_ gtd Go" EF pol QSe ea b UNIT —4 Introduction to Computer Network A con mputer network is a group of devices connected with each other through a transmission medium such as wires. cables ete These devices ean be computers, printers, scanners, Fax machines ete The purpose of having computer network to send and receive data stored in other devices over the network. These devices are often referred as nodes, There are five basic components of a computer network Protocol Protocol Beginnenbock com yt? Rules ca Rules 7 Message Receiver | Sender Transmission Media Message: It is the data or information which needs to be transferred from one device to another i computer network. Sender: Sender is the device that has the data and needs to send the data to other device connected to the network, Receiver: A receiver is the device which is expecting the data from other device on the network. Transmission media: In order to transfer data from one device to another device we need a transmission media such as wires, cables, radio waves ete, t+ archery} Diglal Protocol: A protocol is a set uf rules that are agreed by both sender and receiver, without a protocol wo deviees cant BE GOATECETTS cach other but they cannot communicate. In order to establish a reliable communication or data sharing between (wo different devices we need set of rules that are called protocol, For example, http and hips are the two protocols used by web browsers to get and post the data to internet, similarly smtp p connected to the internet. = is used by email servie: et« ugh wires ch other throug Whatis a Computer Network? ith each oth Computer Network is ters conne h each other through 2 group of comput sn interact with € : ious devices ce OPtical fibres or optical links so that variow a network devices. various ces among sources : The aim of the computer Network is the sharing of re works that vary In the case of com from simple to cor types of net re several type’ puter network technology, there are se mplex level, Components of Computer Neneork. RouterHub isa ceva devive that spits the network connection into multiple devices. When computer requests for informaiii fram a computer. it sends the request to the Hub. Hub distributes this request to all the —_—_—_—_—_ interconnevied computers Switehes | p Sw Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to transfer the data to another sievice A switch is better than Hub as it does not broadeast the Message over the network, it. it sends the tw the deviee for which it belongs to, Therefore, we can say that switch sends the message directly from source to the destination. Cables and connectors Cable is a transmission media that transt the communication signals. There are three types of cables: reper be Twisted pair cable: It is @ high-speed cable that transmits the data over 1Gbps or more. ~ Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable resembles like a TV installation cable. Coaxial cable is more PA expensive than twisted pair cable, but it provides the high data transmission speed. Fibre optic cable: Fibre optic cable is a high-speed cable that transmits the data using light beams. E rovides high data transmission speed as compared to other cables. It is more expensive as compared to other cables, so it is installed at the government level. 0 \ Router i KO 4 TH Koutet is device that conneets the LAN to the internet. The router is mainly used to connect the distinct He'sors of conncet the internet 10 multiple computers. Modem Modem connects the -o computer to the internet over the existing telephone ine, A modem is not integrated Computer motherboard, A modem is a separate parton the PC slot found on the motherboard,sinters. and Uses Of Computer Network ring oF © Resource sharing: Resource sharing is the shari® a data among the users on the network without he resouree and user. i Clients ied in th iministrator © Server-Client model: Computer networking is used pe system ai zi I and maintained Ps ervel Central computer used to store the informa ie : eal ed in the si 2 ines used to access the information stored in raves as a communi an emai ong the ation medium amon = . ch the © Communication medium: Computer network beh oe as users. For example, a company contains more than, one computer h employees use for daily communication. a ae 5, We ean do the business they © E-commerce: Computer network is also important in businesse cone ir Fe er posiness over the intemel. i " internet. For example, amazon.com is doing their business over the inter their business over the intemet. Criteria of a Good Network 1. Performance;.It-can be measured in many ways, including transmit time and response time. Transit timeAs-theamount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response tims is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. The ‘performance of the network depends on a number of factors, including the number of users, the type of medium & Hardware 2. Reliability: In addition to accuracy is measured by frequency of failure, the ti link to recover from failure, and the network's robustness in catastrophe, 3. Security: Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access protecting data from damage and development, and implementing policies and procedure, for recovery Trom breaches and data Toss. Is of Computer Networkin; > oaagrouwieig Goals of Computer Networking anh P ¢ a Programs do not have to execute on a single system because St resource and load sharing. Reduced costs — Multiple machines can share printers, tape drives, and other peripheralee” + Reliability — If one machine fails, another can take its place. Scalability (it’s simple to add more processors or computers) - Ygoel |soConnci Communication and mail (people living apart can work together) Ae Information Access (remote information access, access 10 the intemet, e-mail, video ie it takes a conferencing, and online shopping) E Entertainment that is interactive (online games. videos. etc.) 2, bars inforeeh and fpr pudonos)s. YU x SS eS RS iy = Social Networking aL wbels 1S Ql opp oe twin do, Jp GaneGh . yor Dowaawelyand Moin ove dave alr P y Yor Domoywle|syv i ih Page Suwa od Hi Samo upevices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways fer) Network h devices, also known hardware on a computer networ “Sample Repeater. Hub, Bridge, as networking hardwa rk to communi c, are physical tC and interact with Switch, Routers, Gateway, Brouter, and es a the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal natal Becomes 100 weak or corrupted to extent ihe transmitted over the same network. An important point (at they not onty appt ignal but also re; ak. they copy it bit by bit an regencrate ita Fea coteeting Following the original strength, It is a 2-port device, Asically multi-port re cater. A hub connects multiple wires coming, S: for example, the connector in star topology which connects cannot filter data, so data packets ae sent to all connected main of all hosts connected through Hub remains best path for data packets ey g from nodes an ay signals onto the network y "| be used to extend the distaree PWOFKS like an active hub and includes remote management also provide flexible data rates i 10 monitor the g between ni capabilities. They an administrator t Port in the hub. 3. Bridge ~ A brid functionality of filtering + Transparent Bridges:- These a unaware of the bridge’s existenc the network, reconfiguration of the re the bridge in which the €. whether or not a bri Stations is unnecessay {WO processes i.e. bridge forwarding stations are completely. Kdge is added o t deleted from ry. These bridges make use of and bridge learning, + Source Routing Bridges these brides. routing option is pe source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The rlormed by the host can discoverich spreads . rame. Whic! the frame by sending a special frame called the discov Sere through the entire network using all possible paths to the : can boost its z ror and a design thal cal fs ata 4. Switeh — A switch is a multiport bridge with a bullet and f cate ‘A switch is a data efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and ie is arding data. which link layer device. The switch can erform error checking befo! ¥ forward good i ‘an perform error checking and forward g' makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have € witch divides the packets selectively to the correct port only. In other words. the Swi collision domain of hosts, but the broadcast domain remains the same. Types of Switch |. Unmanaged switches: These switches have a simple plug-and-play design ae ie offera advanced configuration options. They are suitable for small networks or as an expansion to a larger network. - @ Managed switches: These switches offer advanced configuration options such as VLANs, QoS, and link aggregation, They are suitable for larger. more complex networks.and allow for centralized management. a 3. Smart switches: These switches have features similar to managed switches but are typically easier to set up and manage. They are suitable for small- to medium-sized networks. ——- a 4. Layer 2 switches: These switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model and are responsible for forwarding data between devices on the same network segment. 5. Layer 3 switches: These switches operate at the Network layer of the OSI model and can route data between different network segments. They are more advanced than jo not allows them to supply Power to network devices over the same cable that carries data. 7. Gigabit switches: These switches support Gigabit Ethernet speeds, which are faster than traditional Ethernet speeds. 8. Rack-mounted switches: These switches are designed to be mounted in a server rack and are suitable for use in data centers or other large networks. 9. Desktop switches: These switches are designed for use on a desktop or in a small office environment and are typically smaller in size than rack-mounted switch 10. Modular switches: These switches have modular design, which allows for ea: expansion or customization. They are suitable for large networks and data centers. 5. Routers — A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their hy addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANS and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which th make decisions on routing the data packets. The router divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.|! SNGG. as v that 6. Gateway — A pateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks may work upon different networking models. They work as messenger agents that a ind transfer it to another system. Gateways are also - data from one system.“interpret called protocol converters and-canr operate at any network layer. Gateways are generally ; more complex than Switches or routers, A gateway is also called a protocol converter, — Ww known as the bridging router is a device that combines features of 7. Brouter ~ It is also i both bridge and router. It can work either at the data link layer or a network lay Working a8 @router, it is capable of routing packets across networks and working as the bridge. it is capable of filtering local area network traffic. 8. NIC — NIC or networkinterface card isa network adapter that is used to connect the Computer to the network. It is installed in the computer to tablish a LAN. It has a unique id that is written on the chip. and it has a connector to connect the cable to . The cable acts as an interface between the computer and the router or modem. NIC card isa layer 2 device which means that it works on both the physical and data link layers of the network model. (7a are clients, servers, hosts, and nodes? When talking about clients, servers, hosts, and nodes, we are actually talking about computer network components.At first glance, it may seem like, more or less, We are talking about the same component, but in fact each component is unique in itself. Henee,to understand these components correctly, the following sections Will explain clien * Servers, hosts, and nodes.