MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 17658 Model Answer Page1 of 29
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
Figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
Equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
Values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Q1.a) Attempt any three of the following:- 12M

i) State four differences between RISC and CISC architectures.
Ans:-
(Any four points – 01M each)

RISC CISC
1.Reduced instruction set computer 1.Complex instruction set computer.
2.Instruction set is simple and limited. 2.Instruction set is very large.
3.Instruction set is not flexible, hence the 3.Instruction set is flexible, hence the program
program is long. is short
4.Provides few addressing modes normally 4.Provides many addressing modes
register.
5.Large memory is required 5.Less memory required
6.Provides large number of registers 6.No. of registers are less.
7.Processor architecture & control unit is 7.Processor architecture and control unit is
simple complicated.
8.Instruction are shorter, hence execution 8.Instructions are lengthy hence execution
speed is fast. speed is slow.
9.External memory is accessed rarely 9.External memory is accessed frequently
10.Each instruction required few bus cycle. 10.Each instruction requires many bus cycle.
e. g. ARM, ATMEL, AVR, MIPS, PIC, Interx86, Motorola, 68000 series.
POWER PC, SUNSPARC, i960, etc.

ii) List any four software development tools used in an embedded system and state the
function of each .
Ans:
(List :02M and Function of any four tools: ½ M each)
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Software development tools:
 Compiler
 Cross assembler
 Cross compiler
 Locators
 Loaders
 Simulators
 Debugger
 Integrated development environment (IDE)

Explanation :
Compiler:
It is a computer program that transforms the source code written in a programming or source
language into another computer language i.e. target language i.e. binary code known as object code.
Cross assembler:
It is useful to convert object codes for microcontrollers or processor to other codes for another
microcontrollers or processor and vice versa.
Cross compiler:
It is used to create executable code other than one on which the compiler is run. They are used to
generate executable for embedded systems or multiple platforms.
Linker/Locator:
 It is used for relocation process.
 It is done during compilation also it can be done at run time by a relocating loader.
 It is a program that takes one or more objects generated by compiler and combines them into a single
executable program.
Simulators:
 A simulator is the s/w that simulates an h/w unit like emulator, peripheral, network and I/O devices
on a PC.
 It defines a processor or processing device as well as various versions for the target system.
 Monitors the detailed information of as source code part with labels and symbols
during the execution for each single step.
 Provides the detailed information of the status of memory RAM and simulated ports, simulated
peripheral devices of the defined target system.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE):-
An IDE is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer
programmers for software development. An IDE consists of:
 A source code editor.
 A compiler and or interpreter.
 Build automation tools.
 A debugger.
IDE is dedicated to a specific programming language, allowing a feature set that most closely matches
the programming paradigms [model] of the language. IDE’s typically present a single program in which all
development is done. This program typically provides many features for authoring, modifying, compiling,
deploying, and debugging software.
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 17658 Model Answer Page3 of 29
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iii) Draw the format of I2C and explain each field in brief.
Ans:-
(Format- 02M,Explanation-02M)

 First field of 1 bit – START bit = one

 Second field of 7 bits – address field. It defines the slave address, which is being sent the data
frame(of many bytes) by the master
 Third field of 1 control bit – defines whether a read or write cycle is in progress
 Fourth field of 1 control bit – defines whether is the present data is an acknowledgment (from slave)
 Fifth field of 8 bits – I2C device data byte (transmitted by either master or slave)
 Sixth field of 1 bit – bit NACK (negative acknowledgment) from the receiver (when master is
receiving). If active the acknowledgment is expected from the slave
 Seventh field of 1 bit – stop bit send by master

iv) Draw the interfacing diagram of 4 X 4 matrix keypad with 89C51microcontroller .

Ans:-
(Diagram 03M, labeling 01M )
Diagram:

OR
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Q1.b) Attempt any one of the following :- 06M

i) Draw block diagram of embedded system and describe any four hardware units of embedded
system.
Ans:-
(Block diagram of embedded system-02M, description of any four hardware units- 01M each.)

Block diagram:

OR
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Processor:
The processor is the heart of embedded system. The selection of processor is
based on the following consideration
 Instruction set
 Maximum bits of operation on single arithmetic and logical operation
 Speed
 Algorithms processing and capability
 Types of processor( microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal
processor, application specific processor, general purpose processor)

Power source:
Internal power supply is must. Es require from power up to power down to start
time task. Also it can run continuously that is stay “On’ system consumes total
power hence efficient real time programming by using proper ‘wait’ and ‘stop’
instruction or disable some unit which are not in use can save or limit power
consumption.

Clock / oscillator Circuits

The clock ckt is used for CPU, system timers, and CPU machine cycles clock
controls the time for executing an instruction. Clock oscillator may be internal or
external .It should be highly stable

Real time clock(RTC):

It require to maintain scheduling various tasks and for real time programming
RTC also use for driving timers, counters needs in the system.

Reset Ckts and power on reset:

Reset process starts executing various instruction from the starting address. The
address is set by the processor in the program counter. The reset step resent and runs the program in
the following way.
 System program that execute from beginning
 System boot up program
 System initialization program
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SUMMER– 16 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 17658 Model Answer Page6 of 29
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Peripherals:
The peripheral devices are provided on the embedded system boards for an easy integration.
Typical devices include serial port, parallel port, network port, keyboard and mouse ports, a memory
unit port and monitor port. Some specialized embedded systems also have other ports such as CAN-
bus

Memories:

ii) List scheduling algorithms of RTOS. Describe concept of pre-emptive multitasking

scheduling algorithm of RTOS with suitable example.
Ans:-
(List-02M,description of multitasking scheduling algorithm- 02M)
1. First in first out
2. Round-robin algorithm
3. Shortest job first
4. Non Pre-emptive multitasking
5. Pre-emptive multitasking

Pre-emptive multitasking :
 In pre-emptive multitasking the highest priority task always given the CPU time .
 If lower priority task is presently running and higher priority task is in ready to run state then the
running task is pre-empted and the higher priority task is executed .
 The Kernel restore the state of current task and pass control of the CPU to the higher priority task.
 Again after some time the high priority task may releases the CPU and the low priority task
executed.
 It is used in commercial embedded systems.

OR
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PREEMPTIVE KERNEL
Low Priority Task
(1) (2) ISR
High Priority Task

(4)
(3)
(5)
ISR makes the high
Priority task ready
Time

(6)

(7)

Q2. Attempt any four of the following:- 16M

a) Draw the format of TMOD. Describe the function of each bit.

Ans:-
(Format- 02M,description- 02M)
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Subject Code: 17658 Model Answer Page8 of 29
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b) Write 89c51 “C” program to toggle all the pins of port P2 continuously with a 400 millisecond
delay
Ans:
(correct program- 04M)
NOTE: Program may change. Student can also use the other logic.
Please check the logic and understanding of students.
#include <reg51.h>
void delay (unsigned int);
void main (void)
{
while(1) //repeat loop
{
P2=0xff; //toggle all bits of port0
delay (400); //add delay
P2=0x00; //toggle all bits of port0
delay (400); //add delay
}
}
void delay (unsigned inti)
{
Unsignedintx,y;
for(x=0;x<i; x++)
for (y=0;y<1275;y++);
}

c) Differentiate between synchronous communication and asynchronous communication.(any

four points)
Ans:-
(Any four points -01M each.)
Note: - Ant valid points can be considered
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d) Write C program to read the status of key connected to P1.3.If the key is pressed, turn on the
LED connected to P3.5 for 20 msec.
Ans:-
(Correct program 04M)
#include <reg51.h>
void delay(unsigned int);
Sbitsw =P1^3;
Sbit led=P3^5;

void main(void)
{
P1=0xFF; //make P1 input port
led = 0
while (1)
{
if sw=0
{
led=1;
Delay(20);
led=0;
}
}
}
voiddelay (unsigned inti)
{
Unsignedintx,y;
for(x=0;x<i; x++)
for (y=0;y<1275;y++);
}

e) Explain the concept of deadlock with suitable schematic.

Ans:- (Explanation 03M, schematic 01M)
Deadlock:
A deadlock is a situation in which two threads are each unknowingly waiting for resource
held by other.
 Assume thread T1 has exclusive access to resource R1.
 Thread T2 has exclusive access to resource R2.
 If T1 needs exclusive access to R2 and T2 needs exclusive access to R1,
 neither thread can continue.
 They are deadlocked.
 The simplest way to avoid a deadlock is for threads to:
Acquire all resources before proceeding
Acquire the resources in the same order
Release the resource in the revere order
 Deadlock is the situation in which multiple concurrent threads of execution in a
 system are blocked permanently because of resources requirement that can never be satisfied.
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 A typical real-time system has multiple types of resources and multiple concurrent threads of
execution contending for these resources. Each thread of execution can acquire multiple resources of
various types throughout its lifetime.
 Potential for deadlock exist in a system in which the underlying RTOS permits
resources sharing among multiple threads of execution.
 Following is a deadlock situation between two tasks.

In this example, task #1 wants the scanner while holding the printer. Task #1 cannot proceed until
both the printer and the scanner are in its possession.
 Task #2 wants the printer while holding the scanner. Task #2 cannot continue until it has the printer
and the scanner.
 Because neither task #1 nor task#2 is willing to give up what it already has, the two tasks are now
deadlocked because neither can continue.

f) Describe the following characteristics of embedded system:

(i) Processor power
(ii) Memory
(iii) Reliability
(iv) Safety
Ans:- (01M each characteristic)
i) Processor power:
In order to improve the utility of the embedded system, the power consumption of the entire system
has to be minimized. Since the major computations are done by the embedded processor/controller,
energy minimization of the processor is also vital for the total power reduction. The amount of power
consumed by the system, determines the lifetime of a battery, or the cooling requirements of the IC,
since more power means more heat.

ii) Memory:
 Designer has to make an estimate of the memory requirement and must make provision for
expansion.
 In a system, there are different types of memories: RAM, ROM, EPROM, PROM, etc.
 Secondary storage devices like HDD can be embedded into the system like mobile.
 Flash memory can be used instead of secondary memory. Hence, we can load NT in embedded
system. E.g. Embedded Linux Os can be loaded into wristwatches.

iii) Reliability:

• It is measure of how much % you can rely upon the proper functioning of system.
• Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) and Mean Time To Repair (MTTP) are used in determining
reliability.
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• MTBF gives the frequency of failures in hours/weeks/months.
• MTTR specifies how long the system is allowed to be out of order following a failure.

iv) Safety:
• It deals with possible damages that can happen to the operators, public and the environment due to
breakdown of embedded system,
• Or due to the emission of radioactive or hazardous materials from embedded products.
• The probability that the system will not cause harm.
• Safety analysis is a must in product engineering to evaluate the anticipated damages and determine
best course of action.

Q3) Attempt any Four of the following 16M

a) Draw pin out of RS-232 (DB-9) connector and the interface diagram of RS232 with 89C51
Ans:-
(RS232 pin diagram 01M, 01M for pin name, interfacing 02M)
RS232 pin diagram:-

Pin names:-
Pin Name Dir Notes/Description
No.
1 DCD IN Data Carrier Detect. Raised by DCE when modem synchronized.
2 RD IN Receive Data (a.k.aRxD, Rx). Arriving data from DCE.
3 TD OUT Transmit Data (a.k.aTxD, Tx). Sending data from DTE.
4 DTR OUT Data Terminal Ready. Raised by DTE when powered on. In auto-
answer mode raised only when RI arrives from DCE.
5 SGND - Ground
6 DSR IN Data Set Ready. Raised by DCE to indicate ready.
7 RTS OUT Request To Send. Raised by DTE when it wishes to send. Expects
CTS from DCE.
8 CTS IN Clear To Send. Raised by DCE in response to RTS from DTE.
9 RI IN Ring Indicator. Set when incoming ring detected - used for auto-
answer application. DTE raised DTR to answer.

Interfacing :-
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b) Find the content of port after execution of the following codes:

i) P2 = 0 x74 >>3
ii) P3 = 0 x 04 0 x 68;
Ans:-
i) P2 = 0 x74 >>3 02M
P2=0X74>>3
This indicates shift 74 by right 3 times.
74H = 0111 0100
After shifting by 3 times towards right we get
0000 1110 = 0X0E
ii) P3 = 0 x 04 0 x 68; 02M

Ans P3=0X6C

c) Explain inter-task communication with reference to RTOS

Ans:- 04M
Inter task communication:-
Inter task communication involves sharing of data among tasks through sharing of memory
space, transmission of data, etc.. Some of the mechanisms available for executing Inter Task
communications are :
a) Message queue
b) Pipes
c) Remote procedure call
Inter task communications is executed using following mechanisms

 Message queues -
A message queue is an object used for inter task communication through which task send or
receive messages placed in a shared memory.
The queue may follow:
1) First In First Out (FIFO)
2) Last in First Out(LIFO) or
3) Priority (PRI) sequence.
Usually, a message queue comprises of an associated queue control block (QCB), name, unique ID,
memory buffers, queue length, maximum message length and one or more task waiting lists. A
message queue with a length of 1 is commonly known as a mailbox.
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 Pipes –
A pipe is an object that provide simple communication channel used for unstructured data exchange
among tasks. A pipe does not store multiple messages but stream of bytes. Also, data flow from a pipe
cannot be prioritized.
 Remote procedure call (RPC) -
It permits distributed computing where task can invoke the execution of another task on a remote
computer.

d) Define embedded system. List any two advantages and disadvantage if embedded system.
Ans:- (Definition 02M, Advantage ½ M each point, disadvantage ½ M each point)
Definition:-
An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software. As with any electronic
system, this system requires a hardware platform and that is built with a microprocessor or microcontroller.
The Embedded system hardware includes elements like user interface, Input/output interfaces, display
and memory, etc. Generally, an embedded system comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers,
serial communication ports and system application specific circuits.

Advantages (any two):-

1) Design and Efficiency:
The central processing core in embedded system is generally less complicated, making it easier to
design. The limited function required of embedded system allows them to design to most efficiently perform
their function.

2) Cost:
The streamline make-up of most embedded system allows their parts to be smaller less expensive to
produce.

3) Accessibility:
If something goes wrong with certain embedded systems they can be too inaccessible to repair. This
problem is addressed in the design stage, so by programming an embedded system. So that it will not affect
related system negatively when malfunctioning.

4) Maintenance:
Embedded systems are easier to maintain because the supplied power is embedded in the system and
does not required remote maintenance.

5) Redundancies:
Embedded system does not involve the redundant programming
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Disadvantages (any two):-
1. Difficult to change configurations and features: -
Once an embedded system is deployed (or finalized), it will be difficult to change its
configuration - both its hardware and software. Remote update of software is possible provided the
capability is included. Hence, proper requirement analysis is a must before deployment. Hardware
configuration change will be much more trickier which may require existing boards be completely
replaced. I have seen this happen and it is not pretty.

2. Issue of scalability:-
Because it is difficult to change configuration, an embedded system cannot be easily scaled
up as demand/scope changes. Said so, embedded systems can be designed to scale up for example
using expansion ports or networking etc. This means it must be decided before hand during design
phase for scale up provisions.

3. Limitation of hardware:-
With a limited memory or computing capability in most embedded systems, there is always a
limitation (or an upper limit) on our software design(upgrade). Be always aware of "Memory" and
"Speed".

4. Applied for a specific purpose:-

By definition, embedded systems are constrained in their objectives. If it is decided to
"rehash" an existing embedded system for a completely different purpose, it will normally result in
significant change(s) in either or both its hardware or/and software.

e) Write a ‘C’ program to transfer the message “MSBTE” serially at 9600 baud rate continuously
Ans:-
(04M for program with comments)
NOTE: Student may use another method for program any other correct method can be consider
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char text[ ] = “MSBTE”; initialize array
TMOD = 0x20; Initialize timer 1 in mode2
TH1 = 0xFD; baud rate 9600
SCON = 0x50; start serial communication ( 8bit , 1 stop bit , REN )
TR1 = 1; start timer 1
for(i=0;i<6;i++) Read array and transmit serially till end
{
SBUF = text[i];
while(TI==0); check interrupt
TI = 0; clear interrupt
}
}
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Q4 a) Attempt any three of the following: 12M

i) Draw the format of SCON register and explain all the bits
Ans:-
(Format 02M, explanation 02M)
SCON Register format:

Explanation:
SM0, SM1 bits in SCON are used to define the type of the serial communication, baud rate and
framing.

SM0 SM1 Mode Function

0 0 0 Shift register, baud rate = f/12, Synchronous serial communication mode
0 1 1 8-bit UART; baud = variable , asynchronous serial communication mode
1 0 2 9-bit UART; baud = f/32 or f/64, asynchronous serial communication mode
1 1 3 9-bit UART; baud = variable, asynchronous serial communication mode

SM2 –
Bit is used for multiprocessor communication. Set or cleared by the program to enable
multiprocessor communications in mode 2 and 3. When set to 1 an interrupt is generated if bit 9 of
the received data is a 1; no interrupt is generated if bit 9 is 0;
REN –
Receiver enable bit. To accept reception of data this bit must be 1;
TB8 –
Transmitted bit 8.
RB8 –
Received bit 8.
TI –
Transmit interrupt flag. This will be enabled when all bits in the transmitted buffer is shifted
out.

RI –
Receive interrupt flag. This will be enabled when a character is received in the receiver
buffer.
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ii) List four features of each of the following:
1) Bluetooth
2) Zigbee
Ans:- (Bluetooth features ½ M each, Zigbee features ½ M each)
1) Bluetooth features (any 4):-
 IEEE Standard 802.15.1
 Frequency (GHz) 2.4
 Maximum raw bit rate (Mbps) 1-3
 Typical data throughput (Mbps) 0.7-2.1
 Maximum (Outdoor) Range (Meters) 10 (class 2), 100 (class 1)
 Relative Power Consumption Medium
 Example Battery Life in Days
 Network Size 7
 Cost Low

2) Zigbee features (any4):-

 IEEE Standard 802.15.4
 Frequency (GHz) 0.868, 0.915, 2.4
 Maximum raw bit rate (Mbps) 0.250
 Typical data throughput (Mbps) 0.2
 Maximum (Outdoor) Range (Meters) 10-100
 Relative Power Consumption Very low
 Example Battery Life Months to years
 Network Size 64,000+

iii) Classify an embedded system. Describe any two types.

Ans:- (Classification 02M, descriptions any two 01M each)

Classification of Embedded Systems

.
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Descriptions:- ( Any two)

1) Stand Alone Embedded Systems

Stand-alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a computer, it works by itself. It
takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital and processes, calculates and converts the
data and gives the resulting data through the connected device-Which either controls, drives and displays
the connected devices. Examples for the stand alone embedded systems are mp3 players, digital
cameras, video game consoles, microwave ovens and temperature measurement systems.

2) Real Time Embedded Systems

A real time embedded system is defined as, a system which gives a required o/p in a particular time.
These types of embedded systems follow the time deadlines for completion of a task. Real time
embedded systems are classified into two types such as soft and hard real time systems.

3) Networked Embedded Systems

These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources. The connected
network can be LAN, WAN or the internet. The connection can be any wired or wireless. This type of
embedded system is the fastest growing area in embedded system applications. The embedded web
server is a type of system wherein all embedded devices are connected to a web server and accessed and
controlled by a web browser. Example for the LAN networked embedded system is a home security
system wherein all sensors are connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP

4) Mobile Embedded Systems

Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell phones, mobiles, digital
cameras, mp3 players and personal digital assistants, etc.The basic limitation of these devices is the other
resources and limitation of memory.

5) Small Scale Embedded Systems

These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16-bit microcontroller, that may
even be activated by a battery. For developing embedded software for small scale embedded systems,
the main programming tools are an editor, assembler, cross assembler and integrated development
environment (IDE).

6) Medium Scale Embedded Systems

These types of embedded systems design with a single or 16 or 32 bit microcontroller, RISCs or
DSPs. These types of embedded systems have both hardware and software complexities. For developing
embedded software for medium scale embedded systems, the main programming tools are C, C++,
JAVA, Visual C++, RTOS, debugger, source code engineering tool, simulator and IDE.

7) Sophisticated Embedded Systems

These types of embedded systems have enormous hardware and software complexities, that may need
ASIPs, IPs, PLAs, scalable or configurable processors. They are used for cutting-edge applications that
need hardware and software Co-design and components which have to assemble in the final system
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Code: 17658 Model Answer Page18 of 29
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iv) Differentiate RTOS with desktop OS (any four points)

Ans:- ( Any 4 correct points 01M each)

Q4 b) Attempt any one of the following: - 06M

i) Write a ‘C’ program to generate a square wave of 100Hz on P1.3. Also draw the output
Observed on P1.3
Ans :-( Calculation 02M, program 03M, neat square waveform as output clearly marking Ton and Toff 01 M)

Assume Crystal value = 12 MHz (Crystal value can be assumed as 11.0592MHz also)
 Look at the following steps for 100 Hz frequency calculations with 12 MHz
 The period of the square wave = 1 / 100Hz
 = 0.01 s.
 =10mSec
 The high or low portion of the square wave = Time period / 2
 = 10ms / 2
 = 5mSec.
 Timer clock Frequency is = XTAL / 12
 = 12 MHz / 12
 = 1 MHz
 Timer clock period is = 1/ Timer Frequency
 = 1 / 1 MHz
 = 1 µSec
 Counter = Delay / timer clock period
 =5mSec / 1 µSec
 = 5000
 =50X100
 Timer Reload value = Maximum Count – Counter
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 = 65536 – 5000
 = (60536)d
 Timer Reload value in HEX = (60536)d
 = (EC78) h.
 TL0 = 0x78 and TH0 = 0xEC.

//C language program to generate square wave over Port Pin P1.3 using timer0
#include <Intel\8052.h>
#include <standard.h>
Void T0M1delay (void); //Timer 0, Mode 1(16 bit timer)
SBIT OUTPUT P1^3; // Initialize Port pin P1.3 as output
Void main ()
{
While (1)
{

OUTPUT= ~ OUTPUT; // toggle P1.3

T0M1delay (); // delay of 5mSec
}

}
void T0M1delay () // Timer 0, Mode 1(16 bit timer) - delay of 5mSec
{
TMOD = 0x01; // Timer 0, Mode 1(16 bit timer)
TL0 = 0x78; //Load TL0 = 78h
TH0 = 0xEC; //Load TH0 = ECh
TR0 = 1; //Run the timer 0
while (TF0 = = 0); // Wait for TF0 to overflow
TR0 = 0; //Stop the timer 0
TF0 = 0; //Clear TF0
}
OR
Alternate Method

Assume crystal frequency as 11.0592 MHz

Timer input CLK frequency = 11.0592 MHz / 12

Timer input CLK period = 12/11.0592 = 1.085 microsec

The period of the square wave = 1 / 100Hz
 = 0.01 s.
 =10mSec
The high or low portion of the square wave = Time period / 2
 = 10ms / 2
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 = 5mSec.

For Mode 1
(65535-count+1) X1.085 microsec = 5msec
65536-count = 5msec / 1.085 microsec = 4608.29
count = 65536-4608.29 = 60927.71 = EE00 H
ie TL0=00 H and TH0 = EEH

Program:
#include <reg51..h>
void T0M1delay (void); //Timer 0, Mode 1(16 bit timer)
sbitoutbit = P1^3; // Initialize Port pin P1.3 as output
void main (void)
{
while (1)
{
outbit = ~ outbit; // toggle P1.3
T0M1delay (); // delay of 5mSec
}
}

void T0M1delay (void) // Timer 0, Mode 1(16 bit timer) - delay of 5mSec
{
TMOD = 0x01; // Timer 0, Mode 1(16 bit timer)
TL0 = 0x00; //Load TL0 = CEh
TH0 = 0xEE; //Load TL0 = FFh
TR0 = 1; //Run the timer 0
while (TF0 = = 0); // Wait for TF0 to overflow
TR0 = 0; //Stop the timer 0
TF0 = 0; //Clear TF0
}
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ii) Draw the circuit diagram to interface LCD with 89C51. Write ‘C’ program to send letters ‘M’
, ‘D’, and ‘E’ to the LCD display
Ans:-
( interfacing 02M, program : 04)
Note: Student may use any other method

Interfacing LCD with 89C51:-

#include<reg51.h>
sbitrs=P3^4;
sbitrw=P3^2;
sbit en=P3^3
void delay(unsigned int);
voidlcdcmd(unsigned char);
voidlcddta(unsigned char);
void main()
{
rs=0;
rw=0;
en=0;

lcdcmd(0x38);
delay(10);
lcdcmd(0x0e);
delay(10);
lcdcmd(0x06);
delay(10);
lcdcmd(0x01);
delay(10);
lcdcmd(0x80);
delay(10);
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lcddta('M');
delay(10);
lcddta('D');
delay(10);
lcddta('E');
delay(10);
while(1)
{
}
}
voidlcddta(unsigned char dta)
{
rs=1;
rw=0;
P1=dta;
en=1;
delay(2);
en=0;
}
voidlcdcmd(unsigned char cmd)
{
rs=0;
rw=0;
P1=cmd;
en=1;
delay(2);
en=0;
}
void delay(unsigned int t)
{
Unsignedintx,y;
for(x=0;x<=t;x++)
for(y=0;y<=1275;y++);
}

Q5) Attempt any four of the following: 16M

a) State any four data types used in embedded system, with their value range.
Ans:- ( 01M each with their correct range)
Note:-Any four data types with their correct ranges
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The Keil or SPJ C compiler provides several new data types to support a microcontroller and embedded
systems applications:

b) List the serial and wireless communication protocols. And describe 802.11
Ans:- (List -02M and describe 802.11 – 02M)
Serial Communication protocols:
1. Inter-Integrated Circuit bus [I2C ]
2. Controlled Area Network [CAN]
3. Universal Serial Bus [USB]
4. Serial Peripheral Interface [SPI]
5. Synchronous Serial Protocol [SSP]

Wireless Communication Protocols:

1. Infrared [IrDA]
2. Bluetooth
3. Zigbee
4. Wi-Fi

802.11 Wi-Fi:
 Wi-Fi is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or
connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves.
 The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are
based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".
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 However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in
general English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance
interoperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" trademark
 Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g., personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones,
digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These can connect to a network
resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or
hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot
coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as
large as many square kilometers achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
 The Modulation techniques used are either OFDM,DSSS or FHSS. 802.11n supports a data
transfer rate of up to 600 Mbps, the data transfer rate of 802.11b is 11Mbps

Advantages:
1. Convenient due to wireless nature.
2. Mobility.
3. Productivity as an employees’ work can be accomplished from any convenient location.
4. Easy Deployment.
5. Expandability: No additional wiring required for more number of clients.

Disadvantages:
1. Security: Some of the more commonly utilized encryption methods are less secure.
2. Range insufficient for larger structure.
3. Less Reliability as wireless networking signals are subject to a wide variety of interference.
4. Low speed.

c) Draw the interfacing diagram of DAC 0808 with 89C51 microcontroller.

Ans:- (correct diagram – 04M)
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d) State the methods of task synchronization. Describe semaphore with suitable example.
Ans: (list methods -01M; Semaphore – 01M; example- 02M)
The methods of task synchronization are:
 Semaphore
 Message queue.
 Mutual exclusion.
 Dead lock.
 Mailboxes.
 Message Queues.

Semaphore:
A semaphore is a single variable that can be incremented or decremented between zero and
some specified maximum value. The value of the semaphore can communicate state information. A
mail box flag is an example of a semaphore. The flag can be raised to indicate a latter is waiting in
the mailbox. A semaphore is a means of protecting a resource/data shared between threads. It is a
token based mechanism for controlling when a thread can have access to the resource/data.
Usually a semaphore handle will be able to be received from the system by name/id.
Semaphores are used for two purposes
1) Process Synchronization
2) Critical Section problem / Mutual Exclusion

Example of using semaphores for Synchronization:

Assume two concurrent process P1 and P2 having statements S1 and S2. We want in any case
S1 should execute first. this can be achieved easily by initialize Sem=0;

In process P1
{
// Execute whatever you want to do
// before executing P2
S1;
signal(Sem);
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}
in process P2
{
wait(Sem);
S2;
}

e) Differentiate between assembly language program with embedded C w.r.t

 Execution time.
 Time for coding.
 Hex file size.
 Debugging.
Ans:- (correct differentiate 01M each)
Sr no Parameters Assembly Language Embedded C
program
1. Execution Time Faster [Less Execution Slower [More execution time
time required] required]
2. Time for coding More time is required for Less time required for coding and
coding. code is more efficient.
3. Hex file size Less More.
4. Debugging Not so easy Easy

f) Draw the labelledinterfacing diagram for stepper motor with 89C51microcontroller.

Ans:- (Any one diagram – 04M)

OR:
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Q6) Attempt any four of the following : 16M

a) Define the terms:

 In Circuit Emulator:
 Integrated Development environment.
Ans: [02M each]
In-Circuit Emulator:
 In-circuit emulator: An in-circuit emulator (ICE) is a hardware device used to debug the software of
an embedded system. It was historically in the form of bond-out processor which has many internal
signals brought out for the purpose of debugging. These signals provided information about the state
of the processor.
 An in-circuit emulator provides a window into the embedded system. The programmer uses the
emulator to load programs into the embedded system, run them, step through them slowly, and view
and change data used by the system's software.
 More recently the term also covers JTAG based hardware debuggers which provide equivalent
access using on-chip debugging hardware with standard production chips.
 ICE’s attach a terminal or PC to the embedded system. The terminal or PC provides an interactive
user interface for the programmer to investigate and control the embedded system.
 In usage, an ICE provides the programmer with execution breakpoints, memory display and
monitoring, and input/output control

Integrated Development Environment [IDE]:

An IDE is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer
programmers for software development. An IDE consists of:
 A source code editor.
 A compiler and or interpreter.
 Build automation tools.
 A debugger.
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IDE is dedicated to a specific programming language, allowing a feature set that most closely
matches the programming paradigms [model] of the language. IDE’s typically present a single
program in which all development is done. This program typically provides many features for
authoring, modifying, compiling, deploying, and debugging software. It even support defining a
processor family and its version. It provides windows on screen to show status of program, internal
registers, peripherals, RAM and ports.

b) Differentiate between CAN and I2C protocols w.r.t:

 Data transfer rate.
 No of fields.
 Addressing bit
 Application
Ans:- (Correct differentiation- 01M each point)

Sr No Parameters CAN I2 C
1. Data transfer Asynchronous with 250 Kbps up- Synchronous with 3speeds
rate to 1Mbps 100Kbps, 400 Kbps and 3.4Mbps
2. Number of 08 [including 7 bits of frame end 07
fields and 3 bits of inter frame gap].
3. Addressing bit 11 bit 7-bit 0r 10 bit address
4. Applications Copiers, Telescopes, Medical To interface devices like watch
instruments, Elevator controllers, dog, Flash and RAM memory,
Automobile industry Real time clock , Microcontrollers

c) Draw the labeled interfacing diagram of ADC 0808 with 89C51microcontroller show the
handshake signals clearly.
Ans:- (any one relevant diagram with handshake signals – 04M)
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d) Draw the interfacing diagram of relay with 89C51.

Ans:-
(Correct Diagram – 04M)

e) Write Logical operators in C for AND, OR, Ex-OR and NOT for 89C51 and state one example of
each.
Ans:- (01M each with correct example)

Sr Operator Description Example

no:
1. NOT ~ is called NOT operator. It is used to reverse the Y= ~A
logical state of its operand. If a condition is true,
then Logical NOT operator will make it false.
2. AND & is called Logical AND operator. If both Y= A&B
operands are non-zero then the condition
becomes true.
3. OR | is called Logical OR operator. If any one of the Y= A|B
two operands are non-zero, then the condition
becomes true.
4. EX-OR ^ is called logical Ex-OR operator. Output is true Y=A ^B
for odd number of non-zero operands.