DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS
Instructor: Ma. Felisa A. Molina
College: College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Department: CHEMAPHY
CALCULUS
Branches: Isaac Newton
Gottfried Wilhelm (1642-1726)
Differential Calculus cuts
Leibniz
something into small pieces to (1646-1716)
find how it changes
Integral Calculus joins the
small pieces together to find
how much there is.
FUNCTION
is a set of ordered pairs, (𝑥, 𝑦) such that for every 𝑥,
there corresponds a unique value of 𝑦.
The quantity 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥 if every value of 𝑥 in the
domain corresponds to a unique value of 𝑦 in the co-domain.
“𝑦 is a function of 𝑥” 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
dependent independent
variable variable
Domain of the function is the set of all allowable values for 𝑥.
Range of the function is the set of all resulting 𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
after substituting the 𝑥 − values.
The given function is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3
F
𝑥 = ⋯ , −2, −1,0, 1,2, …
U
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
N 𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 3
𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇
C 𝑦 = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …
T
I Domain = set of all real numbers
Range = set of all real numbers greater than
or equal to -3
O = ℝ or −∞, ∞ = −3, ∞
N = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ = 𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ ≥ −3
= … , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, … = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …
F The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3 can also be defined
by an equation like 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3.
U 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
N
C
Plotting some points from the set
T of ordered pairs
I {…, (-4, 13), (-3, 6), (-2, 1), (-1, -2),
O (0, -3), (1, -2), (2, -1), (3, 6), …}
N
TYPES:
F A. Algebraic Functions are functions formed by a finite combination of
U algebraic expression using algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, raising to powers and root extractions.
N Constant Function Other Polynomial Function
Identity Function Rational Function
C Linear Function Radical Function
T Quadratic Functions Piecewise-defined Functions
I B. Transcendental Functions are function that cannot be expressed as a finite
sequence of algebraic operations.
O Trigonometric Function
Inverse Trigonometric Function
N Exponential Function
Logarithmic Functions
A
A. Algebraic Functions
L
G a. Constant function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 𝑐, where 𝑐 is constant
E
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = −3
B
R
𝑥 -4 -2 0 2 4
A
𝑓(𝑥) -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
I
C F
U Domain = ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)
N Range = {-3}
C
T
I
O
N
A
L
G
b. Identity Function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑥
E
B Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑥
R
A 𝑥 -4 -2 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) -4 -2 0 1 2 3
I
C F
U Domain = ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)
N
Range = ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)
C
T
I
O
N
A
L
G c. Linear Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 where 𝑚 ≠ 0 and 𝑚 and 𝑏 are constants
E
B Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1
R
A 𝑥 -3 -2 0 1 3
I 𝑓(𝑥) -7 -5 -1 1 5
C F
U
N Domain = ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)
C Range = ℝ 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, ∞)
T
I
O
N
A
L
G d. Quadratic Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants
E
B
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
R
A 𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 2 3
I 𝑓(𝑥) 0 -3 -4 -3 5 12
C F
U
N Domain =ℝ or −∞, ∞
C
Range =ℝ ≥ −4 or [−4, ∞)
T
I
O
N
A
L
G
E e. Other Polynomial Functions:
B
R 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
A 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
F
I .
U
C .
N .
C 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + +𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
T
I
O
N
S
A
L f. Rational Function:
G
𝑁(𝑥)
E 𝑓 𝑥 = where 𝑁(𝑥) and D x are functions and 𝐷 𝑥 ≠ −0
𝐷(𝑥)
B
R 1
A Example: 𝑓 𝑥 =
F 𝑥+4
I
U 𝑥 -6 -5 -4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2
C
N 𝑓(𝑥) -0.5 -1 -2 undef 2 1 0.5
C
T Domain = ℝ`{−4} or (−∞, −4) ∪ (−4, ∞)
I
O Range = ℝ` 0 or (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
N
S
A
L
g. Radical Function:
G
E
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
B
R
A 𝑥 -1 0 8 15 24
F 𝑓(𝑥) 0 1 3 4 5
I
U
C
N
Domain: ℝ ≥ −1 or [−1, ∞)
C
T Range: ℝ ≥ 0 or [0, ∞)
I
O
N
S
A
L h. Piecewise-defined Function: is defined by multiple sub-functions and each
G sub-function is valid for some domain.
E −3, 𝑥 ≤ −1
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ 2
B 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 > −1
R 𝑓 𝑥 = −3
A 𝑥 -1 -2 -3 -4
F
I 𝑓(𝑥) −3 −3 −3 −3
U
C
N
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1
C
𝑥 -1 0 1 2 3
T
𝑓(𝑥) 2 1 2 5 10
I
O Domain: ℝ or (−∞, ∞)
N
Range: ℝ ≥ 1 ∪ {−3} or [1, ∞) ∪ {−3}
S
T
R
B. Transcendental Functions
A
are also called Circular Functions. Sine, Cosine,
N a. Trigonometric Functions
Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and Cosecant functions
S
𝑥
C Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = cos Domain: ℝ
2
E Range: −1 ≤ ℝ ≤ 1 or [-1, 1]
N
x f(x)
D (in rad)
E F
-3π 0
N U
-2π -1
T N
C -π 0
A
T 0 -1
L
I Π 0
O 2π -1
N
S
T
R b. Inverse Trigonometric Functions are the inverse functions of the six
A trigonometric functions: arc-sine or 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 , arc-cosine or 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 , arc-tangent or
N 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 , arc-cotangent or 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 , arc-secant or 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 , arc-cosecant or 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 .
S
C Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = arctan
𝑥
Domain: ℝ
E 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
N x f(x) Range: − ≤ℝ≤ or − ,
2 2 2 2
(in rad)
D
E F -3π -1.36
N U -2π -1.26
T N -π -1
A C 0 0
L T Π 1
I 2π 1.26
O 3π 1.36
N
S
T
R
A c. Exponential Function is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 where the base 𝑎 is constant
N
S
C
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥
E
N
D 𝑥 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2
E F 𝑓 𝑥 .06 .25 0.5 1 2 4
N U
T N
A C Domain: ℝ or (−∞, ∞)
L T
Range: ℝ > 0 or (0, −∞)
I
O
N
S
T
R
A d. Logarithmic Function is the inverse of exponential functions
N
S Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥
C
x f(x)
E
N 0.01 -6.64
D 0.1 -3.32
E F 0.2 -2.32
N U
N 0.4 -1.32
T
A C 1.0 0
L T 1.2 0.26
I
O Domain: ℝ > 0 or (0, −∞)
N Range: ℝ or (−∞, ∞)
S
F Note: Vertical-line Test. A set of points in the plane is the graph of a function if
U and only if the graph intersects every very vertical line in at most one point.
N Example: Determine whether each graph is a graph of a function
C (a) (c)
T
I
O (d)
(b)
N
S
F Home Work #1
U Sketch the graph of each function, and find the domain and range.
N
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 − 3𝑥
C 3. ℎ 𝑥 =
1
2. 𝑔 𝑥 is defined as follows:
T 𝑥−2
I 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
6 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
4. 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥2
O 𝑔 𝑥 = 9 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 3
12 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 3 < 𝑥 ≤ 4
N 𝑒𝑡𝑐
