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38 views5 pages

3rd Tutorial SP

Tutorial

Uploaded by

Punno Sheikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ICT 4355: Signal Processing

2nd Tutorial Class

Task 01

1. Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem

The Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem states that a continuous signal can be accurately
reconstructed from its samples if the sampling rate fs is at least twice the maximum frequency
present in the signal. This minimum rate is known as the Nyquist rate.

Formula: fs≥2⋅fmax

Where:

fs= Sampling rate

fmax = Maximum frequency in the signal

2. Aliasing

Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at a rate lower than the Nyquist rate. Frequencies higher
than half the sampling rate will be misrepresented as lower frequencies due to this under sampling.

Aliased Frequency Formula:

When a signal with frequency f is sampled at fs, the observed frequency falias can be found using:

falias=∣f−n⋅fs∣

where n is an integer chosen to make falias fall within the range [0,fs/2).

Example Calculation:

Scenario:

Consider a signal with a maximum frequency of 3,000 Hz. You choose a sampling rate of 4,000
Hz. Let’s analyze the potential aliasing issue.
1. Determine the Nyquist Rate:

Nyquist Rate=2*fmax=2*3,000 Hz=6,000 Hz

The chosen sampling rate of 4,000 Hz is less than the Nyquist rate, so aliasing will occur.

2. Calculate Aliased Frequencies:

For any frequency component f above half the sampling rate (i.e., 2,000 Hz), it will be aliased into
the range [0, 2000 Hz).

Frequency Component: Suppose there is a frequency of 3,500 Hz in the signal.

To find its aliased frequency:

falias=∣f−n⋅fs∣

Where fs=4,000 Hz and f=3,500 Hz. We need to choose n such that falias falls within the range
[0,2000 Hz).

Let’s choose n=1:

falias=∣3,500−1*4,000∣=∣3,500−4,000∣=500Hz

So, the 3,500 Hz frequency component will be aliased to 500 Hz.

3. Consequences of Aliasing:

In this case, the signal will be inaccurately represented because the 3,500 Hz frequency is mapped
to 500 Hz. This aliasing can cause distortion and loss of information in the sampled signal.

To avoid aliasing, ensure your sampling rate is at least twice the highest frequency present
in the signal. If the sampling rate is lower, use the formula for aliasing to determine how
frequencies will be misrepresented and adjust your sampling strategy accordingly.
Task 02

You are designing a system to monitor vibrations in a mechanical structure. The vibrations have
frequency components up to 1,800 Hz. Your goal is to select an appropriate sampling rate for a
digital data acquisition system. You also need to evaluate the effects of aliasing if the sampling
rate is not sufficient.

Step 1: Determine the Minimum Sampling Rate

Objective: Ensure that you sample the signal at a rate that avoids aliasing.

Solution:

Find the Maximum Frequency Component:

The maximum frequency fmax is 1,800 Hz.

Calculate the Nyquist Rate:

The Nyquist rate is twice the maximum frequency:

fNyquist=2⋅fmax=2⋅1,800 Hz=3,600 Hz

fNyquist=2⋅fmax=2⋅1,800 Hz=3,600 Hz

To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate fs must be at least 3,600 Hz.

Step 2: Evaluate Aliasing with a Different Sampling Rate

Scenario: Suppose you mistakenly choose a sampling rate of 3,000 Hz instead of 3,600 Hz. We
need to determine how this incorrect sampling rate will affect the signal, specifically by calculating
the aliased frequencies.

Solution:

Sampling Rate Chosen:

fs=3,000 Hz

Determine the Aliased Frequency:

Aliasing causes frequencies higher than half the sampling rate (1,500 Hz) to be misrepresented as
lower frequencies. To find the aliased frequency for components above 1,500 Hz, use the formula:

falias=∣f−n⋅fs∣
falias=∣f−n⋅fs∣

where n is an integer that shifts the frequency into the range [0,fs/2)

Example Calculation:

Let’s say there is a frequency component at 2,200 Hz in the signal.

Find the aliased frequency using n=1:

falias=∣2,200 Hz−1⋅3,000 Hz∣=∣2,200 Hz−3,000 Hz∣=800 Hz

Thus, a 2,200 Hz component will be aliased to 800 Hz.

Verify Aliased Frequencies:

Any frequency component f where f>fs/2 (which is 1,500 Hz) will alias into the range below
1,500 Hz. We should check that our aliased frequencies fall within this range to understand the
impact.

Summary of Aliasing:

Original Frequency: 2,200 Hz

Aliased Frequency: 800 Hz

By sampling at 3,000 Hz, frequencies higher than 1,500 Hz are incorrectly mapped, causing the
2,200 Hz signal to appear as 800 Hz. This could result in significant distortion and incorrect
analysis of the vibration signal.

Step 3: Correcting the Sampling Rate

Objective: Ensure the sampling rate avoids aliasing and accurately captures the signal.

Solution:

To correct the situation, increase the sampling rate to at least 3,600 Hz to meet the Nyquist
criterion. This will ensure that all frequency components up to 1,800 Hz are accurately represented
without aliasing.

Summary of Key Points:

Nyquist Rate Calculation:


fNyquist=2⋅fmax

Aliasing Calculation:

falias=∣f−n⋅fs∣

where f is the original frequency, fs is the sampling rate, and n is an integer.

Sampling Rate Selection:

Ensure fs is at least 2⋅fmax to avoid aliasing.

By understanding and applying these mathematical concepts, you can ensure that your digital
sampling system accurately captures and represents the original signal without distortion due to
aliasing.

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