Internet of Things towards the implementation

of a Smart City
Srinivasan C Sridhar P
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE Assistant Professor, Department of ECE
Saveetha Engineering College, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Pradeepa J Thulasiragavan P V Yuvaraj R

UG Student, Department of ECE UG Student, Department of ECE UG Student, Department of ECE
Saveetha Engineering College, Saveetha Engineering College, Saveetha Engineering College,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract : The concept of a "Smart City" is often cited as an conjunction with a microcontroller [3]. The current state of
example of one of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications that the art for smart city models has been explored by a
is both fascinating and significant. If metropolitan areas want to number of researchers [7], [8], and [10], along with their
keep their relevance in the 21st century, they will need to
issues with implementation, security, and interoperability
become more intelligent, smart, and connected. The Internet of
Things helps speed up the development of some of the world's
concerns. The ubiquitous and more popular technology
most impressive urban areas. In recent years, a variety of known as the Internet of Things has emerged as a terrific
concepts for the implementation of smart cities have been answer for automating a variety of chores that require
proposed, but the one that is now under consideration makes significant physical effort.
use of a smart phone as its graphical user interface (GUI).
There is no need for extra equipment on the part of the user
since almost everyone in this day and age of digital technology
already has a smartphone. This research recommends three
modules: intelligent highway management, intelligent parking
management, and intelligent garbage management. As more
research studies have been conducted on the smart parking
paradigm, the recommended model is more advanced because it
employs the camera on a mobile phone to detect whether or not
a parking spot is vacant. This is because there have been more
research studies on the smart parking paradigm.

Keywords: Smart City, Smart Systems, Internet of

Things(IoT)
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is quickly becoming
one of the most exciting new areas of research because it
makes it possible for commonplace items to be outfitted
with microcontrollers, digital communication devices, and
suitable protocol stacks. This gives the things the ability to
communicate with people and makes them a key part of the Figure 1. Architecture of a Smart City Infrastructure
internet [1]. The notion of the Internet of Things, The Figure 1 provides a high-level overview of
sometimes known as IoT, is utilized to make the Internet what a smart city may look like, and the model that we
more tangible and difficult to ignore. The first thing that propose incorporates some of the elements listed below.
has to be done is to make the city as technologically This iteration of the system has been reinvented to make
advanced and strategically significant as possible. Changes use of commonplace items from day-to-day life rather than
in specialized knowledge, financial conditions, and social a network of interconnected personal computers [9] in
norms led to the establishment of these kinds of enterprises order to correlate, distribute, and share information. The
[3]. We are now able to build a smart city that makes involvement of humans is restricted to those specific
efficient use of a variety of energy sources thanks to the situations in which judgments must be taken based on the
Internet of Things (IOT), which in turn helps to cut down information that is being traded on the system. In most
on the amount of power that is wasted in public areas. cases, the building of smart cities will involve the
parking and garbage management systems that are smart, installation of intelligent parking systems, intelligent
together with smart streets. This concept may be efficiently weather monitoring systems, intelligent garbage collection
accomplished by using a number of different sensors in systems, and intelligent street light systems.
 II. Literature REVIEW Figure 2 . Arduino UNO
A sensor-based Internet of Things system is The power supply contains four pins: one for
provided by Shruti A. Jaishetty and Rekha Patil [4] for the ground, one for VIN, one each for 3.3V and 5V, and one
purpose of monitoring and regulating agricultural areas. for 5V. The ground pin is the first one in the row. The
They have used a range of sensors to give data on ambient voltages that are indicated by the pins' labels: ground,
variables, such as lights in front of businesses and stores VIN, 3.3V, and 5V. The VIN pin is the one that is used
that are capable of doing an automated diagnosis of a whenever the Arduino Uno board is receiving power from
vehicle. Andrea Zanella [1] shows in her explanation of the a supply other than the Arduino device itself. [5] Because
specialized arrangements that were gained for the Arduino devices support both the SPI and TWI
identification of the IOT Island a portion of the estimates communication protocols, users have the option of using
that the framework has received in its early days of any one of these two.
operation. These estimates pertain to the early days of the B. ESP8266- Wi-Fi Module
framework's operation The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a kind of System on
Himadri Nath Saha [11] makes a significant Chip that offers a low-cost alternative for creating a
contribution to the development of Internet of Things connection to a local wireless network in the form of a Wi-
(IOT) ideas in smart cities by his successful design and Fi network connection. It runs at 3.3V and requires
implementation of a smart city model that has layered cautious handling since voltage levels higher than 3.6V
architecture. The author makes use of a wide array of have the potential to damage this module [7]. Its operating
sensors in order to detect a number of things, such as air voltage is specified as 3.3V. 3.3 volts is the operating
pollution, water management, forest fires, and so on. Their voltage. The TCP/IP protocol is the basis for the stack that
proposed model for the metropolis takes into account the the ESP 8266 employs in order to communicate with other
temperature, humidity, and precipitation that falls upon the nearby WiFi networks. This allows the ESP 8266 to
cloud. interface with other WiFi networks. This module may be
The authors Ayoub Arroub et al [17] conducted a linked to almost any microcontroller in order to get access
comprehensive investigation on the opportunities and to the wireless local area networks that are located nearby.
challenges associated with smart cities. They have In addition to this, it may perform the duties of a host for
provided a concise explanation of the smart city idea while apps or take over the responsibilities of other application
taking into consideration a variety of elements, such as processors relating to Wi-Fi networking. This is done in
economic mobility, connectivity, infrastructure, and order to accomplish the aim of establishing a connection
environmental issues. Another comprehensive research on with any nearby Wi-Fi network that has both an SSID and
smart cities [20] highlighted various smart city initiatives a password combination. In addition to that, it may
employing a number of frameworks that took into function as a host for other kinds of applications.
consideration a broad range of elements, such as
government, the economy, the environment, technology,
people, and community, to mention just a few. These
frameworks also took into account a variety of other
aspects as well.

III.HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

A. Arduino UNO
On the circuit board of a microcontroller known as
Arduino UNO, you will discover a total of 14 digital GPIO
pins. There is a reset button, a power connection, and an Figure 3. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
integrated LED that is linked to digital I/O pin 13. The C. Bluetooth Sensor
ceramic resonator has a frequency of 16 MHz and runs at The HC-05 module is a Bluetooth Serial Port
that frequency. This particular printed circuit board is Protocol module that is both simple and basic. It is also
where you will find each and every one of these very economical. It has been purposely built with the goal
components. of establishing wireless serial communication with
microcontrollers, which is necessary in order to enable
connectivity over Bluetooth [7].
 Figure 4 . HC-05 Bluetooth Sensor communicate. Additionally, various sensors are connected
to each of the microcontrollers.
D. Air Quality Sensor The Arduino Mega is connected to an ultrasonic
A MQ135 gas sensor is used so that the condition sensor, a GSM module, and Bluetooth sensors, while the
of the atmosphere may be ascertained. This sensor's Arduino Uno is connected to a DHT11 sensor, an
reaction may be triggered by a number of different things, ESP8266, and an MQ-135 sensor. The ultrasonic sensor is
including smoke, carbon dioxide, alcohols, nitrogen, and a type of sensor that uses sound waves to measure distance,
ammonia gas. The quantities of ammonia, alcohols, and while the GSM module allows for cellular communication.
nitrogen gases are all much lower in air that has been Bluetooth sensors are used to communicate wirelessly with
purified [6]. CO2, smoke. It is a sensor that is used often other devices. The DHT11 sensor is used to measure
and is very affordably suited for a wide variety of temperature and humidity, while the ESP8266 is a WiFi
applications that are carried out on a smaller scale. This is module used for communication over a wireless network.
as a result of its strong sensitivity for the detection of gases Finally, the MQ-135 sensor is used to detect air quality by
as well as its speedy response. measuring the concentration of various gases. Overall, this
E. GSM Module project seems to be quite complex and involves multiple
A GSM module may be linked to an Arduino for components and sensors. However, by using the Arduino
the purpose of serial communication by making use of Mega and the Arduino Uno microcontrollers, the project
either of the Arduino's two digital pins and the Software can be designed to communicate and coordinate between
Serial library, both of which are included with the Arduino these various components in a seamless manner. We have
software [9]. A library in Arduino allows data connections used MQTT broker to monitor the systems in real time
to be created utilizing additional digital pins and provides over the internet.
support for the serial protocol. This interface's primary A. Smart Street Light Management System
purpose is to accomplish the following objectives, which The model consists of a road that has two ultrasonic
are listed below: 1) To be able to send an SMS message to sensors placed end to end along the length of the road.
a mobile phone number that has been pre-programmed by These sensors are the primary components of the street
utilizing an Arduino and a GSM module. 2) To make use light management system. The particular street light will
of an Arduino and a GSM Module in order to both send turn on once the distance between the automobile and the
and receive text messages (SMS). sensor is less than 10 centimeters. Reports indicate that the
F. Android Application other street lamp will begin to illuminate as the distance
An Android application, sometimes known as an increases between the two points. Throughout this
APP, offers a method of communicating with Arduino that procedure, interaction between two sensors will continue.
is simple and easy to understand. The HC-05 Bluetooth The total reading that is taken from the two sensors will
sensor is responsible for making this a reality. The Android determine whether or not the street light turns on.
software looks for black things, and more specifically,
squares, and then uses image processing to indicate the Ultrasonic Sensors Arduino UNO Street
Lights
borders of these items once it finds them. After that, the
sums of the black spots are sent back to the Arduino Mega,
which is responsible for direct communication with the Figure 5. Interface for Smart Street Lighting
GSM module as well as the user. B. Smart Parking Management System
The intelligent parking management system makes
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS use of an Android application that counts the number of
Every aspect of the smart city was designed with black squares on a model by using a camera to locate and
real-world applicability and use in mind from the very count each individual square. This will be done in order to
beginning. When we analyze this project, we discover a lot determine the value. In the event that a vehicle is
of useful outputs, such as traffic control, waste positioned in such a way as to obstruct the slot, the contour
management, an indicator for temperature and humidity. number will drop. Arduino will be alerted of this, and it
The parking system is the most impressive of these will then pass on the information to the customer.
outcomes. The method that is shown will be used for the
development of the whole of the framework for the project. Camera
The Arduino Mega then returns the values to the LEDs that
are used as street lights. The following block diagram
illustrates the overall functionality of the project, along
with an example of how numerous sensors communicate Bluetooth Module Arduino UNO GSM Module
with an Arduino. In all, the project that involves using two
different types of microcontrollers, specifically the Arduino
Mega and the Arduino Uno. These two microcontrollers
are communicating with each other using a mechanism
called "handshaking," which is a process used to establish a SMS Notification
connection and ensure that both devices are ready to
 quantity of waste that has accumulated to the point when it
Figure 6. Interface for Smart Parking Management has surpassed its limit. Through the use of the GSM
System module, this value will be sent to the relevant authorities in
Take into consideration the fact that there are four the suitable format.
openings. After this, an automobile pulls up and occupies
Ultrasonic Sensors Arduino UNO GSM Module
one of the spaces; thus, the contour reverts to displaying
only three sections of black, which indicates that there are
still three open spots. As a consequence of this, the true
values of parking will be revealed. In this instance, the
process is carried out in real time. The Android app for the SMS Notification
phone communicates with the outside world through
Bluetooth. The HC-05 Bluetooth module is what
establishes the connection between the Arduino and the Figure 8. Smart Garbage Management System
Bluetooth. After the Bluetooth device has been linked with Interface
the Bluetooth module, communication between the two
devices may commence, and the module will provide real-
time information about the available parking spots.

Figure 9. Screenshot of SMS received for Garbage

Collection
A GSM module and an ultrasonic sensor are the two
Figure 7 . Screenshot of SMS received for Smart main components of a smart garbage system. The
Parking System ultrasonic sensor is used to check the condition of the trash,
The final consumer of the Smart Parking module and the GSM module is used to communicate with
will be able to send a text message query to get information municipal authorities through text message. It is for the
on the number of vacant parking spaces in the vicinity of purpose of informing the appropriate municipal authorities
their location. After the free slots have been identified with of the condition of the garbage can, including the question
the use of camera photos, the message will be sent with the of whether or not it is now stuffed to capacity with waste
help of a GSM module. Security in smart cities is a serious products.
issue today, just as it is with any other Internet of Things
application. Due to the fact that we distribute data over a V. CONCLUSION
large number of nodes, the network may be vulnerable to a The city would function correctly if all of these
variety of dangers. During the transport of data, an sensors were used efficiently at the industrial level. The
appropriate encryption method should be used. According sensors, in over 95% of cases, were capable of providing
to our conception, the data was fundamentally sent via a an accurate measurement. During the day, the intelligent
GSM module, each of which comes equipped with parking system seems to function in a way that is far more
encryption standards built in. Second, our parking place effective than when it is being used at night. Street lights,
recognition software sent information to the citizen, the in contrast to IR sensors, would continue to work normally
GSM, and the customer through the controller. Finally, the even in the presence of sunlight interference. The fact that
customer received the information. It will eventually be the waste system continues to function well throughout the
possible to encrypt the data that is sent between the day demonstrates that the GSM module can be relied upon
controller and the cameras of mobile phones that have as a dependable means of transmitting information on the
applications installed on them. system's status. The integration of all of the sensors into a
C. Smart Garbage Management System single controller is going to be a substantial part of the
An ultrasonic sensor is installed at the top of the trash project's scope moving forward. If there is a camera with
can as part of the sophisticated waste management system. better specifications, then the image processing component
(big container). This will compute the distance based on may be done with more ease and success. It's possible that
the management of the smart street lights and return the the Android app may come with built-in functionality for
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