ENGLISH ® 9 > Learn y Englisir ,ENGLISH GRAMMAR MASTER IN 30 DAYS Astep by step guide for a strong English foundation. Xyli C. GonzalesIntroduction The historical backdrop of English punctuations starts late in the sixteenth century with the Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar, In the early works, the structure and standards of English punctuation were stood out from those of Latin. English punctuation is the structure of expressions in the English dialect. This incorporates the structure of words, expressions, statements and sentences. English is thought to be a standout amongst the most essential dialects on the planet. There are numerous reasons why English is so critical. One reason is that English is talked as the main dialect in numerous nations. There are 104 nations where English is talked as the principal dialect. Albeit English is the dialect of such a variety of nations, more individuals on the planet communicate in Mandarin Chinese as their first dialect. Mandarin Chinese is talked in sixteen nations. Indeed, even in nations where English is not the local dialect, individuals use it for business and tourism. English is utilized for these reasons as a part of generally nations. English is viewed as the business dialect. English is the official dialect of the United Nations. English is likewise the official dialect of carriers and airplane terminals. All aircraft pilots that fly to different nations must have the capacity to communicate in English. ‘There are various types of English like British English, Canadian English and American English. These are not separate dialects. They are tongues. A vernacular is the route individuals in a specific spot talk their local dialect. In one spot, individuals may have a name they get a kick out of the chance to use for something that is not utilized as a part of somewhere else. For instance: In Britain, they call the building where a movie is viewed a silver screen, In America, they call it a theater. This is only an alternate method for discussing the same thing. Both of the words silver screen and theater are English words, and can be utilized to portray a building where movies are watched, so both of these words are right, Remember that any type of English that you lear is great. There are no better forms of English, There are just diverse ones. My part is your aide and translator on a voyage through the vital piece of your brain which we call your linguistic use, I guarantee that it will work for you, obviously there is a condition: it will just work on the off chance that you have influence. Comprehension is at the heart of the book. This book is a comprehensive reference on the subject of English Grammar, It is organized into easy to master lessons with examples that are easy to 3understand, The working formula is to use just 30 minutes of your time every day for only 30 days in order to achieve our goal of mastering the topics. Do not skip the examples and exercises. It is also good to practice daily what you have learned when writing like articles, reports and in your daily conversations. ‘Take charge and be on your way to mastering the English Language.* Copyright 2014 by - All rights reserved. This document is geared towards providing exact and reliable information in regards to the topic and issue covered. The publication is sold with the idea that the publisher is not required to render accounting, officially permitted, or otherwise, qualified services. 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Under no circumstances will any legal responsibility or blame be held against the publisher for any reparation, damages, or monetary loss due to the information herein, either directly or indirectly. Respective authors own all copyrights not held by the publisher. The information herein is offered for informational purposes solely, and is universal as so, The presentation of the information is without contract or any type of guarantee assurance, ‘The trademarks that are used are without any consent, and the publication of the trademark is without permission or backing by the trademark owner. All trademarks and brands within this book are for clarifying purposes only and are the owned by the owners themselves, not affiliated with this document.Table of Contents Chapter I English Grammar Day 1 Two Methods of Learning Grammar Sentence Part of Sentences Sentence Fragment Four Basic Sentence Structures Chapter II Parts of Speech Day 2 A. Nouns Different Kinds of Nouns Three Properties of Nouns Fifteen Rules in forming the singular and plural noun Exercise Rules in Forming Possession Day 3B. Pronoun Five kinds of Pronoun Forms of the Personal Pronouns Day 4 Possessive Pronoun Classification of Gender Exercise: Pronouns and Antecedents Day 5 C. Verbs Forms of Verbs Four Kinds of Verbs ‘Three Parts of Verbs (The principal)Day 6 Tenses of verbs Six Basic forms (tenses of verbs) Day 7 Six tenses of the verb TO BE Six Tenses of the Regular Verb CARE Six Tenses of the Irregular Verb EAT Day 8 Six Tenses in Progressive Forms of Verbs Day 9 Two group of Verbs Verb CARE Exercise: Tense Usage Day 10Thirty Basie Rules in Subject-Verb Agreement and Grammar Day 11Verbs: Voice Moods of Verbs English Modals Day 12Agreement of Subject and Verb Exercise Agreement of Verb with Compound Subject Agreement with Collective Nouns Agreement of Verbs with Indefinite Pronouns Day 13Special Cases of Agreement Day 14Complements Complements of Action Verbs Complements of Linking Verbs Day 15D.Prepositions ‘Two Groups of PrepositionsDay 16E.Cases of Nouns and Pronouns Three Cases in English Cases of Nouns Cases of Pronouns Possessive Case of Nouns and Pronouns Day 17 Adjectives Three Uses of Adjectives Kinds of Adjectives Pronouns as Adjectives Day 18Adjectives have Comparison Day 19G. Adverbs Kinds of Adverb Degree of Comparison Day 20Preposition Prepositional phrases Types of Prepositional Phrase The Correct Use of Prepositions Day 211. Conjunctions ‘Types of Conjunetions Exercise2: Prepositions and Conjunctions J. Interjections Chapter HIClauses Day 22Two Kinds of Clauses ‘Types of Dependent Clauses Adverbial clausesSubordinate Conjunetions Kinds of Adverbial Clause Exercise: Error Detection Subordinate Conjunction commonly used in adverbial clause of the various types Day 232. Adjective Clauses Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clause Noun Clauses Noun Clauses Function Chapter Classifying Sentences based on Clauses Day 24Using Comma and Semicolon Chapter Verbal’s Day 25Three Verb Form of Verbal Participle verbal Four kinds of Participles Day 26Verbal Analogy Tests ‘Two Distinet types of knowledge Principles of Taking Verbal Analogy Tests Exercise: Verbal Analogy and Relationship Day 278. Gerunds Infinitives Split Infinitives Chapter VI Punctuation Day 28Types of Punctuation 1. Period 2. Question Mark3. Exclamation Mark 4. Quotation Mark 5. Apostrophe Day 29 6. Comma 7. Colon 8, Semicolon 9. Parenthesis 10. Dash Day 30Capitalizations List of Troublesome Words. Answer Key Conelusion qoMaster English Grammar in 30 Days! Chapter I English Grammar Day 1 “That a good book which is opened With expectation and close In profit” Amos Bronson Aleott- English Grammar English Grammar is related to expressing words in their singular and plural forms, Grammar refers to a systematic set of rules of a language. And structure of a language, like because if you use or order words incorrectly, your sentences will not make sense. skeleton. It is important for language learners to understand the rules of grammar, ‘Two Methods of Learning Grammar aBy using language or by learning the rules one by one. Applying them. (Most people use both methods together.). Grammar tells us how to put sentence together and the order a sentence should have. Different languages have different grammar. People have studied English grammar for a long time, Many of its rules have not changed for hundreds of years, but some rules are changing because the way people use English grammar is changing Sentence A Sentence is a linguistic unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked, and expresses a complete thought. It can include words grouped, meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, and command or suggest Part of Sentences Subject is a person, place, thing, or idea doing or being something Predicate describes the subject Subject Predicate ‘The lion roared He writes well She ‘enjoys going to the cinema The girl in the blue dress arrived late Sentence Fragment Sentence fragment is not a complete sentence, never have independent clause, but instead are dependent clauses or phrase 2Fragment can masquerade real sentences because they begin with a capital letter and end. with the period. It lacks the subject and the predicate even both the subject and the predicate ‘Where to find the sentence fragments Sentence Fragments usually appear before and after the independent clauses to which they belong, * When we got in the car. We rolled down the windows “When we got in the car” are a sentence fragment and a dependent clause. It clearly belongs to the independent clause that follows it and should be rewritten like this: * When we got in the car, we rolled down the windows. * We rolled down the windows when we got in the ear Declarative Sentence states a fact or an argument and it ends in the period. * There are ten million people at risk * Tam no wine connoisseur, but I know what I like. * Manila is the capital of Philippines. Interrogative Sentence asks a question. It ends with the question mark (?) * Where do you live? * Can you find my umbrella? 1BImperative Sentence is a command or a polite request. It ends with an exclamation mark (or it ends with a period, The subject is usually left out and is understood to be‘you' * Please bring my umbrella. * You clear the road at once! Exclamatory Sentence expresses excitement, conveys a strong felling or sudden emotion. It ends with an exclamation mark (!) +You've broken my umbrella! * She is the thief! * That is beautiful! Four Basic Sentence Structures 1. Simple Sentence is a sentence with only one independent clause. It is referred to as ‘independent’ because, while it might be a part of command or complex sentence, it ean also stand by itself as a complete sentence. Simple Sentence has the most basic elements that make it sentence: a subject, a verb, and complete thought, * The struggle is eternal. *Joy waited for the train. * The train was late, (“the train”- subject, “was”-verb) * Ann and Joyce took the bus. (“Ann and Joyce”- compound subject, “took”-verb) 14Compound Sentence is a sentence that contains at least two independent clauses connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunction is easy to remember if you think the words “FAN BOYS”. For And Not But Or Yet * Joy waited for the train, but the train was late, * Ann and Joyce arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus Before | arrived. * Ann and Joyce left on the bus before | arrived, so I did not see them at the bus Station, ‘Complex Sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause and at least one or more dependent clause Dependent Clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence Dependent Clauses: * Because Ann and Joyce arrived at the bus station before noon * While she waited at the train station * After they left on the bus asDependent clauses such as those above cannot stand alone a added to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. a statement, but they can be Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunction: ‘After although as because Before even though if since Though unless until ‘when Whenever whereas while wherever Complex sentence are often more effective than compound sentence because a compound sentence indicates clearer and more specific relationship between the main parts of the sentence. ‘The word ‘before’, for instance, tells readers that one thing occurs before another. ‘The word ‘although’, conveys more complex relationship than a word such as ‘and” conveys. Periodic Sentence is used to refer to a complex sentence beginning with a dependent clause and ending with an independent clause, in “While she waited at the train station, Joy realized that the train was late.” Periodic sentences can be especially effective because the completed thought occurs at the end of it, so the first part of the sentence can be build up to the meaning that comes at the end. Compound-Complex Sentence is a sentence with two or more independent clause and at least one dependent clause. It combines the compound and the complex sentence. ‘The “compound” part means that it has two or more complete sentences. 16‘The “complex” part means that it has at least one incomplete sentence “His blue eyes were light, bright and sparkling behind half-mooned spectacles, and his nose was very long and crooked, as though it had been broken at least twice vvMaster English Grammar in 30 Days! Chapter II Parts of Speech Day 2 “Speech is power: Speech is to persuade To convert... To compel.” -Ralph Waldo Emerson- Parts of Speech Part of Speech in English Language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive meaning. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of speech. Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, and Interjection. A. Nouns 1BANoun tells you what you are talking about, Nouns are names of persons, places, events, things, measures of times, action, quality and ideas. Ron Friend Puppy Dentist Dog Stone ‘Computer Plants Picture Province lawyer Table Christmas Freedom Courage Honor Beauty Dancing ‘Climbing Speaking Inch Year Philippines Day Different Kinds of Nouns 1. Proper Nouns are specific and are written in capital letter. It refers to a particular person, place or thing. 2. Common Nouns are general, refer to a class of people, places and things. Opposite of proper noun, ‘Common Noun Proper Noun Git Joybel Country Philippines Day Friday Doctor Dr. Angue Teacher Jaynel 3. Collective Nouns refer to nouns that are made up, not by single word, but by a group of words, persons, animals or things. as4, Mass Noun is the opposite of count noun Mass noun is also called non-countable nouns, and they need to have “counters” to qualify them Collective Noun Mass Noun Team hair Crowd sugar Organization water Family sand Class stars 5. Conerete Nouns exist in the physical word. 6. Abstract Nouns refer to ideas and feelings. Concrete Noun ‘Abstract Noun Flower love Chair independence Bag honesty Man freedom Lion’ iriendship 7. Count Noun- it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form. Kitten video ball Three Properties of Nouns 201 Number of nouns (Singular and Plural) A Singular- if the noun is only one, when a noun is refers to one person, place or ting. B, Plural -if't is two or more, a noun refers to more than one person, place, or thing, Fifteen rules in for ing the singular and plural noun: ‘A. Most nouns add the letters to the singular to form the plural Singular Plural Coin Coins Student Students Cake Cakes Cat Cais Egg Eggs B. Add es to nouns ending in a hissing sound (s, ch, sh, x or) Singular Plural Class Classes ‘Chureh Churches Wish Wishes Tax Taxes Quiz Quizzes CC. Most nouns ending in fof fe change fto ve before ending s. 2.ingular Plural Calf calves Knife knives Leaf Teaves Thief thieves Wite Wives D. Most nouns ending in y proceeded by a consonant sound change y to j and add es, Singular Plural City Cities Lady Ladies Reply Replies. Mystery Mysteries Prophecy Prophecies E, Nouns ending iny after a vowel add s. Singular Plural Key Keys Valley valleys Monkey Monkeys F Some nouns ending in 0 proceeded by a consonant add es. Singular Plural Grotto Grottoes ‘Tomato “Tomatoes 22Hero Heroes Mango Mangoes Zero Zeroes: G. Some nouns add en or change the vowel or remain unchanged Singular Plural Ox Oxen’ Child Children Sheep ‘Sheep H. Nouns ending in an @ that is preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding s. ingular Plural Patio Patios Rodeo Rodeos ‘Cargo Cargos Motto Mottos 1. Most compound nouns add s or ¢s to the principal words of the compound Singular Plural Bookease Bookeases Runner up Runner ups Handful Handfuls 23J. A few nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning Singular Plural Statistics Mathematics Economics News K. Some nouns form the plural by a change i in the vowel, and sometimes the consonant. Singular Plural Foot Feet Goose Geese Louse Lice Tooth Teeth Woman Women L. Some nouns have the same form for both singular and plural Singular Plural Aircraft Aircraft Means means Series series Headquarters ‘headquarters ‘Crossroads Crossroads M. You just have to be familiar with the differ rent ways that titles are made plural Singular Plural 24Miss Misses Mr. Messrs. Mrs ‘No plural (sometimes Mesdames) Madam, Mesdames \N. Words taken from foreign languages usually retain their plural form, Singular Plural Crisis Crises Bacterium Bacteria Criterion criteria Phenomenon Phenomena ‘Alumna ‘Alumnae (Feminine) . Adding the apostrophe (’) and_s_forms the plural of numbers, letters, signs, and symbols, Your card shows many grades of I's Ifyour grades will be converted to our system, you will have a lot of A's. 2. Gender means sex Father Nephew Priest 25B, Feminine refers to female Mother ‘Seamstress Daughter C. Common refers to either male or female Cousin Teacher Friend D. Neuter has no sex at all Chair Book Car Special feminine nouns ‘School Ship Country Nature Exercise: Give the masculine or feminine gender of the following, 1.Duke 6, Lad 2.Boar 7, Emperor 263.Indian 8, Doe 4. Baron 9. Landlord 5.Fox 10. Aviatrix 3. Cases of Nouns A. Nominative- if the noun is used as the subject, noun of address, predicate noun or appositive. * Jennilyn looks pretty in her red dress. * Maika, come and get your toys. * The winner in the oratorical contest is Jolina * Dr. Lucena, our new professor, discusses the lesson well B. Objective- if the noun is used as direct object, indirect object or object of preposition The students are playing volleyball. * Leonardo sent Martha a love letter. * The concert was held in the park C. Possessive shows possession or ownership. Rules in forming possession A. Singular nouns added apostrophe and s ('s) for singular possessive, plural noun add apostrophe alone. 27Girl's Girls Student's Students’ B. Those nouns that do not end with s, add’s to the plural forms. ‘Oxen's Deer's Women's, CC. Add only an Apostrophe at the end of a proper noun ending in s or z. Reyes ‘Sanchez’ Perez, D. Of phrase is placed after a noun ‘The dresses of a girl ‘The daughter of the president In case of an inanimate object, the prepositional phrase with of is used. Noun-noun compounds are also used (Of phrase) (Noun-noun compound) The gate of the garage Garage gate The roof of the house House roof Thing, places and concepts are often followed by of phrase to indicate association, ‘measure oF person. 28Abox of candy Acup of sugar ‘The town of Manila Certain possessive forms of noun denote time, distance, measure and value A day's work Aweek's wage An hour's rest Uncountable noun ‘Accommodation Luggage Cutlery Advice Mail Dust ‘Ammunition Personnel Elite “Artillery Scenery Equipment Behavior Furniture Staff Blame Tnformation Chalk Jewelry 29Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 3 “Language, as well as the faculty of speech, Pronoun Was the immediate Gift of God.” -Noah Webster- Pronouns are words that are used in place of nouns, or pronouns are noun substitutes Antecedent of the pronoun is the noun to which a pronoun refers. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, person and number, T She Several This My That Other Mine Hers These ‘Another Me ‘Anybody It Those We Everybody Its All He The Our ‘Any 30Nobody their ‘Ours both ‘Somebody us each theirs No one them you either Someone yours which neither Everyone your what few One many who whoever His whose none whosoever Him whom ‘some ‘anyone. Five kinds of Pronoun 1. Personal pronoun can refer to the person speaking, the person being spoken to, or the person or thing spoken of. All the personal pronouns, with the exception of the pronoun it, refer to persons, Be careful with personal pronouns and learn how to use their various forms. They can be ‘most troublesome if you are not aware of their proper use. Number Person Nominative | Objective Case | Possessive Case Singular Ist person’ T me my, mine 2nd person you you your, yours 3rd person he, she, it him, her, it | _ his, her, hers Plur: Ist person me us our, ours 2nd person you you your, yours 3rd person they them their, theirs Forms of the Personal Pronouns 31A. First person- personal pronouns referring to the speaker: ingular Plural I we My our Mine ours: Me us B. Second person- personal pronouns referring to the person spoken to: Singular and Plural are similar: you, your, yours C. Third person- personal pronouns referring to the persons or things spoken of: Singular Plural He they His their Him theirs She them Hers It Its, Compound personal pronoun sometimes is called personal pronouns, When the word "self" or "selves" are added to certain forms of the personal prono 32Myself herself Yourself ourselves Himself yourselves Itself themselves 2. Interrogative pronouns introduce questions What which who Whom whose * Which province do you prefer to visit? * What are your plans for the weekend? 3. Demonstrative pronouns point out specific persons, places, or things. This- points out near object (singular ‘These- points out near objects (plural) That- points out far object (singular) Those- points out far objects (plural) The pronouns shis (singular) and chese (plural) are used to refer to the person or thing present, nearby, or just mentioned, On the other hand, you see shat and those to refer to the person or thing farther removed or less obvious. 4. Indefinite pronouns do not point out particular persons, places, or things. 33Singular Plural Singular or Plural ‘nother both all ‘Anybody few any ‘Anyone ‘many ‘more Either others ‘most No several hone Not some Every Not only Each Everybody Everyone Many a one Nobody No one Neither One Other Someone Somebody 5. Relative pronouns connect groups of words to another idea in the same sentence That, which, who, whom, and whose are relative pronouns, Who is used when the antecedent is a person, That is used to refer to either persons or things 34Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 4 “A difficult situation can be handled in two ways: We can either do something to change it, Or face it. If we can do something, Then why worry and get upset over it- just change it. If there is nothing we can do, again, Why worry and get upset over it? Things will not get better with anger and worry.” -Shantideva- 35Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns can also show ownership just like nouns, * This is my car. * Is that your ear? 1. Use the correct form of the personal possessive pronouns and do not use an apostrophe to indicate possessions: My ‘mine ‘Your yours His hers Its ours Theirs whose * The Commission on Election failed to publish its findings, ‘The word "iis" is not a contraction between the words it and is. The word is used to convey the idea that the Commission on Election owns the findings ‘We can says then that its is a personal possessive pronoun, Isa lovely guitar. ‘The word if’s in the sentence is a constriction of the words it and is. Moreover, there is no idea of ownership being expressed. ‘Thus, its is not a possessive pronoun 362. It is necessary to use the apostrophe and s to show the possessive forms of indefinite pronoun others, the apostrophe is added at the end of s without adding an additional s. ‘Anyone’s job someone's Key Everybody's car each one’s privilege ‘One’s relatives others affairs (singular other) Rnother's books others’ affairs (plural others) A pronoun must agree with its antecedent as to person, number, and gender. Classification of Gender (according to distinetions in sex) Masculine gender- he, him, father, son B, Feminine gender- she, her, daughter, sister C. Common gender- child, adult, cousin, neighbor D. Neuter gender- computer, desk, mirror, bus 4. When the pronouns all, any, some, and none refer to a number, they are generally regarded as plural. When they refer to quantity or to a mass, they are regarded as singular. * All were waiting their tum. (Allis plural) * There is no bread in the box. Al! of it has been eaten, (il is singular) A compound antecedent can be two antecedents connected by and. 37‘The coach and the players agreed on their game plan. (The pronoun "their” to a compound antecedent made up of the words coach and the layers.) 5. In a compound antecedent, if both antecedents are singular and refer to different persons or things, the compound antecedent is considered to the plural ‘This also true if at least one of the antecedents is plural. ‘The pronoun that refers to the compound antecedent must also be plural * Erancis and his father postponed sheir trip. 6. In the compound antecedent, if both antecedents making up the compound antecedent are singular and refer to the same person or thing, the compound antecedent is considered to be singular. The pronoun that refers to the compound antecedent must also be singular. * The judge and executioner abhor his duties. (If the judge is also the executioner then the ‘compound antecedent is considered to be singular. In this case, the pronoun his agrees with its antecedent in number.) 7. Collective noun is singular when they designate a group acting as a unit. They are plural when the members that make up the group are acting independently. The pronoun ‘must then agree with its antecedent as to number. Collective noun names a group of individual persons or things. It can take a singular form, although it is made up of two or more persons or things, if the collective noun acts as a unit ‘Audience class Crowd family Try team 38Exercise: Pronouns and Antecedents 1. The class was divided in (its, their) opinion of the new president of the university 2. (Who, Whom) is speaking please? 3. She and (1, me) volunteered to go to Bora cay Beach to see the white sand. 4. It was (they, them) who persuaded us to see a fortune teller. 5. They wanted (us, we) girls to prepare the food for the party 6. He is willing to hire (whoever, whomever) comes first. 7. That was (she, her) calling in the telephone. 8. Don't mind (my, me) complaining 9. (It, its) a fact; Paula is shorter than Tinting and (I, me), 10. Everyone must keep (himself, themselves) busy. 39Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day5 “Do not. Do to others what you will not ‘Want them to do to you.” Verbs Verbs are action words. they express state of being. Run interpret Feel are Give Forms of Verbs 1. The base form: explain, listen, and eat 2. The s form or third person singular: explains, listens, eats 3. The "in" form or present participle: explaining, listening, eating 4. The past tense: explained, listened, ate 40Four Kinds of Verbs 1. Regular Verbs form their past tense by the addition of d/ed to the base form. Regular verbs have the same form both for the past tense and the past participle Base Form 3rd Person Singular | Present Participle Past and Past Participle (form) (ing-form) act acts acting acted erase ‘erases erasing erased reach reaches reaching reached 2. Irregular Verbs form their past tense and past participle in the different way. 3. Linking Verbs are used to link or join the subject with the word in the predicate which relates to the subject, A. Verbs to be (am, is, are, was, and were) are the most commonly used linking verbs. B. Verbs of the senses: Become seem remain Took Smell appear feel taste hear * My favorite subject is English. * He looks great in his green jacket. * My husband became a lawyer in 2016 aL4. Verb Phrase a verb be made up of a phrase instead of a single word, the verb form at the end of the verb phrase is always the principal verb. The others are called auxiliary verbs or helping verbs. List of commonly used auxiliary verbs Am have been could Is had been would ‘Are has been should Was shall must Were will should have Will be do ‘would have Shall be did ‘must have Could be does should have been Have may could have been Has can must have been Had ‘might ‘A. has} Have} + past participle Had} B. do} present tense plural Does} present tense singular Did} past tense singular/plural willy + simple form of the verb Shall} (No s, No ded, No ing) 42‘Three Parts of Verbs (The principal) Present tense is used to express an action or condition that is occurring at the present time * He eats bread, * The child plays basketball * She is il. B. Past tense shows an action or condition in the past. * He ate bread. * The child played basketball. * She was ill C. Past participle of the verb is a verb form that is used with has, has or had formed the perfect tenses. * He has eaten bread * The child had played basketball with me. * She had been ill 43Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 6 “Happiness is a perfume You cannot pour on others Without getting a few drops On yourself.” The Tenses of Verbs A verb tenses is a form of a verb that shows a time of action or a state of being, ‘Tense means time and it is a property of verbs. Six Basic Forms (tenses of verbs) Present tense shows an action presently or habitually happening, or a fact or general truth. I. Ifthe sentence expresses a permanent action * The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 44II. If the sentence shows habitual action. * He goes to church every Sunday. IIL If the sentence expresses an on-going action, * The students are researching in the library now. B. Past tense shows past action or a state or condition that occurred in the past * They transferred to a new building yesterday. * They danced last night. * Jannette recited the poem well C. the Past perfect tense denotes 1. An action completed before another past action. * He had left when I arrived. (In this case the first action uses the perfect tense while the second uses the simple past.) II. A condition that was true in the past but is no longer at the time of speaking, * She had seen that before D. Future tense- expresses an action that is yet to be done, or shows that something will happen or will be done in the future -a verb phrase using the auxiliary verbs will/shall+ the simple form of the verb. ~ Am/is/are + going to * Will you visit me tonight? 45,* They will pass their project next month * I shall retum * Mae Ann is going to Cebu next week, E, The present perfect tense denotes I. An action which started in the past and is continuing in the present. This tense uses has/have + the past participle of the main verb. * Cha-cha has eaten her dinner. * Don-don has submitted his project. IL Anaction which is completed at the time of speaking. * I have just taken my examination. * Thave gone to the school F. The future perfect tense denotes. 1. An action that will be completed before another action. * Before I leave, Monique will have gone. Il, An action that will have completed at some definite future time. * By next week, the court will have decided on the case. * This tense uses shall/will + have and the past participle of the main verb, 46Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 7 ‘Look to this day. In its brief course lie all the verities Of existence- Action, love, transience. Yesterday is but a dream, And tomorrow veiled. Love now!’ In six tenses the verb to be is the most irregular and the most important verb in English language Six tenses of the verb TO BE A. Present tense Singular Plural First person: Tam we are Second person, ‘you are ‘you are Third person he, she, itis they are B. Past tense Singular Plural First person’ Twas we were a7Second person you were you were Third person he, she, it was they were C Future tense Singular Plural First person shall be ‘we shall be Second person ‘you will be you will be "Third person he, she, it will be they will be D. Present perfect tense ‘Singular Plural First person Thave been ‘we have been Second person youRave been ‘you have been ‘Third person Tre, she, it has been they have been E, Past perfect tense Singular Plural First person| Thad been ‘we had been Second person you had been you had been Third person Tre, she, ithad been they had been F Future perfect tense Singular Plural First person T shall have been ‘we shall have been Second person ‘you will have been ‘you will have been Third person Te, she, twill have They will have been Six Tenses of the Regular Verb CARE, A Present tense Singular Plural First person Teare we care Second person you care you eare Third person he, she, iteare they careB. Past fense Plural First person ‘we cared Second person you cared ‘you cared Third person he, she, it eared they cared C Future tense Singular Plural First person T shall care ‘we shall care Second person you will eare you will eare Third person he, she, it will care they will care D_ Present perfect tense Singular Plural First person Thave cared ‘we have cared Second person ‘you have eared ‘you have cared “Third person hr, she, ithas cared they have eared E. Past perfect tense Singular Plural First person Thad cared ‘we had eared Second person yyouhad cared you had cared ‘Third person he, she, had cared they had cared F Future perfect tense Singular Plural First person’ Tshall have cared ‘we shall have eared Second person ‘you will have cared you will have eared Third person he, she, twill have’ they will have eared Cared Six Tenses of the Irregular Verb EAT ‘A Present tense Singular 49First person Teat ‘we eat Second person you eat ‘youeat Third person he, she, it eat they eat B. Past tense Singular Plural First person Teat ‘we eat Second person ‘you eat ‘you eat "Third person he, she, teat they eat C Future tense ‘Singular Plural First person Thal eat ‘we shall eat Second person you will eat ‘you will eat ‘Third person Tre, she, it will eat they will eat 1D. Present perfect tense Singular Plural First person| Thave eaten ‘we have eaten Second person you have eaten you have eaten Third person Te, she, iwhas eaten they have eaten E Past perfect tense ‘Singular Plural First person Thad eaten ‘we had eaten Second person ‘you had eaten ‘you had eaten Third person Te, she, ithad eaten They had eaten F Future perfect tense Singular Plural First person T shall have eaten “we shall have eaten Second person ‘you will have eaten ‘you will have eaten Third person he, she, it will have they will have eaten Eaten 50‘Tenses must be consistent. If you start out with a verb in a particular tense, you should not change to a verb in another tense. “Incorrect: We went into the hall and there we eat our lunch. ‘The policeman stopped the car and inspects the content. * Correct: We went into the hall and there we ate our lunch, ‘The policeman stopped the car and inspected the contents. 51Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 8 “Knowledge is power” -Francis Bacon- Six Tenses in Progressive Forms of Verbs ‘A verb has a special form to show that the action is continuing or progressing at the time indicated by a particular tense. * [am studying English grammar. * She is contemplating marriage. A. Present progressive tense shows continuing action, something going on now. It may also show that something will happen in the future. It is formed by combining the present tense of the verb to be with the present participle of another verb (the form of the verb that ends in ing.) * Lam speaking as a representative of my people 52‘The verb "am" is the present tense of the verb to be and is combined to the present participle of the verb speak (actually the ing form), *We are going to London The verb “are” is the present tense of the verb to be and is combined to the present patticiple of the verb go (actually the ing form). * Our classmates are arriving in 30 minutes. * You are irritating me. * This parrot is calling my name. B. Past progressive tense shows continuing action, something that was happening at some point of the past. It is formed by combining the past tense of the verb to be with the present participle of another verb (again the ing form). * I was singing when you came. The verb was is the past tense of the verb to be and is combined to the resent participle of the verb sing (actually the ing form) * We were drinking beer when the cop barged inside. * Jolina was smiling when he gave her his picture * You were chatting in the internet when your manager came. C. Future progressive tense shows continuing action something that will be happening at some point in the future. It is formed by combining the future tense of the verb to be with the present participle of another verb, 53* 1 shall be calling you every day. * In another six years, politicians will be running in another election. * By the end of the day, we shall be paying you. D. Present perfect progressive tense shows a continuous action that has been finished at some point of the past at that was initiated in the past and continuous to happen. It is formed by combining the present perfect tense of the verb to be with the present participle of another verb (ing form), * [have been calling you * She has been checking the papers of our students, E, Past perfect progressive tense shows a continuous action completed at some point in the past. It is formed by combining the past perfect tense of the verb to be with the present participle of another verb (ing form) * L had been running but L felt tired. Joshua had been recording his songs all morning, F. Future perfert progressive tense shows a continuous action that will be completed at some point in the future. It is formed by combining the future tense of the verb to be with the present participle of another verb (ing form), * On my retirement day, I shall have been teaching for thirty years * By sunset, we shall have been working on this project for eight hours. Verb CARE 54Progressive Forms A. Present tense Singular Plural First person Tearing we caring Second person you caring you caring, Third person he, she, itearing they caring B. Past tense Singular Plural First person Tearing, ‘we caring, Second person ‘you caring: you caring, Third person he, she, it caring they caring C. Future tense Singular Plural First person T shall caring ‘we shall caring Second person you will caring you will caring Third person he, she, it will caring they will caring D. Present perfect tense | Singular Plural First person Thave caring wwe have caring Second person you have caring you have earing Third person he, she, it has caring they have caring, E. Past perfect tense Singular Plural First person Thad caring ‘we had caring, Second person you had caring you had caring Third person he, she, it had caring they had caring 55F Future perfect tense Singular Plural First person Second person Tshall have caring you will have earing, ‘we shall have caring you will have caring Third person he, she, it will have they will have caring Caring Exercise: Tense Usage 1. The exposure of Angue's art and aesthetics in the rural areas (has, had, have) earned him the title,” Philippine's Artist." 2. It (has, had, will have) been seven years since the Law was declared. 3. On the crowded beach last summer, a small boy (creates, created) his own magic world of sandcastles. 4. The fire broke out a few minutes after they (ate, have eaten, had eaten) their supper. 5. Although it is nearly two years since I last visited our province, I (could, can, would) still remember vividly its rustic sceneries. 56Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 9 “All wish to process knowledge, But few, comparatively speaking, Are willing to pay the price.” -Juvenal- ‘Two group of Verbs A. Regular verbs form their past tense and the past participle by adding ed or d to the form of the present tense. ‘The word play is a regular verb since you just add ‘ed’ to have verb to form its past. tense and its past participle. B. Irregular verbs- the verbs eat and is are iegular verbs they do not form the past tense ‘and past participle in the regular way. Regular Verbs: Verb Past tense Past Participle Alter altered altered ‘Announce announced announeed 57‘Approach ‘approached ‘approached Barter bartered bartered Besiege besieged besieged Boil boiled boiled Calculate calculated calculated Chew chewed chewed Claim claimed claimed Dare dared dared Define defined defined Denounce ‘denounced denounced Dissolve dissolved dissolved Edify edified edified Entertain entertained entertained Estimate estimated estimated Equip ‘equipped ‘equipped Fabricate fabricated fabricated Facilitate facilitated facilitated Fortify fortified fortified Hear heard heard Hire hired hired Hope hoped hoped Hypothesize hypothesized hypothesized Imagine imagined imagined Infer inferred inferred Interrogate interrogated interrogated Teitison jettisoned jettisoned Tingle jingled jingled Judge judged judged 58Kick kicked Kicked Kidnap kidnapped kidnapped Kiss Kissed kissed Labor labored labored Lessen Tessened lessened Tove Toved Toved Mistakes are commonly made when using the wrong form for the past tense: done for did come for came seen for saw swum for swam dove for dived run for ran drunk for drank Mistake is also made when using the wrong form for the past participle: went forgone did for done swam for swum tore for torn began for begun came for come Irregular Verbs ple Form past Form Past Participle ‘Am/be was been “Awake awoke awaken Begin began begun 59Beat beat beaten Buy bought bought Bring brought brought Bite bit bitten’ Choose chose chosen Catch caught caught Drive drove driven Draw drew drawn Eat ate eaten Forsake Torsook Torsaken Freeze froze frozen Get got gotten Hide hid hidden Meet met met Rise Tose risen Ride rode ridden Ring rang, rung Run an Run Shake shook shaken Stride strode stridden Swear ‘swore ‘sworn Sink sank sunk Shrink shrank shrunk ‘Spring sprang ‘sprung Tell told told Tear tore tom Wear wore worn Weave wove wovenSpecial Irregular Verbs Bet bet bet Broadcast broadcast broadcast Cut cut cut Hit hit hit Hurt hurt hurt Let let let Put put put Set set set Quit quit quit 61Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 10 ‘Even if you do learn to speak correct English, ‘Whom are you going to speak it to?’ -Clarence Darrow- ‘If the English language made any sense, A catastrophe would be an apostrophe with fur.’ ~Dong Larsan- Thirty Basic Rules in Subject-Verb Agreement and Grammar 1. Averb agrees with its subject in person and in number. ‘Wrong: They doesn't understand what to do. Right: They don't understand what to do. 2. The number of noun in phrase introduced by the preposition of does not affect the number of verb, 62‘Wrong: A list of books were made by Merry. Right: A list of books was made by Merry 3. Compound subject joined by and ordinarily take the plural form of the verb. Wrong: Here comes Alvin and Junjun Right: Here come Alvin and Junjun. 4, When to or more singular subjects are joined by or or nor, a singular form of the verb is required ‘Wrong: A man's success of failure lie his hands. Right: A man’s success or failure lies his hands. 5. Intervening phrases introduced by of, with, together with, as well_as, including besides no less than. in addition to. accompanied by. not. do not affect the form of the verb, Wrong: The teacher, together with her pupils, were there Right: The teacher, together with her pupils, was there. 6. Compound nouns joined by and use the singular form of the verb if they are regarded asaunit Bread and butter were all she ask for. Rice and vegetable is the staple food of the Filipinos. 7. When the subject and predicate nominative differ in number, the verb must agree with the subject not the complement, ‘Wrong: The theme of the essay are the experiences of our heroes. Right; The theme of the essay is the experiences of our heroes. 638. Compound subject joined by either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also ordinarily take verbs agreeing in number with the nearer subject. Wrong: Not only the students but also the teacher are learning, Right: Not only the students but also the teacher is learning. 9. When the subject cames after the verb make sure that the verb agrees with its subject ‘Wrong: In this school is enrolled several alien students. Right: In this school are enrolled several alien students. 10, Never begin a sentence with a participle that does not logically modify the subject of the sentence. ‘Wrong: Walking around the eampus, the bell rang. Right: Walking around the campus, I heard the bell rang, 11, Sentence elements that are grammatically connected should be closed together. Wrong: I, after the class, went to the movies. Right: I went to the movies after my class 12, Modifiers should be placed as near as possible to the words they modify. ‘Wrong: He rushed into the room just as we are singing the last song breathless with excitement Right: Breathless with excitement, he rushed into the room just as we are singing the last song. 13. Avoid dangling modifiers. 64Wrong: Having taken the entrance examinations, the President of the college accepted me Right: After I had the entrance examinations, the President of the college accepted me. 14. Ordinarily, this and that take the singular form of the verb while these and those take the plural form of the verb. That is a good idea. ‘These are times that try man’s soul. 15, The following indefinite pronoun belongs to the third person. Take the plural form of the verb: All, both, few, several, some All were satisfied. Both are to be blamed, 16, The following indefinite pronoun, whether singular or plural in meaning, are ordinarily used with the third person singular form of the verb: each, everybody, -veryon hi thing. som meons thing, nobody, either, neither, the other. Each arrives on time, Everything is in order. 17. The title of a book is considered singular. The "Dialogs" of Plato is great classic. 18, The word people, meaning many person in plural, Peoples refer to different races, ‘The people were excited about the news. ‘The peoples at Asia need to be united. 6519, The expression the number of takes the singular form of verb, while the expression a number of takes the plural form of verb. The number of students in the class is limited A number of books are on reserved in the library. 20. Noun referring to money, time measurement or distance that is preceded by an expression of amount or quantity is considered singular and take the singular form of the verb Five hundred pesos of apple are yours, Four weeks is a long time to wait for you 21. The number of the noun that follows an expression of fraction or portion determines the number of the verb to be used. Half of the apple was eaten by the rats. One half of the apple is yours. 22. Sentences introduced by it take the singular form of the verb. Itis time to say goodbye. It is my duty to take care of our parents, 23. The number of the subject ofa sentence introduced by there determines the verb to be used ‘There are times when she is lonely. ‘There are six school days in a week 24. The verb takes an s when itis used in the third person singular of the present tense. 65.Ramen Lloyd plays football vigorously. 25. The expressions one of the, the number of and «number of are always followed by the plural nouns. One of the girls is absent A number of books were stolen. ‘The number of apples was rotten. 26, Some nouns are plural in form. Measles, mumps, pants, shorts, scissors, trousers ‘The news for today is about the Government's corruption 27. Nouns such as Mathematics, Statistics, Economics Politics, and Physics are used with the singular form of the verb when they refer to an area of study. Mathematics is required or Math majors. Politics is not dirty perse, but the politicians are the ones making it dirty. 28, Possession is usually shown by adding apostrophe (’) or apostrophe and s ('s) to a noun. The student’s Club, 29. The infinitive of the verb is always in the simple form. To love is an adventure, Long ago, Pidoy’s dream was to live in a forest. 30, Nouns singular in form but function collectively Information, food, equipment, jewelry. 67Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 11 “Moods can create an unpleasant atmosphere Verbs: Voice Active and Passive Voice Voice is a grammatical term that is used to tell whether the subject of the sentence is acting or is receiving the action expressed by the verb. Active voice is to be when the subject is the doer of the action. * Chan jumped over the obstacle. * Jelly played the guitar. Allen sang 10 songs. A verb is in the passive voice when the subject does not perform the action; in the other words, the subject is passive. The house painted by Larry. 68‘The Active voice is the better form to use. Never use the passive voice either in speaking or writing when the active voice would be more natural or more direct Passive voice: The play was written by Shakespeare. ‘The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Active voice: Shakespeare wrote the play. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Passive voice can be uses when what was done is more important than the doer of the action Moods of Verbs Mood shows the speaker's attitude in relation to the happening, When we apply the term of mood to verbs, we mean the manner in which the verb expresses the action or state of being A. The indicative mood expres daily conversation. 's fact or asks a question. It is commonly used on our The student typed the letter. (Fact) ‘Where shall we take our vacation this summer? (Question) B, The imperative mood expresses a command or a request. It is always used in the present tense. Please bring my umbrella to the office. (Request) Go away! (Command) 6C. The subjunctive mood is used to express a wish or a command. Its forms are like the indicative mood with the only difference in the third person singular of the present tense where the s ending of the verb is omitted Indicative: He talks loud. ‘Subjunetive: He insists that he talk loud. For all persons, the subjunetive form of the verb to be is be: * That I be good is my father's wish. * That you be silent is the teacher's command. * That she be good is what I'm praying for. ‘The past subjunctive form of the verb to be is “were”, In statements contrary to fact and statements expressing doubt, this form is used. * If] were a Queen, I would travel a lot. Subjunctive Forms of the verb "to be" Present tense Singular Plural First person (Tbe (i) we be Second person (If you be (ID you be Third person (ihe be, (19) she be (i) they be WD itbe Past tense Singular First person (iT were ‘Second person (i) you were Third person (li) he were, (If) she were, (If) it were 70Past tense Singular First person (i) Thave been ‘Second person (I) you have been Third person (ii) he have been, (If) she have been, (If) it have been English Modals ‘The modals of English are auxiliary verbs, They express particular meanings, Can- Could 1. Can has two tenses- the present tense can and the past tense could. 2. Can may mean. A. Ability * Tcansing well. * Eunice can play the whole day. B, Possibility Anyone.can Jose much money in gambling C. Permission ‘You can go to the doctor now. 3. since can has only two tenses, the expression "to be able to" is used as a substitute for all tenses. 4. Could is used in the same was as can although could may be used in all negative sentenees in the past. A. "Could" may be used in positive sentences in the past only when ability is general or over a period of time is indicated nLuzviminda could speak Spanish when she was young. Fredi could always elimb the tallest tree when he was a small boy May- Might 1. May has only two tenses- the non-past tense may and the past tense might. 2. May is used to express. A. permission * May I leave the room? * You may go. B. doubt or possibility * The bus may arrive late + He may come but I doubt it CC. purpose They are working on their research so that they may pass the subject. ‘They are saving now so that they may finance the children's education. 3. The past tense of "May" is might, itis used in the same way as may. * He said that I might be late * It seems that the plane might be late. 4. May has a special past tense form, obtained by the use of the auxiliary verb have and the past participle of the main verb. This is used only to indicate possibility in the past. * Lito may have gone to school or he may have gone home. * Mady may have done the work Should- ought R1. Should and ought followed by an infinitive are used to express a mild form of duty or obligation. 2. Should and ought have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably 3. Should is more common than ought. * Students should study harder. * You ought to study harder 4, When the duty or obligation is in the past, should and ought are followed by a perfect infinitive, the modal_have is used, followed by the past participle of the verb, 5. The force of should and ought in the past tense form is nearly negative, indicating that the duty or obligation was not fulfilled * You should have finished your book report. * You ought to have done your assignment, 6. Should and ought are also used to express probability * Your investment should produce big interest. * You ought to graduate next year. Must- Have to 1 !Must" has only one form, the present tense 2. Must is used to express the following. ‘A. Strong necessity or command * You must attend your class * She must work today. B. Strong probability * This bag must be yours: it has your name on it * Yves is absent: she must be sick. 3. "Have to" is used to express necessity in all tenses followed by an infinitive B* Justine and Kyle have to study tonight. * She had to take the exam. 4. It is possible to form a negative sentence with to have by placing not after the verb. * April has not anything to give. * Dorothy hasn't a peso. 5. When to have is use together with an infinitive to express necessity, the tense caries do, does, and did, They are uses to form all negatives and questions. * You do not have to do it. * Do I have to do it? 74Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 12 “Action may not always bring happiness; But there is no happiness without action.” -Benjamin Desraeli- Agreement of Subject and Verb One common error made in both speaking and writing is the lack of agreement between the subject noun or pronoun and the predicate verb, 1. The verb must agree with its subject in person or number. Correct: Jelly does not want to go to the office today. ‘You were not in the hall last night. Incorrect: Jelly do not want to go to the office today. ‘You was not in the hall last night. Exercise: 75Subject-Verb Agreement 1. Everybody in the theater disappointed when the guest star did not arrive. A.was — b, were 2. At the end of the hallway an old painting and several antique jars. A. was b. were 3. He is one of those basketball players who always into trouble A get b. gets 4, You should have your glasses in a safer place. Alain b.laid 5. The number of students in the university from year to year. Avvary — b. varies 6 there any one of the books I lend which you particularly like? als b.Are 7. Almost everything in the film, including its cinematography and art direction to its cinematic quality. Aadd —— b. adds 8. The President, as well as his Ministers, present in the meeting at the Manila Hotel Awas — b.were 9. Two-thirds of the place under water. A.was — b. were 10. Wood curving, been an important industry among the people of Peete. A has b. have 76Agreement of Verb with Compound Subject Compound subject are usually connected by and, or, nor, ether-or, and neither-nor. Components of Compound Subject A. If two parts of a compound subject separated by the words "and" and if both parts refer to different individuals, the compound subject is considered plural and the verb must be plural, * The manager and the owner were present in the meeting, B. If two parts of a compound subject is separated by the word “and” and if both parts refer to single person or thing, or form a single unit, the compound subject is considered singular and the verb must be singular. * The manager and the owner of the company was present in our meeting, Agreement with Collective Nouns Collective noun represents a group of person or object If the collective noun is particular sentence represents the individual acting as a unit, the noun is singular. If the sentence indicates clearly that the individuals are acting separately, the noun is plural Acting as a unit: The community is opposing the cementing of this road. 7As a unit: The troop is marching, Acting as individuals: The teacher organized their schedules. Agreement of Verbs with Indefinite Pronouns ‘A. The indefinite pronouns one, no one, anyone, everyone, someone, anybody, nobody, everybody, somebody, each, either, and neither are always singular and take a singular verb B. When many a, each, and every, are used to introduce a sentence and function as adjectives, the subject is singular. . The indefinite pronouns several, few, both and many are always plural D. The indefinite pronouns some, none, any, and all are singular or plural depending on the meaning of the sentence. When these words refer to a quantity or mass taken as a whole, they are generally considered as singular. When they refer to a number, they are regarded as plural in meaning. E, Some nouns are plural in form, but singular in meaning. Examples of nouns that take a singular verb are mumps, measles, news, physics, and mathematics. 78Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 13 “The wisest mind has something yet to learn.” -George Santayana- Special Cases of Agreement A. Words like pants, pliers, scissors, and tongs are plural and take a plural verb. When the word pair is used as a subject, the subject is regarded as singular and takes a singular verb. Correct: A pair of scissors is all I need. Incorrect: A pair of scissors are all I need. B.A plural noun that shows weight, extent, or quantity is singular, and takes a singular verb Correct: Two million pesos is the price of a brand new car. Incorrect: Two million pesos are the price of a brand new car. 79C. The words half and part are singular or plural according to the meaning of the sentence. When these words refer to a mass or a section, they are singular. When they refer to a number of individuals or thing, they are plural Plural: Half of the children have eaten. Singular: Half of the cake is left D. When the word number is preceded by the article a, it takes a plural verb, however, when it is immediately preceded by the article she, ittakes a singular verb. Correct: A number of teachers are waiting for you. The number of teachers waiting inside is small Incorrect: A number of teachers is waiting for you. Anumber of teachers waiting inside are small E, Usually, the name of a firm is often regarded as singular even when there is a plural form in the tittle. Correct: Kindles, a company distributing books, has opened many branches in the Philippines. Incorrect: Kindles, a company distributing books, have opened many branches in the Philippines. F. Sometimes a sentence begins with the word there or here. neither of these words could be a subject of a sentence. If you want to determine the true subject of a given sentence, you can transpose it so that the true subject will appear at the beginning of the sentence. 80* There are five nurses in the operating room Transpose to: * Five nurses are there in the operating room, BLMaster English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 14 “Faith is the source of my power, Sorrow is my friend. Knowledge is my weapon, Patience is my Grab and Virtue” -Mohammad- Complements A sentence may contain a noun or pronoun as a subject, and a verb that makes up the predicate. Many sentences, though, require an additional group of words in order to express a complete though * | threw. (This is not a sentence as it does not express a complete though although it contains a subject as a verb that serves as a predicate. Some words are needed to express what I threw.) I threw the stone. (The stone completes the sentence) 82Complements of Action Verbs A.complement completes the meaning expressed by the verb (like woman and a man, if they both agree) A. Direct object a verb expresses action. The direct object of a verb names the receiver of the action, B, Transitive verb takes a direct object, and shows the doer of the action in the subject and a receiver of the action, the direct object, in the predicate. C.Intransitive- Any verb that does not take a direct object. ‘Transitive verb: The old man embraced his long lost son. Intransitive verb: The son was embraced tightly D. Indirect subject tells whom the action is directed or for whom the action is performed. Some verbs that express action take two objects, a direct and an indirect object. Complements of Linking Verbs Itis not only action verbs that have complements. Linking verbs required complements as these cannot make complete predicates. For example, the linking verb is requires some additional word or words to express a complete predicate. That word can be a predicate noun, predicate pronoun or a predicate adjective. 83Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 15 “An angry man opens his mouth And close his eyes.” Prepositions Preposition is placed before a noun or pronoun and shows the relationship that exists between that noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. * The ball was placed under the table. Object of the Preposition * L will take a walk in the woods. In this example, the word in is the preposition placed before the noun woods to show the relationship between the verb walk and the noun woods. The noun woods that follows the preposition is called the Object of the preposition in. The entire group of words in the woods is called prepositional phrase. BaPrepositional phrase contains a preposition. Is a group of words because of your attitude ‘Two Groups of Prepositions A. Compound Prepositions consists of two or more words, itis regarded as a unit, or as a single preposition B, Phrasal preposition a preposition may be a word or a phrase, and contained in the prepositional phrase, It is a case of a phrase contained in a longer phrase, and a group of words because of, or a group of words according to. ‘Compound Prepositions that are in Common use according to in consideration of along side of in apposition with along with| in front of because of in regard to by means of in respect to by reason of inspite of by way of instead of Contrary to ‘on account of for the sake of out of in addition to with reference to in accordance to with regard 10 in case of with respect to Commonly used Prepositions: 85,Above at by into toward ‘About before down Tike through ‘Across behind during near under ‘After below except oF until ‘Against beneath for off wp ‘Among between in ‘since with ‘Around but inside to within 86Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 16 “It is not wrong to be rich If such gains are obtained Through rightful means.” Cases of Nouns and Pronouns ‘Three Cases in English A. Nominative case is the case of the subject. B. Objective case is the case of the object C. Possessive case is the case that shows ownership, Cases of Nouns 87‘A. Nominative Case of nouns- a noun ean be the subject of the sentence, if noun is used as the subject of the sentence then itis in the nominative case, Predicate noun sometimes, a noun is found in the predicate but refers to the same person or thing as the subject, is also in nominative case. Announ used as a subject of a sentence, as well as a predicate noun because it also refers to the same subject, are both on the nominative case. * The lead actor was Tom Cruise. B, Objective Case of nouns- if the noun is used as the object of a verb or a preposition Cases of Pronouns ‘A. Nominative case of pronouns if they are used as subjects of sentences, or used as predicate pronouns. Mistakes are seldom made in selecting the correct form of the pronoun to use as the subject of the sentence. Mistakes are frequently made, however, ‘when a pronoun is used as a predicate nominative. * Love driving. ‘The pronoun / is the subject of the sentence and is thus in the nominative case. Itis you. ‘The pronoun "you" is a predicate pronoun and refers to the same subject as the word it 88B. Objective case of Pronouns when they are used as objects of verbs, or as objects of prepositions. The correct forms to use in the adjective case are. Singular Plural me us you you him them her ‘whom it ‘whom ‘The table shows the nominative case forms and the objective case forms of each of the six pronouns. Nominative Case Objective Case ‘Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 we me us you you you you he they him ‘them she they her them it they it them who who ‘whom whom Possessive Case of Nouns and Pronouns ‘The possessive case is use to show ownership. 1. Possessive Case of Nouns 89Nouns ean show ownership when they are in the possessive case, There is just one easy tule to follow. ‘A. If the singular form of the noun does not end in s, x, or z, add apostrophe and s ('s) at the end of the noun, B. If the singular form ends in s, x, ory then add the apostrophe (') at the end of the noun. * Mr. Juan's invention “Francis! car * Mr. Ferdz! ford * Fort Knox’ guns “baby's dress * Tiger's lair (one tiger) * Tigers’ lair (many tiger own the lair) 2. Possessive Case of Pronouns ‘There are pronouns that do not point specifically to a person, place or thing, Indefinite pronoun does not have special forms to show case. ‘The possessive case if indefinite pronouns are formed in the same way as the possessive case of nouns, For indefinite pronouns (such as anybody, somebody, everyone and anyone) the possessive case is formed in the same way as the possessive case of nouns: add apostrophe (’) and s ('s) 90* Everyone’s opinion * Another's dream *someone's book Personal pronoun (such as I, we, you, he, she, it, they) and the pronoun who have special possessive forms (my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs, whose) to indicate ownership and must be used without adding apostrophe and s. Correct: Whose paper is this? Incorrect: Who's paper is this? Personal pronouns, Singular Plural First Person Nominative Case I we Possessive Case ‘my, mine ‘Our, ours Objective Case me ws Second Person ‘Nominative Case ‘you you Possessive Case Your, yours Your, yours Objective Case you you Third Person Nominative Case he, she, it they Possessive Case his, her, hers, its their, theirs Objective Case him, her, it them Relative and Interrogative Pronoun Who OLCase Singular and Plural Nominative who Possessive whose Objective whom 92Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 1 “A boil cannot be cured by merely cutting it off. In the same manner, We never experience peace by force But by removing the main cause of the conflict.” Adjectives Adjectives are words that describes, limit or modify nouns and pronouns. It adds life and color to your sentences. It answers any of the following questions regarding the particular noun or pronoun that it describes: ‘What kind? How many? How much? Which one? Let's look at the following nouns 93,Winnie Food Building, Friday Song Dogs Adjectives give a clearer picture about the nouns and pronouns that they deseribe Let's place adjective to our nouns and pronouns: Lovely Winnie ‘That food Tallest building Quite Friday Familiar song Colorful dogs Here are more examples of how adjectives describe nouns: What kind? How many? How much? Which one? Clear sky ten apples enough water those pants Lovely road three roads inadequate air this road Old house five houses ample room ‘that house oa‘There are three uses of Adjectives 1. Anoun modifier is usually placed directly before the noun it describes. * He is an intelligent man, 2. Apredicate adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. * She is happy. * | fell terrible. 3. An article or noun marker is another name for these adjectives- a, an, and the. "The" is used with a specific noun. It is used when the noun it modifier refer to a definite object, person, or place An’ is indefinite articles and is used with a nonspecific noun that begins with a vowel or an unpronounced h. is used to modify singular nonspecific nouns that begin with a consonant. Kinds of Adjectives 1. Indefinite adjective- some, many, much, several, few, a few, a great deal of, little ‘A. With countable nouns- I have (many, several, few) books at home. B. With non-countable nouns- I have (much, a great deal of, little) information on history. CC. With both plural countable and non-countable nouns- he has (some, a lot of, enough) money, 95D. The infinitive adjectives much, many, little, and few may be modified by too and very. You are making too much noise. Numerals - one, two, three (cardinals), First, second (ordinals) * He gave me three red roses. * She is the third contestant, 3. Descriptive- new, all, blue, charming * The charming woman is my mother. * The black car belongs to my husband, 4. Proper- proper nouns modifying another noun * Philippine flag, * Persian bag * Philippine peso 5, Nouns that modify nouns * Oak tree * Paper bag * Paper doll 6. Phrase and clauses that modify nouns * The girl watching television is Charlene, my sister, 967. A clause modifying a noun is usually introduced by a relative pronoun (that, whieh, who, whom, whose, where) ‘The man who is driving the car is my husband, The teacher whom I admire received an award, Pronouns as Adjectives 1. Possessive adjectives- The possessive forms of personal pronouns are often used with nouns in much the same way as the possessive forms of nouns, Although by structure the words are called pronouns, by virtue of their function. * This is your book 2. Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns point out definite persons, places, of thing, Indefinite pronouns do not point our particular places, persons, or things. ‘The following words in italics are demonstrative pronouns in structure functioning as demonstrative adjectives * This radio set * That calendar * These books * Those trees 3. Indefinite adjectives are also called indefinite pronouns. * Each girl * All students 97* Any candidate 4. Interrogative adjectives are also called interrogative pronouns, * Whose house is that? *Which seat do you prefer? ‘Adjectives can also be found in the predicate. Some of these adjectives in the predicate describe nouns located also in the predicate while others describe nouns located in the subject. The latter are called predicate adjectives 98Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 18 “A good marriage would not be between A blind wife and A deaf husband.” Adjectives have Compal 1. Positive degree denotes quality; no comparison is needed, * Your suggestion is good Comparative degree denotes quality in the greater or lesser degree: used when two are being compared A. The comparative degree of almost all one syllable adjectives is formed by adding er to the positive degree, or to the simple form of the adjective. B. If the adjective ends in y, change y to i before adding er. Some adjectives change in the form of the word. In others ess ‘you may need to prefix such comparative words as more and * My wife was more emotional than her mother. 99Superlative denotes quality in the greatest or least degree; used when more than two are being compared. Adjectives of one or two syllables form the comparative degree by adding er to the positive and est B. Three or more syllables form the comparative by using more or less and the superlative by using most or least C. Some adjectives are compared irregularly. * Fidie has the sharpest mind in class. Degrees of Comparison Positive ‘Comparative Superlative Bad worse ‘worst Big bigger Diggest Comfortable more comfortable ‘most comfortable Difficult more difficult most difficult Famous Tess famous Teast famous Fat fatter fattest Fine finer finest Good better best Late later latest Little less. Teast Many more most Out ‘outer outset Wide wider ‘widest Farther refers to distance or remoteness in space. 100Further refers to remoteness in time, to degree, extent, or quantity. Further is also used to express the idea of something more or additional. Positive ‘Comparative Superlative Far further furthest Far Tarther farthest Adjective that are not compared Perfect unique square universal Single supreme fatal empty Vertical full alone dead Final mortal round deadly Straight blind everlasting wrong ‘Almighty aolMaster English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 19 “For yesterday is but a dream, And tomorrow only a vision, But today, well-lived, makes every yesterday A dream of happiness, And every tomorrow A vision of hope and joy. Look well then to this day.” Adverbs An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another verb. Fast, slowly, very, well Adverbs answer the questions how, where, when, and to what degree. Adverbs should not be used to modify nouns. 102Kinds of Adverb 1. Adverb of manner answers the question how? * He writes neatly. * My cousin works hard 2. Adverb of time answer the question when? * She is coming tomorrow. * Please deliver our magazine now. 3. Adverb of place answers the question where? * Let us meet in the restaurant. * Here is the book you are looking for. 4, Adverb of frequently answers the question how often? * He writes to him regularly, He visits me every month, 5. An adverb of degree answers the questions how much, how small, how long, to what extent, ete. These kind of adverbs usually modify adjectives or other adverbs, * The painting is almost finished, * The mango is very sweet. 6. An interrogative adverbs asks a question, * Where are you now? 103* How many times have you read the English Grammar Book? Exercisel: Change the following adjectives to adverbs 1 Careful 6, Slow 2. Fast. 7. Merry 3. Weak 8, Graceful 4. Easy 9. Quick 5.Neat 10. Quiet Exercise2; complete the sentence by choosing the appropriate adverb. [In the en in the park under the table [nthe playeround in the library everywhere 1. The children are 2. The students are researching 3. Noise and dirt are 4. Thru baby lies 5. The eat sleeps Degree of Comparison Like Adjectives, Adverbs can be used to compare. The three degrees of comparison are: positive, comparative, superlative. ‘A few adverbs form the comparative degree by adding er to the positive degree. 104‘They form the superlative degree by adding est to the positive degree Most adverbs are compared by placing before the positive forms, the words “more” or “less” for the comparative degree and most or least for the superlative degree 4. Like adjectives, a few adverbs are compared irregularly. Positive ‘Comparative Superlative Abruptly ‘more abruptly ‘most abruptly ‘Awkwardly Tess awkwardly Teast awkwardly Carefully more carefully most carefully Disereetly more discreetly most discreetly Efficiently less efficiently Teast efficiently Fast faster faster Far farther farthest Far further furthest Favorably less favorably least favorably Gratehully Tess gratefully Teast gratefully Hard harder hardest Tate Tater Tatest Near nearer nearest Quick quicker quickest Slow Tower slowest Soon sooner soonest Some adverbs are not compared. The following adverbs cannot be used in the comparative or superlative de; grees. Before ever here Never that 105Now S80, then There thus too Very past yes By back whenever 106Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 20 “Selfishness is the cause of jealousy, While jealousy nurtures selfishness.” Prepo: A preposition shows the relation between a word and a noun and pronoun that follows. It indicates A. Place and position- across, above, below, between, behind, beyond B. Direction and motion- in, toward, out of, about, around, though, by, down, over C. Time- at, before, after, during, since, until Exercise: Give the correct answer. 1. Feeling terribly sorry (about, over, for) one's self is not good for his health. 2. To distinguish (between, at, among) an adjective an adverb is not easy 3. Joyce Allen was born (in, on, at) October 14, 1993. 4. My friend lives (at, in, on) 143 San Jose Del Monte Bulacan. 1075. Our memory fades (across, behind, beyond) the time. Commonly used as Prepositions ‘Above at by into toward ‘About before down Tike through ‘Across behind during near under ‘After below expect of until ‘Against beneath for off, up ‘Among between un since with ‘Around but inside to within Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase is a phrase that functions as an adjective or an adverb, Structurally, a prepositional phrase consists of the preposition and the object of the preposition Phrase is a group or words without a subject and predicate that functions as single part of speech, * We went up the highest hill * The woman with long hair is a swimmer. ‘Types of Prepositional Phrase A. An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun, It is often the equipment of an adjective. * The chemical inside the drum is leaking. 108The prepositional phrase is the group of words inside the drum. The phrase also functions as an adjective because it modifies the noun chemical. * The view across the river is breathtaking. The prepositional phrase is the group of words across the river. The phrase also functions as an adjective because it modifies the subject view. B. An adverbial phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, Like the adverb, the adverbial phrase answers the questions: when? Where? How? And to what extent? Adverbial phrase expresses time, place, manner and degree * My classmate lives on Ayala Avenue. (Expresses place- on is used to indicate names of streets, avenues, ete.) * My classmate lives in Canada. (Expresses place- in is used to indicate the names if cities, provinces, countries and continents) * My classmate lives at 111 Ayala Avenue, Pasig City. (Expresses place- at is used to indicate specific address.) The Correct Use of Prepositions. Around means encircling. About often means approximately. Do not use around when you mean approximately. Correct: The book about costs $99 He weighed about 250 pounds. You can tie a rope around its belly. Incorrect: The book costs around $99 He weighed around 250 pounds. 109You can tie a rope about its belly. B. One agrees 10 a proposal, but agrees with a person. Correct: We agree with you. Incorrect: We agree with his suggestion. C. Beside means by the side of. "Besides" means "in addition to” Correct: Can Angelo sit beside you? Incorrect: Can Angelo sit besides you? D. Benween is used when referring to two. Among is used when referring to more than two. Correct: Mikoy and Ramen divided the money between them. ‘The Thirty students divided the money among themselves. Incorrect: Micoy and Ramen the money among them. The thirty students divided the money between themselves. E, One differs with a person in the matter of opinion, A person or thing, differs from the. In certain respects; that is, the person or thing is unlike another in certain respects | differ from you of the matter of how we should proceed. (Incorrect- differ in opinion) | differ with you on the matter of how we should proceed. (Correct- differ in opinion) iioCebu differs with Manila in many ways. (Incorreet- in certain respects) Cebu differs from Manila in many ways, (Correct- in certain respects) F. Different from is correct. Do not use "different than", which is incorrect. Correct: Her testimony in court was different from what she told me. Incorrect: Her testimony in court was different than what she told me. G. The preposition in indicates location or motion within a place ‘The preposition invo indicates motion toward the inside from the outside * The swimmer jumped into the pool. (Motion from the outside) * She is swimming in the pool. (Motion within a place) H. Over expresses the idea of place. More than expresses the idea of quality Correct: The box contains more than one hundred apples Incorrect: The box contains over one hundred apples. 1 Do not say in regards to or with regards to, The correct expressions are in regard to and with regard to. Correct: In regard to your request, we are sending the package Incorrect: In regards to your request, we are sending the package aMaster English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 21 “I can control my anger, T can subdue irritability, 1 will keep cool and be unruffled, I will be unmoved by anger as a rock, Tam courageous and full of hope.” Conjunction Conjunctions connect words or group of words, Conjunctions join the independent clause and are used as transition words. Therefore also however in fact indeed hence consequently furthermore ‘on the other hand uz‘Types of Conjunetions A. A coordinating conjunction- coordinates tie together words that have the same grammatical construction and but for nor or yet for 0. * Julia and Petra are pretty girls. B. A correlating conjunction is used in pairs to connect the same kind of words or group of words both...and neither...nor whether...or either...or not only. but also * Neither we nor they want it * Lill visit you, whether by boat or by plane. * Xyli is not only beautiful, but also brilliant. C. A subordinating conjunction is function words that join an independent clause to a main clause, or connects two ideas by making one idea dependent on the other. The relation may be one of: 1. Cause (as, because, in as much as, since) 2. Comparison (as...as, so..as, than) 3. Concession (although, though, while) u34. Condition (if, provided that, unless) 5. Manner (as, as if as though) 6. Place (where, wherever) 7. Purpose (in order that, so that, that) 8. Result (so that, so..that, such... that) 9. Time (after, as, before, since, till, until, when, while) Exercise1: Join the sentences into one compound sentence. Use and, but, yet, or and so. 1. The children came along. The party was postponed. 2. The Philippines is said to be beautiful country. I like Baguio best. 3. The students studied hard. They scored high in the test. 4. The sun is bright. The wind is warm. 5. My friends passed the test. They will graduate Exercise2: Prepositions and Conjunctions 1. have no means (of, in) getting to the theater. v ‘You must do (as, like) I tell you. Divided these brochures (among, between) all those attending the workshop. 4, [can't afford to go to the party; (beside, besides) I have other things to do. Your business prospects are different (from, than) mine. 6.1 do not know (whether, as how) I can take the last trip to Palawan. 7. Those children look (as if, like) they have a holiday 8. Thad hardly slept a wink (when, until) he called, 9. Wearrived (in, at) Baguio last night. 10. Don't (blame, put the blame) on him alone. uaInterjections ah alas bah dam goodness hey oh pshaw uh ugh whew wow ‘ouch what hurry yippee good well * Well! When are you leaving? * Ouch! You're touching me. usMaster English Grammar in 30 Days! Chapter IL Clauses Day 22 “As you see - so you feel As you feel - so you think As you think - so you will As you will - so you act.” Clauses A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate, and clause is part of a compound sentence. Two Kinds of Clauses 161. Independent clause contains a subject and a predicate. It can stand by itself as a complete sentence. A main clause expresses a complete thought. * Lam doing my best. * Group B will cook our meals, 2. Dependent clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate, but the clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It is only a part of a sentence. Dependent clause also called subordinate clause, it is usually introduced by a subordinate conjunction or by a relative pronoun, Both of these connecting words would communicate that the clause is subordinate, or dependent, to a main clause. * Because my sister borrowed my car. (Dependent clause) * I was unable to visit you because my sister borrowed my car. Complete sentence) Types of Dependent Clauses Adverbial clauses 1, Adverbial clauses function as adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adverbs tell how, when, where, and to what extent the action is performed, Adverbial clauses answer the same question and, in addition, express several other ideas which the simple adverb does not express. * [always wake up when the alarm clock rings Subordinate Conjunctions a7Subordinate Conjunction called connecting word because it makes the idea expressed by its clause subordinate to the main idea in the sentence. -An adverbial clause is usually introduced by a subordinate conjunction. -also shows the relation between the subordinate (dependent) clause and the word in the ‘main (independent) clause which is subordinate clause modifies -is used to show that the clause which it introduces is a subordinate clause, and not a ‘main clause -It also indicates the exact type of relationship that the subordinate clause has to the main clause The following are the Subordinate Conjunctions that are commonly used to introduce adverbial clauses: ‘After even though till Although except though AS if unless As-as in order that until Asif provided when ‘As long as, provided that whenever ‘AS soon as since where As though 0 as wherever Because 0 that whether Before than while ugEven if that * They played because they wanted to win the championship. Kinds of Adverbial Clause A. Time: | read the book while | was waiting for yo B, Place: Please stand near the fountain where | can see you CC. Manner: [ tried to speak in front of the crowd as if were a politician. D. Degree: She worked as fast as was necessary. E, Comparison: The professor came in late shan her usual schedule. F Purpose: She studied very hard so that he will top the exam, G. Result: The war is now inevitable so that we will have to evacuate. H_ condition: I will go to you provided I. Concession: Mr. Yani won the chess game although he sacrificed his queen. J. Cause or Reason: The robot was destroyed because your younger brother toyed with it ugSubordinate Conjunetion commonly used in adverbial clause of the various types A. Time: after, before, when, whenever, since, until, as soon as, while B. Place: where, wherever CC. Manner: as, as if, as though D. Degree: that, a not so-as, than E, Comparison: as, than so--as, as--as F. Purpose: that, so that, in order that G. Result: that, so that H. condition: if, provided, provided that, unless 1. Concession: although, though, even if J. Cause of reason: as, because, since Common mistakes: Incorrect: I run faster than him, Incorrect: you can run as fast as us. 120In an unfinished clause of comparison, supply the omitted words to check the case of the pronoun, * [run faster than he (runs), By supplying the omitted word rus, it is now clear that the pronoun he is used as a subject of the phrase he runs and should therefore be in the nominative case (he) and not in the objective case (him) Similarly by supplying the omitted words in the second sentence, it will be clear that the pronoun we should be in the nominative case (we) and not in the objective case (us). * You can run as fast as we (can run). * You have played longer than J * The letter was sent to me. * My daughter embraced me. Exercise: Error Detection Direction: Each item below consist four sentences. All sentences may be correct or one of them may have an error or mistake in grammar, If all sentences are correct, write E on your answer sheet. If one of the sentences contains an error, write the letter of this sentences on your answer sheet 1a. Salome handed in an assignment this morning but it wasn't satisfactory B. Professor Lim told her that she had to do a paper again, qi. Xylita discovered that she left but a part of her assignment. d. She blamed herself for her carelessness and promised to be more careful next time. e. No mistakes. 2. A. I didn't saw Petra in the meeting this morning. b. She was sick but I did not know that ¢. Do you think she will be able to come tomorrow? d. Thave to know because she was given me the paperback I lent her last week e. No mistakes. 3. A. Ifyou are truly fond of someone you don't laugh at his mistakes, b. You don't become disappointed when he doesn't seem able to do what has planned, c. Ifyou believe in his ability you help him develop confidence in himself. 4. This approach is very satisfying to both of you and will lead to a more pleasant relationship, ce. No mistakes. 4, a. Jonny spent two hours trying to solve the problem assigned to him. b. At first he don't have any idea what the problem was about. ¢. After restating the problem he was able to outline the steps he would do 4. From then on, it was smooth sailing for him e. No mistakes. 5. A. We have lived in Batangas since 1980. b. I think we will be making it our home because father and mother think it is a good place to bring up children 122¢. Before 1980, my parents live in Aklan where they both taught at one of the schools there. 4. We found Malaybalay a peaceful place and a healthful one, free from the distractions of city life ce. No mistakes. 123Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 23 “We e and work and dream, Each has his little scheme, Sometimes we laugh, Sometimes we cry, And thus the days go by.” 2. Adjective Clauses Adjective Clauses function as adjectives, Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. An Adjective Clauses is usually introduced by a relative pronoun, ‘A relative pronoun is a pronoun that joins an adjective clause to some word in the independent or main clause. Antecedent of the relative pronoun the word to which it joins the clause. The relative pronoun used in this way are Who ‘whom ‘which that 124* The manager who received the award was my high school teacher * I will buy you those toys that you requested yesterday. * [saw the girl whom I met at the office, It is often difficult to determine whether to use "who" or "whom" when one of these words is used to introduced a subordinate clause. You have to keep the following rule in mind: ‘Who is the correct form of the nominative case. Whom is the correct form for the adjective case. ‘Whose is the correct form of the possessive case Incorrect: | met the lady who I saw carrying your radio, Correct: I met the lady whom I saw carrying your radio. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clause 1. Restrictive Clauses- clauses that are necessary to the meaning of the sentence, Commas do not set off a restrictive clause 2. Nonrestrictive clause is a clause that is not essential to the meaning if the sentence. Commas set it off. * Fernando Angue was the physicist who invented the flying car. In our example, the clause is who invented the flying car. This clause identifies the man and is essential to the meaning of the sentence. The clause restricts the meaning of the sentence to the physicist who invented the flying car, therefore, it is essential to the ‘meaning of the sentence 125* Its exciting to visit museums that display Greek and Roman arts. The sentence above does not mean that it is exciting to visit museums. The meaning is restricted to visiting a certain type of museums; that is, the type of museums that display Greek and Roman arts, The underline clause is thus necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Commas do not set off such a restrictive clause. * Ms.Maritess, The author who wrote an article on DRUGS, visited our school In our example, who wrote an article on DRUG, gives additional information regarding the author, but the meaning of the sentence is not changed if you leave the clause out. The clause does not place any restriction on the meaning. Therefore it is called a non- restricted clause. Commas set off nonrestrictive clauses ‘Noun Clauses 3. Noun clauses function as nouns and are used as subjects of sentences, as objects of verbs, and as objects of prepositions. ‘The following words introduce the noun clauses: what, how, that, and where. These same words are often used to introduced adjectives or adverbial clauses. The only way to be sure that you are dealing with @ noun clause is to determine how it is used in the particular sentence. If it functions the way a noun funetions then it is a noun clause * Where the eagles will fly is worth investigating, * How he maintains his high standard of living is very questionable. 126* What you are doing is detrimental to your health, A. Direct object ofa verb the same way as a regular noun, a noun clause can also be used. Announ used as an object answers the question what? * Do you know (what?) where can stay for the night? * Please tell her (what?) that I love her? * remember (what?) that you promised you would never leave, B, Object ofa preposition is sometimes used as a noun clause, like the noun, + Please send the form to whoever is in duty. * We discussed about what type of clothing we should be wearing, * Adalyn is focused in what she is aiming for. C. Predicate noun may be used as a noun clause, after one of the linking verbs. Like a regular predicate noun, a noun clause functioning as a predicate noun refers to the same noun or pronoun in the subject. * The song was that same piece that she sang in Dubai, (Means the same song) * My first impression was that he is naive. (Means the same impression) * The message was that we should surrender. (Means the same as message) Noun Clauses Funetion Noun clauses function as nouns and are used as subjects of sentences, as objects of verbs, and as objects of prepositions, 127A. Sometimes the word that introduces a subordinate clause is omitted. You ean always supply it if' you are in doubt about the construction of the clause. * Lassume shat they will attack our right flank. (that- subordinate conjunction) * Lassume they will attack our right flank. (Subordinate conjunction that- omitted) B. A noun used as an appositive may or may not be set off by commas. Sometimes the appositive is so closely related with the noun that no commas are required. Commas never set off noun clauses used in apposition A noun or a noun clause can be used in apposition with another noun, A word in opposition is placed near another to the word to explain it or to identify it in any other way. + Mr. Rain, the owner, is a nice person. (Noun used as an appositive is set off by commas and explains the noun in the subject) * My brother Chan will visit us soon, (Noun used as an appositive but is not set off by commas) C. The subject of sentences beginning in it is not a word it. To check for the subject, transpose the sentence and look for the subject. When used this way, the word ir is called an expletive * It isa well-known fact in this school that you are a coward. ‘Transpose to: 128* That you are_a coward is a well-known fact in this school. (Noun clause is the real subject) * It isnot clear whether they will vote for me. ‘Transpose to: ‘Whether they will vote for me is not clear. (Noun clause is the real subject) D. The word whether and not the word if is used to introduce noun clauses used as the direct object of the verbs say, learn, understand, know, Doubt, ask, tell, discover, wonder, ete Incorrect: Please ask my yaya if she has washed the dishes. Correct: Please ask my yaya whether she has washed the dishes 129Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Chapter IV Classifying Sentences Based on Clauses Day 24 “Mind is the forerunner of all states. Mind is chit f; Mind-made are these states.” Classifying Sentences Based on Clauses Asentence can be classified based on the number of kinds of clauses that contains. 1 Simple Sentence A simple sentence contains a single independent clause. It may contain a compound subject, a compound predicate, or both. The important thing to remember is that it is only made up of a single independent clause and it does not contain any dependent clause. The following illustrate the variety of simple sentence. The predicates are underlined, 130* Eva wrote a book, (Simple subject and simple predicate) * Eva and her husband wrote a book. (Compound subject and simple predicate) * Eva wrote and published a book. (Simple subject and compound predicate) * Eva and her husband_wrote and published a book. (Compound subject and compound predicate) 2. Compound Sentence A.compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses. The clauses may be put together by a conjunction. A semicolon may also form them, * Eve wrote a book. (Simple sentence) * Her husband published it. (Simple sentence) Combine the two simple sentences to form a compound sentence. * Eye wrote a book, but her husband published it, Using Comma and Semicolon Comma may express a slight break in the thought expresses. ‘A. In combining simple sentences into a compound sentence, you may; use a comma before a conjunction, use a semicolon without a conjunction, or use a conjunction without acomma. 131* Eve wrote a book, but her husband published it, ‘The sentence could also be written: * Eve wrote a book: her husband published it, * Eve wrote a book but her husband published it, B, When the independent clauses of a compound sentence are very long, or have internal punctuation, a semicolon is generally used before the coordinate conjunction. Internal punctuation means that there are commas within one or both of independent clauses. * I missed my children, especially in the late afternoons; but, | managed to cope. C. A. comma should not join two independent clauses unless a coordinate conjunction is used. When the writer uses a comma between the independent clauses of a compound sentence, he makes the error known as the comma fault * President Juan campaigned hard in the cities, he also visited the remote towns. (Comma fault) Comma Fault- the sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined solely by a comma, ‘To eliminate the error, you may do the following: * President Juan campaigned hard in the cities; he also visited the remote towns. (Use of semicolon) 132* President Juan campaigned hard in the cities, and he also visited the remote towns. (Use ofa conjunction with a comma) * President Juan campaigned hard in the cities and he also visited the remote towns, (Use ofa conjunction without a comma) * President Juan campaigned hard in the cities. He also visited the remote towns. (Punctuate the _ two independent clauses as two simple sentences) Run on sentence error is similar to a comma fault. The only difference is that the run on sentence consists of two or more independent statements that are run together without any punctuation, or without any connecting word * President Juan campaigned hard in the cities he also visited the remote towns, D. Transitional words can also be used to connect between two independent clauses of a ‘compound sentence. A semicolon always precedes connectives that belong to this group. Commonly Used Transitional Words ‘Accordingly indeed asa result ‘Afterwards likewise at last ‘Again meanwhile at the same time “Anyhow ‘moreover for example Besides namely for instance ‘Consequently nevertheless for this reason Doubiless next in any case Eventually otherwise in fact Evidently perhaps in like manner Finally passively in short Furthermore still on the contrary 133Hence then ‘on the other hand However therefore that is Yet thus in addition Rain is our choice for the post, besides, he is the only one qualified * Yul was in the shower; meanwhile, | finished cleaning the dishes. * We paid them as scheduled; as a result, we were given discounts. 3. Complex Sentence complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause. * Before the cock crows twice, you will disown me three times, * She went to the bank when it was convenient, 4. Compound Complex Sentence A compound complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (Independent clauses in hold letters, dependent clauses is underline) * While I was waiting for you, our teacher passed by and she inquired about your health * [have to endure the heat, although Lam feeling exhausted; moreover, I need to win this race. 134Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Chapter V Verbal’s Day 25 “Mind is the architect of our fate. It can make us sick, Or it can cure us. Verbals ‘Verbals are delivered from the verbs and remain many of the characteristics of verbs. Verbal words are used in both oral and written communication ‘Three Verb Form of Verbals (participle, gerunds, infinitives) A. Participle verbal is a verb form that acts as an adjectives, and participles function as adjectives. 135Four kinds of Participles 1. Present participles end in -ing and describe a present condition, Present participles are verbal’s (Their root words are verb) that acts as adjectives (modify nouns and pronouns) and end in -ing * The most beguiling people come out before election. (The word beguiling comes from the verb beguile.) 2. Past participles may end in -ed, d, -t, n, or -en, or may have a different spelling in case of irregular verb. Past participles of irregular verb include: swum drunk gone sung, etc * He complained to the waiter that he was given a bent fork. (bent- verb bend, bent modifies the noun) 3. Perfect participles- prefixing having to the past participle, Having sunghaving called having driven having seen * Having finished his homework, Lance called his teacher. The following are regular verbs and illustrate how the verbals change form when in present, past and perfect participles Regular Verbs 136Present Participle Past Participle ‘Aeting acted having acted ‘Adjusting adjusted having adjusted Altering altered having altered Amusing amused having amused ‘Announeing ‘announced having announced ‘Approaching ‘approached Having approached Banding banded having banded Baring bared having bared Bartering bartered having bartered Besieging besieged Having besieged Boiling boiled having boiled Calculating calculated having calculated Chewing chewed having chewed Claiming claimed having claimed Daring dared having dared Defining defined having defined Dissolving dissolved having dissolved Estimating estimated having estimated Fasting Tasted having fasied Feigning feigned having feigned Grading ‘graded having graded Glowing ‘glowed having glowed Greasing ‘greased having greased Hallucinating hallucinated having hallueinated Irregular Verb 137Present Participle Past Partici Perfect Participle ‘Arising arisen having arisen ‘Awaking awaked having awaked ‘Awoke having awoke Being (am) been having been Bearing (to carry) borne having borne Bearing (to give birth to) bom having born Beating beaten having beaten Becoming become having become Beginning begun having begun Bending bent Having bent Bidding bid having bid Binding bound having bound Bleeding Blend having blend Blowing blown having blown Breaking broken having broken Breeding bred having bred Bringing brought having brought Broadcasting broadcast having broadcast Broadcasted Having broadcasted Building built having built Bursting burst having burst Buying ought having bought Catching caught having caught Choosing chosen having chosen ‘Coming come having come Cutting cut having cut Doing ‘done ‘having done Drawing drawn’ having drawn 138Drinking ‘drunk having drank Driving driven having driven Eating eaten having eaten Falling fallen having fallen Fleeing fled having fled Flowing flowed raving flowed Flying Town having flown Forbidding forbidden having forbidden Forgetting forgotten, forgot forgotten, forgot Forgiving Torgiven| having forgiven Forsaking forsaken Having forsaken Freezing frozen having frozen Getting Bo, gotten raving got, gotten Giving given having given Going ‘gone having gone Grinding ‘ground having ground Growing grown, having grown Hanging (a picture) hung having hung Having had hhaving had Hearing heard having heard Hiding hidden having hidden Hitting hit having hit Holding held Having held Hurting hurt having hurt Keeping Kept Having kept Knowing known having known Taying Taid having laid Leading led having led 139Leaving Tet having left Tending Tent having lent Letting Tet having let Tying (recline) Tain having lain Losing Tost having lost Making made having made Meaning meant having meant ‘Meeting met having met Paying paid Having paid Proving proved having proved Proven having proven Putting put having put Quitting quit having quit Reading read Having read Riding ridden having ridden Ringing Tung having rung Rising risen ‘having risen Running run having run Saying said having said Seeing seen having seen Seeking sought having sought Selling sold having sold Sending sent having sent Setting set having set Shaking shaken having shaken Shinning (light) shone having shone Shooting shot Having shot Showing shown having shown 140Showed having showed Shrinking shrunk having shrunk Shutting shut having shut Singing ‘sung, having sung Sinking ‘sunk having sunk Sunken having sunken Siting sat having sat Sleeping slept having slept Sliding slid having slid Slinging slung having slung, Speaking spoken having spoken Speeding sped having sped Spinning ‘spun having spun Splitting split Having split Spreading, spread having spread Springing sprung having sprung Standing stood having stood Stealing stolen having stolen Stinging stung having stung, Suiking struck having struck Striving striven having striven ‘Swearing sworn raving swom ‘Swimming, ‘swum having swum Swinging ‘swung having swung, Taking taken having taken Teaching taught having taught Tearing tom raving tom Telling told having told ‘Thinking thought having thought aaiThrowing thrown having thrown Trying tried having tried Understanding understood having understood Wearing worn having worn Weaving woven having woven Weeping ‘wept having wept Winning won having won Winding wound having wound Withdrawing withdrawn) having withdrawn Wringing wrung, having wrung 4, Dangling participle another common mistake in English. Participle dangles if there is no word in the sentence which it could properly modify, or when it seems to be related to word which does not convey the meaning intended. * Working harder, my supervisor gave me a nod of approval. (Dangling participle) ‘The phrase working harder modifies the word supervisor. If what you mean by the sentence is "I worked harder that is why the supervisor gave me a nod of approval," then the sentence does not properly show this intended message. The sentence will be ‘misinterpreted as: "The supervisor is working harder and giving me the nod of approval." It is not clear that it is not the supervisor who is working harder. The sentence must be revised * After I worked harder, the supervisor gave me a nod of approval. (No dangling participle) a2Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 26 “All good works whatever are Not worth an iota of love, Which sets free the heart. Love which sets free the heart Comprises good work. It shines, give light and radiance.” Verbal Analogy Tests Verbal Analogy tests or verbal relationship questions ask that you identify the relationship between two words and find another pair of words that is parallel or of that same relationship. ‘Two Distinet types of knowledge A. Knowledge of the words and terms used in the analogy. B. Ability to relate these words and terms in a reasonable or logical manner. 143Principles of Taking Verbal Analogy Tests A. Read the analogy as a sentence. ak: Tree: Bungalow: Sentence: Oak is to tree as bungalow is to house? Or ak is related to tree in the same as bungalow is related to what? B, Express a relationship between the first two words. Substitute the third word for the first, and figure out a suitable for the second word, Oak is a kind of tree. Bungalow is a kind of house. C. Be alert to commonly used relationship as in the following: Relationship Example means the same as ‘wrath: anger (Opposite off Tong: short is a part of spring: watch usually become or comes before tadpole: frog usually goes with ‘bacon: eggs ~is used by (user) hammer: carpenter -is used to (done by) mop: clean “is made from or made of clothing: fabric a4“isa larger (smaller) version of Take: pond -is a measure of mile: distance D. Be aware of the general groupings of verbal relationship as in the following, 1. Person and Object Contestant: Prize- A contestant aims to win a prize 2. Class and Number Elegy: Poem- Elegy is a type of poem 3. Country and Capital Tokyo: Japan- Tokyo is the Capital of Japan 4. Sex Stallion: House- Stallion is the male gender of a horse 5. Tools Scalpel: Surgeon- A scalpel is a tool of a surgeon 6. Symbols Torch: Education- Torch is a symbol of education 7. Sequence Engagement: Marriage- Engagement comes before marriage 1458, Special Sequence Attic: Basement- Aitic is a room just below the roof. Basement is the story of a building just below the main floor. Exercise: Verbal Analogy and Relationship 1, Mare: Horse:: Lamb’ A.ewe Tigress ©. doe B lioness d. goat 2. Food: Famine: A water: drought _¢. seed: fruit e. supply: demand B. goods: stored. product: factory 3. Museum: Exhibit:: Theater: A frame ¢.gallery _ e. performance B. seats d. painting 4. Sister: Sibling:: Wife A friend c. mother _ ¢. housekeeper B spouse d_ Partner 5. Blind: sight: A. diabetic: sugar _¢, benevolent: charitye. indigent: tact B. amnesiac: memoryd. acrid: taste 146Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Day 27 “To exist is to change; To change is to mature; To mature is to go on creating oneself endlessly.” B. Gerunds 1. A gerund is a verbal, that is, both are formed from verbs. In contrast to a principle which is averbal that funetion as an adjective 2. A gerund is a verb form that acts as a noun. 3. A gerund ends in -ing. It may function as a subject, direct object, or object of a preposition, 4, Gerunds function as nouns, * Boxing is Manny Pacquiao's sport. ‘A. A gerund that is an object of a preposition and placed at the beginning of a sentence forms a phrase with the preposition and almost always expresses action. These must be some word in the sentence to indicate the doer of the action. If there is no such word, the phrase dangles in the sentence. a7* After receiving the notice, the deposit was withdrawn. (Preposition- after is the phrase receiving the notice, receiving- gerund) ‘The sentence should be revised; * Upon receiving the notice, I withdrew the deposit, Or * After I had received the notice, I withdrew the deposit, B. If a possessive noun or a possessive pronoun modifies the gerund, the proper possessive form must be used. Correct: The Doctor objects to my joining the race Incorrect: The Doctor objects to me joining the race C. Infinitives An infinitive contains the word to and the root word of a verb. It functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. When the word "to" is used with a verb form top complete the infinitive, it is not a preposition. It is merely the sign of the infinitive. Otherwise, if the word following the word fo is not a verb, ‘Then the word to is considered a preposition, | Infinitives can function as nouns. * To sing was Laila's ambition. (Subject) ag* Her ambition was to sing, (Predicate noun referring to the noun ambition in the subject) * She loves to sing. (Direct object of the verb loves) 2. Infinitives can function as adverbs * The ladies were convinced to dance. (To dance modifies the verb convinced) * Iwas indeed sorry.to learn that you are moving away. (To learn modifies the adjective sorry) 3. Infinitives used as adjectives * Inhis eyes there was no desire to live. (The infinitive to live describes the noun desire) * They denied him permission to appeal. (The infinitive to appeal modifies the noun permission) * The necessity to calla police was immediate. (To call a police deseribes the noun necessity) 4. The sign of infinitive, the word fo, is usually omitted after certain verbs in order to avoid awkward expressions, The fo is usually omitted after the following verbs Bear feel ‘watch let Dare help see make Please bid need * We saw him (to) enter the room. * Task her (to) help. * We watched them (to) leave the place. agSplit Infinitives An infinitive is "split" when a word (often an adverb) or phrase sneaks between the so of the infinitive and the root of the verb, There is a debate among many authorities in English regarding the use of split infinitives. Some sanctions the split infinitive if it results in a clearer meaning or a more pleasant sound. Ordinarily, it is not the best practice to split the infinitive * Her mother expected him to not sell the lot, In the preceding sentence, the word not sneaked in between the to of the infinitive and the verb sell. it is better to rewrite the sentence * Her mother expected him not to sell the lot. (Split infinitive) I ask you to immediately desist from spreading rumors. (Preferable) I ask you to desist immediately from spreading rumors. 150Master English Grammar in 30 Days! Chapter VI Punctuation Day 28 “Radiant is the mind; Pure energy is its essence. It is polluted only by defilements.” Punctuation Punetuation marks are symbols or signs used to make the meaning or written words clear to the reader. A punetuation mark can tell you that the sentence expresses a question, declares a statement, or indicates a strong emotion Types of Punctuation 1511. Period (.) a period may tell you that the sentence expresses a complete though has ended. Period has several uses ‘A. Use a period at the end ofa declarative or imperative sentence. * LT Jojo is a visionary leader and a man of action. * Please give my letter to the kind lad named Mikoy. B, Use a period rather than a question mark after a courteous request even if the sentence poses a question. * Will you please give it today. CC. Use a period rather than a question mark after an indireet question * They are asking if you wish to go with them, D. Use a period after initials and abbreviations, * Mrs * PhD, * L.B Makiraptanan E, Use three periods to indicate the omission of words from a quotation and four periods when the omission comes at the end of a quoted passage. 1s2* "Happy is the man who has not walked in the counsel of the wicked ones... but his delight is in the law of Jehovah..." -Psalms 1:1-2 2. Question Mark (2) Question mark has several uses A. Use a question mark at the end of a direct question, * Are you planning for a swimming? B. Ina sentence containing more than one question, each question may use a question ‘mark, But if'a question is not complete until the final word of the sentence, the question ‘mark is placed only at the end. * Are you sure of this name? This age? This address? * Will you come back on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday? 3. Exclamation Mark (!) Exclamation Mark has several uses A. Use the exclamation mark to end exclamatory sentences. Such sentences express strong or sudden emotion. 153