3

5
 −3 1

∫
c) I = ( x + 3 ) 4 dx = 4( x + 3 ) 4 + c

(power) ‫س‬D VTA> V 4l V ‫ دا‬B‫ ھ‬m 9

d) 9‫س وا‬AU l‫ دا‬op5P Z I OAi ‫ ا‬q P

(2 x + 1)3 dx = (2 x + 1)
3
∴I =
∫ (3)(2)
+c

2 ‫ ھ وھو‬x ‫ل‬ & # ‫ ا‬# +

(2 x + 1)8
∫
e) I = (2 x + 1)7 dx =
(8 )(2 )
+c

1 3 2 3
f) I =
∫ x + 2 dx =
x x ∫ x + 3dx =
3
(x + 3)2 + c

Example 2

Evaluate the following integrals;

a)
∫ (sin(3 x ) + 4 sec (2 x ))dx
2
∫
b) cos (3 − 2 x )dx

∫
c) tan(2 x + 1) + csc (2 x )dx
2
∫
d) sec (2 x ) tan(2 x )dx

f) (e
∫
e) csc (4 x ) cot (4 x ) dx
∫ + 3 )dx3 x +1 2x

Solution

V 4l V ‫ ا‬Px [ ‫ ال‬S O‫ ا‬Z I ‫ ول‬L ‫ ا‬rSsC ‫ى دوال‬A C ‫;ت‬ ‫ه ا‬F‫[ ھ‬

Hu ‫ ول‬L ‫ ا‬v ‫ دى‬T sP P ‫م‬AiBO 3 P‫ و‬. ok linear function
x 5 3QT V 8i ‫ا‬
6
a) I =
∫ (sin(3 x ) + 4 sec 2
(2 x ))dx = - cos (3 x ) + 4 tan(2 x ) + c
3 2

sin (3 − 2 x )
∫
b) I = cos (3 − 2 x )dx =
−2
+c

− ln(cos(2 x + 1)) cot (2 x )

∫
c) I = tan(2 x + 1) + csc 2 (2 x )dx =
2
−
2
+c

sec (2 x )
∫
d) I = sec (2 x ) tan(2 x )dx =
2
+c

− csc (4 x )
∫
e) I = csc (4 x ) cot (4 x ) dx =
4
+c

e 3 x +1 32x
f) I =
∫ (e 3 x +1
)
+ 3 2 x dx =
3
+
(2 ) ln(3 )
+c

Example 3

Evaluate the following integrals;

∫ sin ( x )dx ∫ (1 + cos(x )) dx

2
a) 2
b)

(1 + sin( x )) dx
2

∫
c) tan ( x )dx 2
d)
∫ cos(x )
∫
e) sin( x ) cos ( x )dx
∫
f) sin (3 x )cos ( x )dx

Solution

‫ ول‬L ‫رة ا‬Aw 3QT ‫ن‬A ‫;ت‬e 5C 3 ‫ج إ‬ C ‫;ت‬ ‫ه ا‬F‫[ ھ‬

7
 1 1 x 1
∫
a) I = sin 2 ( x )dx =
∫ − cos (2 x ) = − sin (2 x ) + c
2 2 2 4

∫ ∫
b) I = (1 + cos ( x ))2 dx = 1 + 2 cos ( x ) + cos 2 ( x )dx

3 1 3x 1
∴I =
∫ 2
+ 2 cos( x ) + cos(2 x )dx =
2 2
+ 2 sin( x ) + sin(2 x ) + c
4

∫
c) I = tan 2 ( x )dx =
∫ (sec (x ) − 1)dx = tan(x ) − x + c
2

(1 + sin( x ))2 dx = 1 + 2 sin( x ) + sin 2 ( x )

d) I =
∫ cos( x ) ∫ cos( x )
dx

sin 2 ( x ) = 1 − cos 2 ( x ) ‫دة‬ ‫ دام ا‬# ‫و‬

2 + 2 sin( x ) − cos 2 ( x )
∴I =
∫ cos ( x )
dx =
∫ 2 sec(x ) + 2 tan(x ) − cos(x )dx
= 2 ln sec ( x ) + tan( x ) − 2 ln cos ( x ) − sin( x ) + c

1 −1
∫
e) I = sin ( x ) cos ( x )dx =
2 ∫ sin (2 x )dx =
4
cos (2 x ) + c

1
∫
f) I = sin(3 x )cos( x )dx =
2 ∫ sin(2 x ) + sin(4 x )
− 1 1 1 
∴I =  cos (2 x ) + cos(4 x ) + c
2 2 4 

8
Example 4

Evaluate the following integrals;

2x + 3 x2
a)
∫ x +1
dx b)
∫ x + 1 dx
2

1 1
c)
∫ x 4 x − 1 dx 2
d)
∫ x − 4 x + 5 dx
2

1 1
e)
∫ 5 − x − 4 x dx 2
f)
∫ 4 x − x dx 2

Solution

‫ ول‬L ‫رة ا‬Aw 3QT ‫ن‬A ‫;ت‬e 5C 3 ‫ج إ‬ C ‫;ت‬ ‫ه ا‬F‫[ ھ‬

2x + 3
a) I =
∫ x +1
dx ‫ا طو‬ # ‫ دام ا‬#

1
∴I =
∫ 2+
x +1
dx = 2 x + ln( x + 1) + c

x2
b) I =
∫x 2
+1
dx ‫ا طو‬ # ‫ دام ا‬#

1
∴I =
∫ 1− 2
x +1
dx = x − tan −1 ( x ) + c

1
c) I =
∫x 4x 2 − 1
dx ‫ر‬FL ‫ ا‬z C 5 {Spk

1 1 1 1  x 
∴I =
2 ∫x x2 −
1
dx =
2 (1 / 2 )
sec −1   + c = sec −1 (2 x ) + c
 (1 / 2 ) 
4

9
 1
d) I =
∫x 2
− 4x + 5
dx ZP ‫ا[ ل‬ 5 ‫ج‬ k B‫ھ‬

1
∴I =
∫ ( x − 2) 2
+1
dx = tan −1 ( x − 2 ) + c

1 1  x + 2
e) I =
∫ 5 − x2 − 4x
dx =
∫ 9 − (x + 2)
2
dx = sin −1 
 3 
+c

1 1 1  x −2
f) I =
∫ 4x − x 2
dx =
∫ 4 − (x − 2) 2
dx =
2
tanh −1 
 2 
+c

10
 SHEET 1

Evaluate the following integrals;

a)
∫ sinh(x ) + tan(x ) + 5 x dx
∫ x + 4 + sec (x ) dx
1 2
b) 2

c)
∫ csc(x ) + cosh(x ) + 3 dx x

d)
∫ sinh(3 x + 5) + cosh(5 − x ) dx
e)
∫ e − 3 + 3 x + 1 dx
7 −2 x 4x

f)
∫ sec (5 − 3 x ) + csc (5 x ) dx
2 2

g)
∫ cos(3 x )cos(x ) dx
∫ (sin(x ) + cos(x ) ) dx
2
h)
4
3 
i)
∫ x  x + 2  dx
4

10 x + 5 x + 1
2
j)
∫ x + 1 dx
(1 + x ) 2 2
k)
∫ x dx
∫
l) cot (2 x ) dx
2

(1 + tan( x )) 2
m)
∫ tan(x ) dx
∫ x + 4 x + 4 dx
1
n) 2

∫ 8 x − x dx
1
o)
2