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Pre-Calculus

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STEM - 11

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 Circle
As a conic section, the circle is the intersection of a plane perpendicular to the
cone's axis. The geometric definition of a circle is the locus of all points a constant
distance r from a point (h,k ) (h,k) and forming the circumference (C).

Formula:

@ Center ( 0, 0) and radius

Standard Equation
x2 + y2 = r2
@ Center ( 0, 0) and radius
General Equation
x2 + y2 + F = 0

@ Center (h, k) and radius

Standard Equation
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
@ Center (h, k) and radius
General Equation
x + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2

Example:
1. Write the general equation of a circle with a center at (-1, -5) and
radius is 4
2. Change the general equation of a circle in the form of x2 + y2-8x-
4y-16=0 to its standard form

Answers and Solutions:

1. x2+y2+(-2)(-1)x+(-2)(-5)y
x2+y2+2x+10y+10=0

To find the constant:

1
 F= h2+k2-r2
F= (-1)2+ (-5)2-(4)2
F= 1+25-16
F= 10

2. x2 + y2-10x-6y-15=0
(x2-10x) + (y2-6y) =15
[x2-8x+(10/2)2] + [y2-4y+ (6/2)2] =16+ (10/2)2+ (6/2)2
(x2-8x+25) + (y2-4y+9) = 15+25+9
(x-5)2+(y-3)2=49
Center = (5,3)
Radius = 7

2
 PARABOLA
A special curve, shaped like an arch.
Any point on a parabola is at an equal distance from a fixed point (the focus), and a
fixed straight line (the directrix)

Terminologies:
The vertex of a parabola is the
The line segment through a point where the
focus of a conic section, parabola crosses its axis of
The distance between the vertex
perpendicular to the major axis, symmetry.
and the focus, measured along the
which has both endpoints on the It is the line of symmetry of
axis of symmetry, is the "focal
curve, note: The length of a parabola and divides
length".
a parabola's latus rectum is 4a, a parabola into two equal
where a is the distance from the halves that are reflections of
focus to the vertex. each other about the line
of symmetry. It intersects a
parabola at its vertex. It is a
vertical line with the equation of
x = -b/2a.

Formula:
Vertex Focus Directrix Axis Standard Form Graph

(h, k) (h+a, k) x = h–a y=k (y–k)2 = 4a (x – h) To the

Right

(h, k) (h-a, k) x = h+a y=k (y–k)2 = -4a (x – h) To the

Left

(h, k) (h, k+a) y = k–a x=h (x–h)2 = 4a (y – k) Upward

(h, k) (h, k-a) y = k+a x=h (x–h)2 = -4a (y – k) Downward

Length of Latus Endpoints of Latus Graph

Rectum Rectum

4a (h + a, k ± 2a) To the Right

4a (h - a, k ± 2a) To the Left

4a (h ± 2a, k + a) Upward

4a (h ± 2a, k - a) Downward

3
 GENERAL EQUATION OF A PARABOLA WITH
HORIZONTAL AXIS:
y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Where D ≠ 0
GENERAL EQUATION OF A PARABOLA WITH VERTICAL
AXIS:
2
x + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Where E ≠ 0

Example:
Give the General equation of the parabola that satisfies the given
conditions.
1. The vertex is at (5, -3) and the directrix is x-8=0.
2. The vertex is at (5, -7) and the focus at (-2, 3)

Answers and Solutions:

1. The vertex is at (5, -3) and the directrix is x-8=0
V = (5, -3)
D = x-8 = 0

(0, -8)
x = h-a
-8 = 5-a
-3 = a

(y-k) 2 = 4a(x-h)
(y+3)2 = 4(-3) (x-5)

4
(y+3)2 = -12(x-5) Standard Form (The graph opens to the
right)

(Converting the standard form into its general equation)

y2+6y+9 = -12x+60
y2-12x+6y+9+60 = 0

y2-12x+6y+69 = 0 General Equation

2. The vertex is at (5, -7) and the focus at (-2, 3)
h k xy
First, find a (to get a)
x=h+a
-2=5+a
3=a
= (y+7)2 = 4(3) (x+4)
=(y+7)2 = 12(x+4) Standard Form (The graph opens
to the right)

(Converting the standard form into its general equation)

= y2+14y+49 = 12x+48

= y2+12x-14y+49+48 = 0

y2+12x-14y+127 = 0 3. Ellipse
General Equation

Ellipse
5
 An ellipse is a curve that is the locus of all points in the plane the sum of whose
distances and from two fixed points and (the foci) separated by a distance of is a
given positive constant

Terminologies:

Chord of the ellipse is the line segment

joining any two of its points. The intersection of the two axes is called
the center of the ellipse
The endpoints of the minor axis are
called the intercepts Diameter of the ellipse is any chord
passing through the center and the
endpoints of the diameter containing the
Diameter joining the vertices is called its
foci are called the vertices
major axis.

Diameter perpendicular to the major axis

and with endpoints is called the minor axis. The directrices are the fixed lines.
Outside the major axis and parallel to
the minor axis
Line joining the two foci is called its
principal axis.

A segment passing through a focus of

the ellipse that is perpendicular to the
major axis is called a latus rectum

Formula:
Center: (h,k) Ellipses with foci on a Ellipses with foci on a
line parallel to the x- line parallel to the y-
axis axis

General Equation Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

( x−h )2 ( y−k )2 ( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
Standard Equation + =1 + =1
a2 b2 b2 a2
where: where:
c= √ a −b
2 2
and a>b c= √ a 2−b2 and a>b

6
Vertices (h±a, k) (h, k±a)

Foci ((h±c, k) (h, k±c)

MAJOR AXIS

Equation y=k x=h

Direction Horizontal Vertical

Endpoint (h±a, k) (h, k±a)

Length 2a 2a

MINOR AXIS

Equation x=h y=k

Direction Vertical Horizontal

Endpoint (h ± b, k)

Length 2b 2b

LATUS RECTUM

Equation x=h±c y=k±c

Direction Vertical Horizontal

2 2
Length 2b 2b
a a

Endpoint
( ) and ( ) and
2 2
b b
h−c , k ± h± , k −c
a a

(h+ c , k ± ba ) (h ± ba , k + c)
2 2

Directrix a a
x=h ± y=k ±
e e

7
 Eccentricity e= √ e= √
a2−b 2 a2−b 2
<1 <1
a a

Example:
Solve and give what is being asked in the equation.
1. The center of an ellipse is located at (-7,2), endpoint of a vertex lies on (5,2) and
the length of the minor axis is 20. Give the standard form of the said ellipse.

2. Given the following equation

9x2+4y2 = 36
a) Find the length of the major and minor axes.
b) Find the coordinates of the foci.

Answers and Solutions:

1. The center of an ellipse is located at (-7,2), endpoint of a vertex lies on (5,2) and
the length of the minor axis is 20. Give the standard form of the said ellipse

Find a:
-7-5 = -2
a = -2

Find b:
Length of the minor axis = 2b

2b 20
2 = 2 b = 10

4
- =1
( x+7 )2
¿¿

2. Given the following equation

9x2+4y2 = 36
a) Find the length of the major and minor axes.
Write the equation in standard form.

8
9x2+4y2 = 36 / 36
2 2
9x
36
+ 436y =1
2 2
x
4
+ y9 =1 a = 2; b = 3

The major axis length is given by = 2a = 4

The minor axis length is given by = 2b = 6

b) Find the coordinates of the foci.

F1: (h, k-√ b2−a2) = (0, 0- √ 32−22) = (0,−√ 5)

F2: (h, k+√ b2−a2) = (0, 0+√ 32−22) = (0,√ 5)

Hyperbola
a symmetrical open curve formed by the intersection of a circular cone with a
plane at a smaller angle with its axis than the side of the cone.

Terminologies:
A hyperbola, like ellipse has two axes of
symmetry, two vertices, two focus, and
two latus rectum.
9
 A hyperbola, like ellipse has two axes A hyperbola, like ellipse has two axes of
of symmetry, two vertices, two focus, symmetry, two vertices, two focus, and
and two latus rectum two latus rectum

A hyperbola, like ellipse has two axes of

symmetry, two vertices, two focus, and two
latus rectum

CONJUGATE AXIS has no point in LATUS RECTUM is a segment

common with the hyperbola and it is passing through a focus of the
perpendicular to the transverse axis at the hyperbola that is perpendicular to
center the focal axis.

ASYMPTOTES intersect at the

center of the hyperbola. A
hyperbola approaches its
asymptotes but will never intersect
them.

Formula:

10
 Center: (h,k) Horizontal Focal Axis Vertical Focal Axis

General Equation Ax 2 +Cy 2 +Dx+Ey +F=0

( x−h )2 ( y−k )2 ( y−k )2 ( x −h )2

− =1 − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
Standard Equation
where: where:
c= √ a −b and c>a c= √ a −b and c>a
2 2 2 2

Vertices (h±a, k) (h, k±a)

Foci ((h±c, k) (h, k±c)

TRANSVERSE AXIS

Equation y=k x=h

Direction Horizontal Vertical

Endpoints (h±a, k) (h, k±a)

Length 2a 2a

CONJUGATE AXIS

Equation x=h y=k

Direction Vertical Horizontal

Endpoints (h, k ± b) (h ± b, k)

Length 2b 2b

LATUS RECTUM

2 2
Equation b b
x =k ± a
y =h ± a

Direction Vertical Horizontal

2 2
2b 2b
Endpoints a a

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
b b b
h−c , k ± and h± , k −c and h± ,k+c
Length a a a11

( )
2
b
h+ c , k ±
a
 Example:
Give the standard form of the given equations of each hyperbola problem.

1. The center of a hyperbola is at (-5,3) the endpoints of the conjugate axis is at (-

5,8) and the length of the transverse axis is 16. Give the standard form.

2. The center of a certain hyperbola is in the origin, the length of the transverse
axis is 12 and given the endpoint of the conjugate axis is at (0,4).

Answers and Solutions:

1. 1. The center of a hyperbola is at (-5,3) the endpoints of the conjugate axis is at

(-5,8) and the length of the transverse axis is 16. Give the standard form.

Find a: To find b:
a = 8-3 Length of the transverse axis = 2b
a=5
2b
2 = 162
b=8
2
( x+5 )
= 64
¿¿ - =1

2. The center of a certain hyperbola is in the origin, the length of the transverse
axis is 12 and given the endpoint of the conjugate axis is at (0,4).

2 2
x y
2
a b
2- =1

To find a:
The length of the transverse axis = 2a
2a
2 = 122 a=8

To find b:
Endpoints of conjugate axis:
(0,4) (0,-4)

b=4
2 2
x y
64 16
-=1

12
13