Intro To Philo

METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
Philosophizing
• to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It
considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical
standpoint
• engaging in critical thinking and inquiry about fundamental
questions of existence, knowledge, morality, and reality. It
involves exploring and analyzing different perspectives,
challenging assumptions, and seeking deeper
understanding of the world around us.
A. Phenomenology: on consciousness
➢ Phenomenon – came from the Greek word, “pawépevov,

phainömenon,” meaning, “appearance.”
➢ the scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness
➢ entails a method or a series of continuously revised methods which
consciousness does its work of knowing the world
➢ Founded by Edmund Husserl
➢ Husserl’s Logical Investigations: argued against psychologism
B. Existentialism: On Freedom
• Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual

existence, freedom, and choice. It is the view that humans
define their meaning in life, and try to make rational
decisions despite existing in an irrational universe.
• It focuses on the question of human existence and the feeling
that there is no purpose or explanation at the core of
existence.
• Thus, Existentialism believes that individuals are entirely free
and must take personal responsibility for themselves
C. Logical and Critical Thinking: Tools
in Reasoning
• Logic is centered in the analysis and construction of
arguments
• Logic and critical thinking serve as paths to freedom from
half-truths and deceptions
• Logical thinking is the process in which one uses reasoning
consistently to come to a conclusion.
Critical Thinking
• Distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings
• Takes into consideration cultural systems, values, and
beliefs
• Helps uncover bias and prejudice and open to new
ideas not necessarily in agreement with the previous
thought
DEDUCTIVE
AND INDUCTIVE
REASONING
Two Basic Categories
of Human Reasoning
• Deduction – reasoning from general premises, which are known or
presumed to be known, to more specific, certain conclusions.
• Induction – reasoning from specific cases to more general, but
uncertain, conclusions.
• Both deductive and inductive arguments occur frequently and
naturally…both forms of reasoning can be equally compelling and
persuasive, and neither form is preferred over the other (Hollihan &
Baske, 1994)
Deduction Vs Induction
Deduction Induction
• Commonly associated with • Commonly known as “informal
“formal logic” logic” or “everyday argument”
• Involves reasoning from known • Involves drawing uncertain
premises, or premises presumed inferences, based on
to be true, to a certain
probabilistic reasoning
conclusion
• The conclusions reached are
• The conclusions reached are
certain, inevitable, inescapable. probable, reasonable, plausible,
believable.
DEDUCT IVE REASONING
• is a logical process where you start with

general principles or premises and move
towards a specific conclusion. It's often
described as top-down logic.
• The process of reasoning from known facts
to conclusions. When you reason
deductively, you can say “therefore” with
certainty. If your facts were firm to begin
with, then your conclusion will also be firm.
THEORY
HYPHOTESIS
OBERVATION
CONFIRMATION
FROM VAGUE
TO SPECIFIC
Deductive Argument
• One in which it is impossible for the premises to be true but
the conclusion false.
• It is supposed to be a definitive proof of the truth of the claim
(conclusion).
Example:
➢ Premise – All men are mortal.
➢ Premise – Socrates was a man.
➢ Conclusion – Socrates was mortal.
INDUCT IVE REASONING
• Based from observations in order to make

generalizations
• Often applied in prediction, forecasting, or behavior
• Example:
• The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The
chair in the bedroom is red. All the chairs in the house are red.
• Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough. You are allergic to peanuts.
Assignment:
Classify the given statements as examples
of deductive or inductive reasoning. Write
“deductive” if the statement is an
example of deductive reasoning and
“inductive” if otherwise. Copy and
answer.
1. All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore,
Socrates is mortal.
2. All observed crows are black. Therefore, all crows are
black.
3. Iron, copper, and gold are all metals that conduct
electricity. Therefore, all metals conduct electricity.
4. I've seen three red cars today. Therefore, most cars in this
city are red.
5. All people who commit murder go to prison. John
committed murder. Therefore, John will go to prison.
6. If x = 5 and y = x + 3, then y = 8.
7. If I eat too much chocolate, I will get a stomach ache. I ate
too much chocolate. Therefore, I will get a stomach ache.
8. All banks are closed on Sundays. Today is
Sunday. Therefore, the bank is closed.
9. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. You
studied hard. Therefore, you will pass the exam.
10. All triangles have three sides. Figure ABC has
three sides. Therefore, figure ABC is a triangle.

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METHODS OF

➢ Phenomenon – came from the Greek word, “pawépevov,

• Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual

• is a logical process where you start with

• Based from observations in order to make

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