Chapter 2 POLYNOMIALS

Table of Contents
2.1 Terminology
2.2 Find the zeroes / Solution / Solve the polynomials
2.3 Check / Verify the roots of polynomials
2.4 Division of Polynomials
2.5 Value of ‘K’
2.6 Factorization
2.7 Algebraic Identities
2.8 Algebraic Identities - 2
2.9 Essentials

Terminology
Terminology Meaning Example

Group of a number, a variable (any letter or alphabet)

Terms E.g. + 4 x 2,−10 y 3…
and degree(power). Also called Expressions.

Monomial Having just ONE term E.g. + 5 x , −7 y 2,…

Binomial Having TWO terms. E.g. 5 x+ 2, 3 y 5−7 y 2,…

Polynomial Numbers divisible by 2 are Even Numbers. E.g. 3 x 2+5 x +2

--> Highest power of any variable in a Polynomial is called its degree.

Linear Polynomial Polynomial of degree 1 E.g. 5 x+ 11

Quadratic
Polynomial of degree 2 E.g. 3 x 2+5 x +2
Polynomial
3
Cubic Polynomial Polynomial of degree 3 E . g .2 x + 5
 ZEROES of a Polynomial is the value of x .

Find the zeroes / Solution / Solve the

polynomials
Example: Find the value of following polynomials:
1. p ( x )=5 x2 −3 x +7 when x=1. 2. p ( y )=8 y 4 −2 y 2+ 11 when y=0.
2 4 2
p ( x )=5 x −3 x +7 p ( y )=8 y −2 y + 11

2 4 2
p ( 1 )=5(1) −3( 1)+7 p ( 0 )=8(0) −2 ( 0 ) + 11

p ( 1 )=5−3+7 p ( 0 )=0−0+ 11

p ( 1 )=9 p ( 0 )=11

Example: Find the zeroes of following polynomials –

(i) p ( x )=x+ 2 (ii) p ( x )=5 x−2 (iii) p ( x )=ax +b

(i) p ( x )=x+ 2 (ii) p ( x )=5 x−2 (iii) p ( x )=ax +b

0=x+ 2 0=5 x−2 0=ax−b

0+2=5 x 0−b=ax
0−2=x
2=5 x −b=ax
2=x

OR =x OR OR x=
2 −b −b
5 =x
x=2 a a
2
x=
5
Check / Verify the roots of
polynomials
Example: Check or verify whether -2 and 2 are the zeroes of polynomial p ( x )=x 2+ 4 x +4 .

Solution: We need to find p (−2 ) and p ( 2 ), and check 0 as answer.

2 2
p ( x )=x + 4 x +4 . p ( x )=x + 4 x +4 .
2
p (−2 )=(−2) + 4(−2)+ 4 .
2
p ( 2 )=(2) + 4(2)+4 . Let’s Practice…

p (−2 )=4−8+4 p ( 2 )=4+8+ 4 1. Find p ( 2 ) ∧p (−3 ) for

2
p (−2 )=8−8 p ( 2 )=16 p ( a ) =a −3 a−4

p (−2 )=0 ( xFind

So, 2 is not a zero of p2. ) the zeroes of :

So, -2 is a zero of p ( x ). ( i ) p ( y )=ay

4
( ii ) p ( x ) = x
3

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
1
Example: Find the remainder when x3+3x2+3x+1 is divided by (i) x− (ii) x +π
2
Solution:
1 1 27
(i) The zero of x− is Hence, the required remainder is
2 2 8
∴ p(x) = x3+3x2+3x+1 (ii) The zero of x +¿ π is −π

∴ p(x) = x3+3x2+3x+1
p =
() () () () +3 +3 +1
3 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
p(−π )= (−π )3+3 (−π )2+3 (−π )+1
1 3 3
= + + +1 = −π 3 +3 π 2 −3 π +1
8 4 2
1+ 6+12+8 Hence, the required remainder is
=
8 3 2
−π +3 π −3 π +1
27
=
8

Example: Determine which of the following polynomials has (x +1) a factor:

(i) x 3 + x 2 + 1

(i) The zero of x +1 is -1 ∴ p(x) = x 3 + x 2 + 1

 3
¿ (−1 ) +(−1) +1
2
1≠0

¿−1+1+ 1 p(x) ≠ 0.

=1 Therefore , (x+1) is not a factor of x 3 + x 2 + 1

(ii) x3 -x2 -(2 + –√ 2 )x + √ 2

(ii) The zero of x +1 is -1 =0

∴ p(x) = x3 -x2 -(2 + –√ 2 )x + √ 2 p(x) = 0

p(−π )= (−1 ) 3−(−1 ) 2 -(2 + –√ 2 ) (−1 ) + √ 2 Therefore, (x+1) is a factor of

= −1−1+2−√ 2+ √ 2 x3 -x2 -(2 + –√ 2 )x + √ 2

Example: Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of p(x)
(i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 -2x-1, g(x) = x + 1 (ii) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2
Solution: We have p(x) = 2x3 + x2 -2x-1 and (ii) We have p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 and
g(x) = x + 1. g(x) = x + 2. So x = -2
So x = -1 ∴ p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
∴ p(x) = 2x3 + x2 -2x-1 p(-2) = (-2)3 + 3(-2)2 + 3(-2) + 1
p(-1) = 2(-1)3 + (-1)2 -2(-1)-1 p(-2) = -8 + 12 - 6 + 1
p(-1) = -2 + 1 + 2 – 1 p(-2) = -1
p(-1) = 0 p(-2) ≠ 0
Therefore, p(x) is a factor of g(x) Therefore, p(x) is not a factor of g(x)

Example: Find the remainder when x3 – ax2 + 6x – a is divided by x – a.

Solution: The zero of x−a is a

∴ p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 6x – a

p( a ) = ( a )3−a ( a )2+6( a )−a

=a 3−a 3 +6 a−a

= 5a
Hence, the required remainder is 5 a
Value of K
E.g. Find the value of ‘k’, if (x−1) is a factor E.g. Find the value of ‘k’, if (x−1) is a factor
of 4 x3 +3 x 2−4 x+ k of x 3 +3 x 2−kx +3

Solution : if (x−1) is a factor of p(x), Solution : if (x−1) is a factor of p(x),

then x=1 then x=1

∴ p(x) = 4 x3 +3 x 2−4 x+ k ∴ p(x) = x 3 +3 x 2−kx +3

p( 1 ) = 4 (1)3+ 3(1)2−4 (1)+ k p( 1 ) = (1)3+ 3(1)2−k (1)+3

0 = 4 +3−4+ k 0 = 1+3−k +3
0 = k+3 0 = −k + 7
k =−3 k =7

Factorization
Example: Factorize (i) x 2−5 x+ 6 (ii) 6 x 2+ 17 x+5

Solution :
2 2
x −5 x+ 6 6 x + 17 x+5

2 2
x −3 x−2 x+ 6 6 x + 15 x +2 x +5
x (x−3)−2(x −3) 3 x ( 2 x +5 ) +1(2 x−5)
(x−3)(x−2) (2 x+ 5)(3 x +1)
 Scan for better

ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES physical model

of identities

1. (a+ b)22=a22+2 ab+ b22 2. (a−b)2=a2−2 ab+ 2

3.bx 2− y 2=( x + y ) ( x− y )
3.
2. (a−b)
2 2
x − y 2=
=a( x 2+−2
y ) (ab+
x− yb)2 4. ( x +a ) ( x +b4.) =x
( x2+a
+ ( )a+b ) x+
( x +b ab2 + ( a+b ) x+ ab
) =x

Example : E.g. Find the product or solve using suitable identities Scan for better
physical model
(i) (x +3)(x+ 3) (ii) (2 x−5)2 of identities

Solution.
2 2
( x +3) (2 x−5)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a+ b) =a +2 ab+ b (a−b) =a −2 ab+ b
2 2 2 2 2 2
( x +3) =( x ) + 2 ( x ) ( 3 ) +(3) (2 x−5) =(2 x ) −2 ( x ) ( 5 ) +(5)
2 2
¿ x + 6 x+ 9 ¿ 4 x +10 x +25
Example : Find the product or solve using suitable identity (x +3)(x+ 4)

( x +a ) ( x +b ) =x2 + ( a+b ) x+ ab

( x +3 ) ( x+ 4 )=( x )2+ (3+ 4 ) x +(3)(4)

2
¿ x + 7 x+12
E.g. Solve without multiplying
(i) 105 ×106 (ii) 108 ×92
Solution : (100+5)(100+6) Solution : (100+8)(100−8)

( x +a ) ( x +b ) =x2 + ( a+b ) x+ ab ( x + y ) ( x − y )=x 2− y 2

2 2 2
¿(100) + ( 5+6 ) 100+(5)(6) ¿(100) −(8)
¿ 10000+1100+30 ¿ 10000−64
¿ 11130 ¿ 9936
2
25 2 y
E.g. Factorise x− .
4 9
Solution:
 ([ 52x )+( 3y )][( 52x )−( 3y )]
2 2
25 x y
¿ − ¿
4 9

( ) ()
2 2
5x y
¿
2
−
3 ¿ ( 52x + 3y )( 52x − 3y )
x 2− y 2=( x + y ) ( x− y ) Scan for better
physical model
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES - 2 of identities

5. (a+ b)3=a 3+ b3 +3 ab( a+b) 6. 3 3 3

(a−b) =a −b −3 ab ( a−b )
3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
¿ a + b +3 a b+3 a b ¿ a −b −3 a b+3 a b

7. 3 3
a + b =(a+ b)(a −ab+b )
2 2
8.a 3−b3 =( a−b)( a2 +ab+ b2)
9. 3 3 3
x + y + z −3 xyz=( x + y + z )(x + y + z −xy − yz−xz )
2 2 2

E.g. Solve using suitable identities Scan for better

physical model
(i) (3 a+ 4 b)3 of identities

Solution : (3 a+ 4 b)3
3 3 3 2 2
(a+ b) ¿ a + b +3 a b+3 a b
3 3
(3 a+ 4 b) =(3 a) +¿
3 3 2 2
¿ 27 a + 64 b +108 a b+144 a b
3
2
(ii) (x− y )
3

( )
3
2
Solution : x− y
3
3 3 3 2 2
(a−b) ¿ a −b −3 a b+ 3 a b

( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2
2 3 2 2 2 2
(x− y ) =( x) − y −3 ( x ) y +3 ( x) y
3 3 3 3

3 8 3 2 4 2
¿x − y −6 x y + x y
27 3
E.g. Solve without multiplying

(i) (999)3
Solution : ( 1000−1 )3
3 3 3
(a−b) =a −b −3 ab ( a−b )

( 1000−1 )3=(1000)3− (1 )3 −3(1000)(1)(1000−1)

¿ 1,000,000,000−1−3000 ( 999 )
¿ 1000000000−1−29 , 97,000 ¿ 99 , 70 , 02,999

E.g. Factorise 8 x 3+ 27 y 3+ 36 x2 y +54 x y 2 E.g. Verify a 3+ b3=(a+ b)(a2−ab+b 2)

Solution : 8 x 3+ 27 y 3+ 36 x2 y +54 x y 2 Lets take R.H.S ¿(a+b)( a2−ab +b2 )
3 3 2 2 3
a + b +3 a b+3 a b =(a+b) ¿ a ( a2−ab +b2 ) +b (a 2−ab+b 2)
3 3 2 2
(2 x) +(3 y) +3 ( 2 x ) (3 y )+ 3(2 x)(3 y ) 3 2 2 2
¿ a −a b+ a b +a b−a b +b
2 3

¿ a + b =L . H . S ∴ LHS = RHS
3
¿( a+b) 3 3

3
¿( 2 x +3 y )

E.g. Solve 8 x 3+ 27 y 3
3 3
8 x + 27 y
3 3 2 2
a + b =(a+ b)(a −ab+b )
¿
2 2
¿ ( 2 x+3 y ) [ ( 2 x ) −(2 x)(3 y )+ ( 3 y ) ]
2 2
¿ ( 2 x+3 y ) (4 x −6 xy +9 y )

E.g.: Factorize 8 x 3+ y 3+ 27 z3 −18 xyz

3 3 3
8 x + y + 27 z −18 xyz
3 3 3
(2 x) +( y) +(3 z ) −3(2 x )( y)(3 z )
2 2 2
¿ ( 2 x+ y+3 z ) {( 2 x ) + y + ( 3 z ) −( 2 x )( y ) −( y )( 3 z )−( 2 x ) (3 z ) }
2 2 2
¿(2 x + y +3 z)(4 x + y + 9 z −2 xy −3 yz−6 xz)

3 3 3 1 2 2 2
E.g. Verify x + y + z −3 xyz= ( x + y + z ){ ( x − y ) + ( y−z ) +( z−x ) }
2
We know that

LHS = x 3 + y 3+ z3 −3 xyz=( x + y + z )(x 2+ y 2+ z 2−xy − yz−xz )

 2 2 2 2
¿ (x + y + z )(x + y + z −xy − yz−xz )
2
1 2 2 2
¿ ( x+ y+ z ) 2(x + y + z −xy− yz −xz)
2
1 2 2 2
¿ ( x+ y+ z ) (2 x +2 y + 2 z −2 xy−2 yz−2 xz )
2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
¿ ( x+ y+ z ) (x + x + y + y + z + z −2 xy−2 yz−2 xz )
2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
¿ ( x+ y+ z ) (x −2 xy + y + y −2 yz + z + z −2 xz + x )
2
1 2 2 2 2
¿ ( x+ y+ z ) {( x −2 xy+ y )+( y ¿ ¿ 2−2 yz + z )+( z ¿ ¿ 2−2 xz + x )}¿ ¿
2
1
¿ ( x+ y+ z ) {¿ = RHS
2

E.g. if x + y + z=0 then show that x 3 + y 3+ z3 =3 xyz

We know that x 3 + y 3+ z3 −3 xyz=( x + y + z )(x 2+ y 2+ z 2−xy − yz−xz )

3 3 3 2 2 2
x + y + z −3 xyz=( 0 ) (x + y + z −xy− yz −xz)
3 3 3
x + y + z −3 xyz=0
So, we get one more identity
3 3 3
x + y + z =3 xyz
here that if x + y + z=0

then x 3 + y 3+ z3 =3 xyz
E.g. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of
(-12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
if x + y + z=0 then x 3 + y 3+ z3 =3 xyz

Check -12 + 7 + 5 = 0. Yes, then x 3 + y 3+ z3 =3 xyz

3 3 3
(−12) +(7) +(5) =3(−12)(7)(5)
¿ 3(−12)(7)(5)
¿ 1260

E.g. Give possible expressions for the length and the breadth of rectangle if
Area ¿ 25 a2 −35 a+12.

Factorize by splitting the mid term

Area of rectangle = 25 a2 −35 a+12
2
Scan for better
l ×b=25 a −20 a−15 a+ 12 physical model
l ×b=5 a ( 5 a−4 )−3(5 a−4 ) of identities.

l ×b=(5 a−4)(5 a−3)

So, (i) l=(5 a−4) and b=(5 a−3) OR

(ii) l=(5 a−3) and b=(5 a−4)

ESSENTIALS
1. Give an example of a monomial and a binomial having degrees as 82 and 99, respectively.
2. Compute the value of 9x2 + 4y2 if xy = 6 and 3x + 2y = 12.
3. Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3 at x = 2 and x = –1
4. Calculate the perimeter of a rectangle whose area is 25x2 – 35x + 12.
5. Find the value of x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz if x2 + y2 + z2 = 83 and x + y + z = 15
6. Factorise: 125x3 – 64y3
7. Find the value of (x + y)2 + (x – y)2.
8. If p(x)= x2 – 2√2x+1, then find the value of p(2√2)
9. Find the value of m, if x + 4 is a factor of the polynomial x2 + 3x + m.
10. Find the remainder when x3+ x2 + x + 1 is divided by x –
11. Find the common factor in the quadratic polynomials x2 + 8x + 15 and x2 + 3x – 10.
12. Expand: (i) (y – √3)2 (ii) (x – 2y – 3z)2
1 1
13. If x + = 7, then find the value of x3 + 3
x x
14. Show that p – 1 is a factor of p10 + p8 + p6 – p4 – p2 – 1.
15. If 3x + 2y = 12 and xy = 6, find the value of 27x3 + 8y3
16. Factorise: 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z22 + 12xy – 24 yz – 16xz.
17. Factorise: 1 – 2ab – (a2 + b2).
18. Factorise 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 108ab2.
19. What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of a cuboid whose volume is given
below? Volume = 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k.
20. If p(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 4, then find the value of p(2) + p(-2) – P(0).
21. If one zero of the polynomial x2 – √3x + 40 is 5, which is the other zero?
22. Simplify: