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Grammatical Category

grammatical categories

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ARIF KHAN
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40 views3 pages

Grammatical Category

grammatical categories

Uploaded by

ARIF KHAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The term "grammatical category" refers to a word's properties that can cause it and/or a
related word to change form for grammatical reasons (ensuring agreement between words).
Definition-
The term "grammatical category" refers to a word's properties that can cause it and/or a related word to
change form for grammatical reasons (ensuring agreement between words).
For example, the word "book" is a noun with the grammatical category of number in
the singular and plural forms.
Numbers
It is a property of nouns and pronouns that indicates the quantity of a thing or a person.
‍
Example
1- The book is kept on the table. The word “is” is used for a singular noun.
2- The books are kept on the table. The word “are” is used for plural nouns.
‍

Case
It is a property of pronouns and nouns, and expresses their relationship to the rest of the sentence. Case
has three values:
‍

1. Subjective( pronouns) when word is the subject.


2. Objective( pronouns ) when the word is the object.
3. Possessive ( nouns and pronouns ) when the word indicates ownership.
Example
I, Me, Mine
‍

Gender
It is a property of pronouns which differentiates the genders. It is of three types.

1. masculine: indicates male.


2. feminine: indicates female.
3. neuter: indicates everything else.
Example
His,her,it.
‍

Person
It is a property of pronouns that differentiates participants in a conversation. It’s of three types-
‍

1. First person- speaker.


2. Second person- listener.
3. Third person- all the other people and things.
‍
Example-
I/me,you,him/her.
‍
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Tense
It is a property of the verb that refers to location in time. It has two values-

1. Past- Indicates before now.


2. Present- Indicates now.
‍
Example
Past- Was,did,had
Present- am,do,have
‍

Aspect
It is a property of verbs that expresses our view of the time structure of an activity or state. It has three
values-

1. simple: time has no structure.


‍

2. continuous: expresses ongoing action.


‍

3. perfect: expresses completed action.


‍
Examples

1. Simple- they work.


2. Continuous-they are working.
3. Perfect- they have worked.
‍

Mood
It is a property of verbs that relates to the speaker's feelings about the reality of what he is saying. Mood
has three values:
1- Indicative: expresses a simple statement of fact.
‍
2- Imperative: expresses command
subjunctive: expresses something desired or imagined.
‍
3- Subjunctive: expresses something desired or imagined.
‍
Examples
1- Indicative- James stood up.
2- Imperative- Stand up!
3- Subjunctive- We insist that he stand up.
‍

Voice
It is a property of transitive verbs that expresses the relationship of the subject to the action. Voice has
two values:
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1. Active- the subject does the action.


2. Passive- the subject receives the action.
‍
Examples
1- Active- the police caught the thief.
2- Passive- the thief was caught by the police.
‍

Degree
It is a property of gradable adjectives and adverbs that indicates amount. Degree has three values:

1. Positive- indicates basic quality.


2. Comparative- indicates greater quality.
3. Superlative- indicates maximum quality.
‍
Examples

1. Positive- happy
2. Comparative- happier
3. Superlative- happiest
‍
Conclusion
Grammatical Categories define relationships between words and phrases with certain parts of speech,
depending on their position in the syntactic tree. Conventional relations encompass subject, object, and
indirect object.

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