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HPC Lecture3

high performace computing lecture 3

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Aditya Gautam
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4 views

HPC Lecture3

high performace computing lecture 3

Uploaded by

Aditya Gautam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Computer Organization

 Main parts of a computer system:


 Processor: Executes programs
 Main memory: Holds program and data
 I/O devices: For communication with outside
 Machine instruction: Description of primitive
operation that machine hardware is able to
execute e.g. ADD these two integers
 Instruction Set: Complete specification of all
the kinds of instructions that the processor
hardware was built to execute
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Basic Computer Organization
Processor or CPU

ALU Registers

Control
Memory

Bus

I/O I/O I/O

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Inside the Processor…
 Control hardware: Hardware to manage
instruction execution
 ALU: Arithmetic and Logical Unit (hardware
to do arithmetic, logical operations)
 Registers: small units of memory to hold
data/instructions temporarily during
execution

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Aside: About Memory
 What is memory?
 Something that can remember things
 There are different kinds of memory in a
computer system
 Some remember by the state an electrical circuit
is in e.g., SRAM
 Others remember by the amount of electrical
charge stored in a capacitor e.g., DRAM – “Memory”
 Yet others remember by magnetic or optical
properties e.g., Hard disk drive/Mag Tape, VCD/DVD
 They can vary substantially in their speed
and capacity
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Inside the Processor…
 Control hardware: Hardware to manage
instruction execution
 ALU: Arithmetic and Logical Unit (hardware
to do arithmetic, logical operations)
 Registers: small units of memory to hold
data/instructions temporarily during
execution
 There are 2 kinds of registers in a CPU
1. Special purpose registers
2. General purpose registers

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Special Purpose Registers
 These are used for specific purposes by the
control hardware
 Program Counter (PC): used to remember
the location in memory of the instruction
currently being executed
 Instruction Register (IR): used to remember
that instruction
 Processor Status Register: used to
remembers status information about current
state of processor, e.g., whether an
arithmetic overflow has occurred
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General Purpose Registers
 Available for use by the programmer
 Useful for remembering frequently used data
 Why is it a good idea to do this?

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Why use General Purpose Registers?
 There is a large speed disparity between the
processor (CPU) and the memory where
instructions and data are stored
 Consider a 1 GHz processor
 This frequency corresponds to a 1 nanosecond time
scale
 milli (10-3), micro (10-6), nano (10-9)
 G (giga) 230 for memory; 109 for frequency, disk size
 Memory: ~ 100 nanosecond time scale
 Aside: More on nanosecond
 Speed of light: ~ 300,000 km/sec or ~ 0.3 m/nsec

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General Purpose Registers.
 Available for use by the programmer
 Useful for remembering frequently used data
 A typical processor today has 32 GPRs, say
R0, R1,…, R31
 The operands to an instruction could come
either from registers or from main memory

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Basic Computer Organization
General Purpose
Registers
CPU  Integer

ALU Registers Registers


 FP Registers

Control
Main
Special Purpose
MMU Cache Memory Registers
 PC

 IR
Bus  Status

register

I/O I/O I/O

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Main Memory
 Holds instructions and data
 View it as a sequence of locations, each
referred to by a unique memory address
 If the size of each memory location is 1 Byte,
we call the memory byte addressable
 This is quite typical, as the smallest data
(character) is represented in 1 Byte
 Larger data items are stored in contiguous
memory locations, e.g., a 4Byte float would
occupy 4 consecutive memory locations

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Terms: Byte ordering
In Hexadecimal (0,1,2,…,A,B,C,D,E,F)

Data 1A C8 B2 46 F0 8C 1E DF
Byte Address 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407

Q: Value of the integer (4 byte data) at Address 400?


A: There are a few possibilities!
Depending on how significant the bytes are

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Byte ordering

Data 1A C8 B2 46 F0 8C 1E DF
Byte Address 400 402 404 406

Value of the integer (4 byte data) at Address 400?


Possibility 1: `1A’ is the most significant byte
1 A C 8 B 2 4 6
0001 1010 1100 1000 1011 0010 0100 0110
n 1
i
Unsigned int value: 449,360,454 x 2
i
i 0

This convention is called Big-endian byte ordering

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Byte ordering.

Data 1A C8 B2 46 F0 8C 1E DF
Byte Address 400 402 404 406

Value of the integer (4 byte data) at Address 400?


Possibility 2: If `46’ is the most significant byte
4 6 B 2 C 8 1 A
0100 0110 1011 0010 1100 1000 0001 1010
Unsigned integer value: 1,186,121,754
This convention is called Little-endian byte ordering

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Byte ordering..

Data 1A C8 B2 46 F0 8C 1E DF
Byte Address 400 402 404 406

Value of the integer (4 byte data) at Address 400?


Big-endian ordering Little-endian ordering
449,360,454 1,186,121,754
Some machines are built to use big-endian byte
ordering and others are designed to use little-
endian byte ordering
This can be relevant to the programmer

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