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Comp Arch CH 01 L04 Third Gen

Aula 02

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17 views

Comp Arch CH 01 L04 Third Gen

Aula 02

Uploaded by

antoniadarosa878
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 01: Introduction

Lesson 04
Evolution of Computers Part 4─ Third
generation computers
Objective

• Understand how electronic computers evolved


during the Third generation of computers
• Third Generation
• IBM 360
• Greatly reduced power dissipation, space and
computation time compared to 2nd generation

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 2


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Third generation Electronic Systems

• 1964-74
• Transistor Integrated circuits (ICs) evolved for
electronic circuits
• IC circuit based computers─ third generation
computers

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 3


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
LSI ICs

• ICs with 100–1000 electronic logic gates


• Each IC had a large scale integrated (LSI)
circuit

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 4


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Examples of 3rd Generation of Computers
during 1964–1975

• IBM 360
• PDP 11
• VAX
• CDC Cyber

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 5


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation Computer IBM 360

• A large number (16) of general purpose


registers (GPRs) of 32-bit each and four
floating point registers of 64-bit each
• Semiconductor ICs as main memory
• A large-sized main memory became
feasible in the computer

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 6


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Third generation IBM 360

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 7


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation Computer
IBM 360
• 32-bit instruction formats
• ~200 opcodes (distinct instructions) executable
at the execution unit
• Use of Concept of Instruction decoder circuits

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 8


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation of Computer
IBM 360
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division on fixed point and floating point
numbers and on multiple data types with
multiple word sizes (8-bit byte and 32-bit
word)

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 9


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation of Computer
IBM 360
• Enhanced number of addressing modes for
fetching operands

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 10


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation of Computer
IBM 360
• Concept of two modes of CPU operations:
supervisory mode and user mode

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 11


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation of Computer
IBM 360
• Concept of overflow, carry, and zero and
interrupt (s)─ in a status register (SR) holding
the flags for exceptional conditions that result
from operations or events

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 12


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation of Computer
IBM 360
• Concept of micro-programmed implementation
of instructions
• An instruction executed by a number of
microinstructions at the execution unit, which
reduces the hardware complexity of the
execution unit

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 13


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
3rd Generation Computer  Architecture

Input-Output
Ferrite CPU Devices,
Memory IO processors
Program
0 to 224 and and the disk
Flow Unit drive, tape
IC memory
Registers, drive and line
16 kB printers
Control
chips of 1 memory
kB each and
Execution
Unit
Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
CPU Registers

CPU

IR, ID, ALU, FLPU, Decimal ALU,


MAR, AC, R0-Rn . FLPRs,
MDR, IBR SR (Flags), SP, PC

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 15


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Greatly Reduced Power Dissipation

• Assume─ a transistor operated at 5 V and 1


mA and an IC operated at 5V and 4 A
• Reduction in power dissipation by factor of 5
mW/20 W = 250 times

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 16


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Greatly Reduced Memory Size
• Assume ─ a main memory unit needs 4
transistors per bit
• The number of transistors for 4 K words, each
word being of 32 bits, = 512K = 16 kB
• An LSI IC stored 1024 bits using 4096
transistors
• The number of ICs needed for 16 kB main
memory unit equals 16  1024  8  1024 =
128
Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 17
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Greatly Reduced Space

• Assume─ a transistor needs 0.4  0.3 cm2


space
• Assume─ an LSI IC has 1000 transistors
and uses the same 0. 4  0.3 cm2 silicon
area
• Reduction in circuit space requirements
by a factor of 1000

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 18


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Greatly Reduced Computational Time

• Assume─ a transistor device switched


current from state 0 to 1 in 1 s
• Assume─ an IC circuit transistor in 0.1 s
• Enhancement in speed of processing by a
factor of 1 s /0.1 s = 10 times

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 19


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
Summary

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 20


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
We learnt
• Used Ferrite core large memories
• Used Multiple Registers
• Used Stack Pointer
• Used Subroutines (functions) and nested
calls
• Used Assembly and High level languages
FORTRAN and COBOL
• IBM 3rd Generation computer Architecture
• ALU, FLPU, AC, R0-Rn (as ARs, DRs) ,
SP, PC, IR, MAR, MDR, IBR
Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 21
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
We learnt
• Instruction decoder Reduced power
dissipation 1250 plus times
• 32-bit instruction format
• Over 200 opcodes
• Microprogrammed control
• Reduced space 200 times
• Reduced computational time 10 plus times

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 22


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009
End of Lesson 03
Evolution of Computers Part 4─ Third
generation computers

Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Computer Architecture 23


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Indian Special Edition 2009

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