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Digital Communication PDF

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43 views6 pages

Digital Communication PDF

digital communication pdf

Uploaded by

soumojit048
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dept.

of Electronics and Electrical Communication


Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Digital Communication Laboratory (EC 39002)

Experiment No: 1
Title: Line Coding
Date of submission: 20/01/2024

Name: Soumojit Bhattacharya


Roll No: 21EC10071
Group No: 23
Objective
To design a circuit for generation of different line coding schemes using a given PN
sequence.

Key Components
IC 7486 (Quad 2-i/p XOR gate)
IC 7495 (4-bit shift register)
IC 7404( NOR gate)
IC 7408 (AND gate)
IC7476 (JK flip-flop)
IC 741 (Op-Amp), )
digital oscilloscope
function generator
Breadboard
connecting wires
power supply.

Brief Theory
A line code is used for data transmission of a digital signal over a
transmission line. This coding process is chosen to avoid the distortion
of signals such as inter-symbol interference.
The line code technique has the capability to do spectrum shaping and
relocation without modulation or filtering. Line codes encoding process is
chosen are suitable for transmission over baseband channels.
There are many ways this conversion of bits to waveforms could be
done. For example, a data value of 0 could be represented by a 1ms
pulse and a data value of 1 could be represented by a 2ms pulse. There
are dozens of different line codes in use. They have been developed to
match the characteristics of different channels, different data rates,
different implementation technologies and different cost/performance
requirements.
The choice of line code will depend on the requirements of the
application and will include compromises between bandwidth, DC
content, transition density and implementation complexity. There are 3
types of Line Coding (i) Unipolar (ii) Polar (iii) Bi-polar.
Different Line Coding Schemes
Images

Return to Zero (RZ)

Manchester
3-L Coding

Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)


Discussion
In this experiment we designed a circuit for generation of different
line coding schemes to a PN signal which we can think of as a
randomly generated signal.
The line coding techniques that we used are Return to Zero (RZ),
Manchester, Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) and 3-L Coding.
For Return to Zero (RZ) and Manchester we just needed to use Xor
and and gates with our input and clock signals.
For Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) and 3-L Coding, we constructed
Mealy machines which were then used to construct Karnaugh-Maps
for next state values from current state values. We can then use D
or JK flip flops to construct the line encoding circuits. To get output
from current state values we set the state values such that we could
just use a subtractor circuit for it.
Return to Zero is a Unipolar Signalling variation where the duration
for when the output signal is high for every pulse is less that the
total duration of a single pulse. This can help us to distinguish
between multiple pulses when the bit sequence being transferred
consists of multiple 1s in a row.
In Manchester we get a transition for every data bit transferred
which makes it self-clocking, which means that accurate clock
recovery from a data stream is possible.
We just use two voltage levels for these two techniques but we use
3 levels in AMI and 3-L making them types of Bipolar Signalling.
In AMI we treat consecutive high bits differently. Both AMI and RZ
return a low signal for a 0 bit while Manchester and 3-L handle 0
differently.
3-L basically tries to capture every time the data being transferred
changes from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0 and so it is important to know
with what value, the signal actually starts.

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