Internet of Things

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT):

IoT Vision: The vision behind IoT is to have plug-n-play smart objects that can be deployed in any
environment with an interoperable interconnection backbone that allows them to blend with other smart
objects around them. Standardization of frequency bands and protocols plays a pivotal role in
accomplishing this goal.
IoT Definition: The Internet of Things refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature
an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects and
other Internet-enabled devices and systems.

IOT Conceptual Framework

The main tasks of this framework are to analyze and determine the smart activities of these intelligent
devices through maintaining a dynamic interconnection among those devices. The proposed framework
will help to standardize IoT infrastructure so that it can receive e-services based on context information
leaving the current infrastructure unchanged. The active collaboration of these heterogeneous devices and
protocols can lead to future ambient computing where the maximum utilization of cloud computing will be
ensured. This model is capable of logical division of physical devices placement, creation of virtual links
among different domains, networks and collaborate among multiple application without any central
coordination system. IaaS can afford standard functionalities to accommodate and provides access to
cloud infrastructure. The service is generally offered by modern data centers maintained by giant
companies and organization. It is categorized as virtualization of resources which permits a user to install
and run application over virtualization layer and allows the system to be distributed, configurable and
scalable.
Total infrastructure system can be categorized into 4 layers to receive context supported e-services out of
raw data from the Internet of Things. These 4 layers establish a generic framework that does not alter the
current network infrastructure but create an interfacing among services and entities through network
virtualization.

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 Figure 1.1 : IOT Conceptual View

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 1. Connectivity Layer
This layer includes all the physical devices involved in the framework and the interconnection among them.
Future internet largely depends on the unification of these common objects found everywhere near us and
these should be distinctly identifiable and controllable.

This layer also involves assigning of low range networking devices like sensors, actuators, RFID tags etc and
resource management checks the availability of physical resources of all the devices and networks involved
in the underlying infrastructure. These devices contain very limited resources and resource management
ensures the maximum utilization with little overhead. It also allows sharing and distribution of information
among multiple networks or single network divided into multiple domains.

2. Access Layer
Context Data will be reached to internet via IoT Gateway as captured by short range devices in form of raw
data. Access layer comprises topology definition, network initiation, creation of domains etc. This layer also
includes connection setup, intra-inter domain communication, scheduling, packet transmissions between
flow-sensors and IoT gateway. The simulation was run later in this paper for different scenario based on
this layer. Feature management contains a feature filter which accepts only acceptable context data and
redundant data are rejected. Large number of sensor maintains lots of features but only a small subset of
features is useful generate a context data.
Feature filter helps to reduce irrelevant data transmission, increases the data transfer rate of useful data
and reduce energy and CPU consumption too. Number of features can be different based on the
application requirements and context data types.

3. Abstraction Layer
One of the most important characteristics of OpenFlow is to add virtual layers with the preset layers,
leaving the established infrastructure unchanged. A virtual link can be created among different networks
and a common platform can be developed for various communication systems. The system is fully a
centralized system from physical layer viewpoint but a distribution of service (flow visor could be utilized)
could be maintained. One central system can monitor, control all sorts of traffics. It can help to achieve
better band-width, reliability, robust routing, etc. which will lead to a better Quality of Services (QoS).
In a multi-hopping scenario packets are transferred via some adjacent nodes. So, nodes near to access
points bears too much load in comparison to distant nodes in a downstream scenario and inactivity of
these important nodes may cause the network to be collapsed. Virtual presence of sensor nodes can solve
the problem where we can create a virtual link between two sensor networks through access point
negotiation. So, we can design a three a three layer platform, where common platform and virtualization
layer are newly added with established infrastructure. Sensors need not to be worried about reach-ability
or their placement even in harsh areas. Packet could be sent to any nodes even if it is sited on different
networks.

4. Service Layer
Storage management bears the idea about all sorts of unfamiliar and/or important technologies and
information which can turn the system scalable and efficient. It is not only responsible for storing data but
also to provide security along with it. It also allows accessing data effectively; integrating data to enhance
service intelligence, analysis based on the services required and most importantly increases the storage
efficiency. Storage and management layer involves data storage & system supervision, software services
and business management & operations. Though they are included in one layer, the business support
system resides slightly above of cloud computing service whereas Open-Flow is placed below of it as
presented to include virtualizations and monitor management.
Service management combines the required services with organizational solutions and thus new
generation user service becomes simplified. These forthcoming services are necessitated to be co
interrelated and combined in order to meet the demand socio- economic factors such as environment
analysis, safety measurement, climate management, agriculture modernization etc.

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 IOT architectural view-IOT architecture consists of different layers of technologies supporting IOT. It serves
to illustrate how various technologies relate to each other and to communicate the scalability, modularity
and configuration of IOT deployments in different scenarios.

Figure 1.2: IOT architectural view

The functionality of each layer is described below:

 Smart device / sensor layer: The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors.
The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds allowing real-time
information to be collected and processed. There are various types of sensors for different
purposes. The sensors have the capacity to take measurements such as temperature, air quality,
speed, humidity, pressure, flow, movement and electricity etc. In some cases, they may also have a
degree of memory, enabling them to record a certain number of measurements. A sensor can
measure the physical property and convert it into signal that can be understood by an instrument.
Sensors are grouped according to their unique purpose such as environmental sensors, body
sensors, home appliance sensors and vehicle telemetric sensors, etc
 Gateways and Networks-Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny sensors and this
requires a robust and high performance wired or wireless network infrastructure as a transport
medium. Current networks, often tied with very different protocols, have been used to support
machine-to-machine (M2M) networks and their applications. With demand needed to serve a
wider range of IOT services and applications such as high speed transactional services, context-
aware applications, etc, multiple networks with various technologies and access protocols are
needed to work with each other in a heterogeneous configuration. These networks can be in the
form of a private, public or hybrid models and are built to support the communication
requirements for latency, bandwidth or security. Various gateways (microcontroller,
microprocessor) & gateway networks (WI-FI, GSM, GPRS).

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  Management Service Layer-The management service renders the processing of information
possible through analytics, security controls, process modeling and management of devices. One of
the important features of the management service layer is the business and process rule engines.
IOT brings connection and interaction of objects and systems together providing information in the
form of events or contextual data such as temperature of goods, current location and traffic data.
Some of these events require filtering or routing to post-processing systems such as capturing of
periodic sensory data, while others require response to the immediate situations such as reacting
to emergencies on patient’s health conditions. The rule engines support the formulation of decision
logics and trigger interactive and automated processes to enable a more responsive IOT system.
 Application Layer-The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such as:
Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency,
Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and Energy.

The Technology Behind IoT

Several technologies are involved in making the Internet of Things possible. First is identification. Since
there will be billions of devices that will connect to the Internet, each one requires a unique identification.
This is only possible if they’re IPv6 enabled, as the current IPv4 network has depleted its universe of IP
addresses.
An IoT device needs to sense, which is possible by putting sensors that measure various aspects of an
object. The object needs to have the ability to communicate what it has measured with the outside world.
This world could be the Internet, or other similar objects around it. A central server where data from all the
objects will be collected for analysis. It could be an application or an appliance that can download all data,
and allow the user to control, manage, and analyze it.

Identification Technology for IoT

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): This technology uses radio waves to accomplish communication
between the data from an electronic device for the objective of identifying and also to locate and sense
the environment around.

Quick Response Code: Short for QR code, this is a machine readable visual label that contains information
about things to which it is affixed. It uses 4 standardized encoding modes viz. numeric, alpha numeric,
byte/binary to effectively store information about those things. A QR Code on any device/things consists of
black segments organized in a rectangle which can be read by QR software. Nowadays smartphones act as
QR code readers, which interpret the code and extract information from it. QR codes can also be used to
track where the thing has been scanned and find its location.

Communication Protocols Used

Things must communicate with each other. Data then must be collected and sent to a remote server,
indicating device information or the environment around it which if required is sent back to devices with
other information to trigger various decisions or actions. For this purpose various protocols are used.

Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a protocol to gather device data and communicate it to
the IT infrastructure and servers. Large networks of devices can be controlled or monitored with it. The
protocol works on top of TCP providing a reliable stream of data flow.

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a protocol used for connecting devices to people.
It’s an alternative to the D2S protocol, as people are connected to servers. XMPP provides a great way for
example, to connect your home heater to a Web server so that you can monitor it from your smartphone.
This protocol is ideal for consumer-oriented IoT applications.

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 Data Distribution Service (DDS) is a device-to-device communication protocol. It shares device data with
other devices over a network. DDS provides effective ways to filter and choose exactly which information
goes where.

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is a queuing protocol used to link web servers to each
other. In IoT, AMPQ is suited for server based functions.

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a protocol developed to be used in electronics devices allowing
them to communicate interactively over the Internet. It is primarily focused on low power sensors,
switches, valves and similar components that need to be controlled or accessed remotely, through
standard Internet networks. CoAP works on application layer to be used in resource-constrained internet
devices, such as Wireless Sensor Networks and WSN nodes.

IPv6 and the Internet of Things

Without public IP addresses, IoT capability would be greatly reduced. IPv6 spreads the addressing space in
order to support all growing Internet-enabled devices. IPv6 has been designed to provide secure
communications to users and mobility for all devices attached to the user. It has been regarded as the
most suitable technology for IoT as it provides scalability, end to end connectivity, extended address space,
etc. IPv6 integrated with Internet of Things can bring the world to a whole new level of interoperable
devices leading to smarter cities, intelligent transport systems, advanced healthcare, etc. When all things
can be represented by IPv6, we can ensure that makes use of IP protocols such as MIPv6 for mobile
mobility and IPSec for security.

Other Protocols and APIs Used

IoT uses the REST API architecture and JSON, Java programming languages to function. The REST API is a
platform that defines a set of principles by which web services can be developed to focus on a system’s
resources, such as how the resource states are addressed and transferred over HTTP by a wide range of
devices. REST is mostly used in smart-phone applications, and automated business processes.

Xively REST API: This is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) for the Internet of Things. Xively makes it easier for
interconnecting devices, data, people and places, to create powerful alternative solutions that will
transform how people experience their world.

Devices/Hardware Available to Build Internet Connected Hardware in IOT

Developing an internet connected thing requires both hardware and software. With devices like Spark
Core, Smart Things, Nest, WeMo, etc, designing a hardware that communicates with software and
software that communicates with hardware can be achieved.

SOURCES OF IOT
Arduino Uno
Arduino Uno, for sure, is one the most used development board. It is an open-source development board
based on ATmega328P.
Arduino MKR1000
Arduino MKR1000 is one of the latest board. MKR1000 has been designed for IoT projects. It supports
natively WIFI connection and it is very easy to use. It is based on the Atmel ATSAMW25.
BeagleBone black
This board is a low-cost board supported by the community made for developers and hobbyists. It uses
Linux as OS
Raspberry PI 2 Model B
Raspberry, like Arduino, is one the most used development board. Raspberry Pi has various versions with
various power capabilities. Moreover, Raspberry can be considered a small computer because it has all the
features we can find in a common PC: keyboard, HDMI and so on. It is very small (more or less it is like a

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 credit card) and is powered by Linux. Raspberry PI 2 model B has been replaced by the latest Raspberry PI
3.
UDOO
UDOO Neo is an interesting board that differs from others. It is a Arduino-Android/Linux device. It has a set
of built-in features like WIFI, g-axis motion sensor and Bluetooth support.
Particle Photon
Particle Photon is a very small development board with a built-in WIFI module. This makes it ready for IoT
project. It has a set of expansion kits that make the development process faster.
ESP8266
This board is a low-cost board with a built-in WIFI system that enables rapid IoT project prototyping. It
comes with several variants having specific features like memory capacity or pins number.
Intel Edison
Intel Edison is a new IoT development board very powerful. It comes in several variants, like Intel Edison
with Arduino breakout kit.

MACHINE-TO-MACHINE COMMUNICATION
M2M means two machines “communicating,” or exchanging data, without human interfacing or
interaction. This includes serial connection, power line connection (PLC), or wireless communications in the
industrial Internet of Things (IoT). Switching over to wireless has made M2M communication much easier
and enabled more applications to be connected.
M2M allows virtually any sensor to communicate, which opens up the possibility of systems monitoring
themselves and automatically responding to changes in the environment, with a much reduced need for
human involvement. M2M can refer to any two machines—wired or wireless—communicating with one
another.
Traditionally, M2M focused on “industrial telematics,” which is a fancy way of explaining data transfer for
some commercial benefit. But many original uses of M2M still stand today, like smart meters. Wireless
M2M has been dominated by cellular since it came out in the mid-2000’s with 2G cell networks. Because of
this, the cellular market has tried to brand M2M as an inherently cellular thing by offering M2M data plans.
But cellular M2M is only one subsection of the market, and it shouldn’t be thought of as a cellular-only
area.

M2M Working
The machine-to-machine communication makes the Internet of Things possible. M2M technologies can
connect millions of devices within a single network. The range of connected devices includes anything from
vending machines to medical equipment to vehicles to buildings. Virtually anything that houses sensor or
control technology can be connected to some sort of wireless network.

Figure 1.3: M2M Communication

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 M2M networks are very similar to LAN or WAN networks, but are exclusively used to allow machines,
sensors, and controls, to communicate. These devices feed information they collect back to other devices
in the network. This process allows a human (or an intelligent control unit) to assess what is going on
across the whole network and issue appropriate instructions to member devices

IOT EXAMPLES
1. Smart Home
With IoT you could switch on air conditioning before reaching home or switch off lights even after you
have left home. Or unlock the doors to friends for temporary Smart Home products are promised to save
time, energy and money. With Smart home companies like Nest, Ecobee, Ring and August, to name a few,
will become household brands and are planning to deliver a never seen before experience.
2. Wearables
Wearable devices are installed with sensors and softwares which collect data and information about the
users. This data is later pre-processed to extract essential insights about user.These devices broadly cover
fitness, health and entertainment requirements. The pre-requisite from internet of things technology for
wearable applications is to be highly energy efficient or ultra-low power and small sized.
3. Connected Cars
A connected car is a vehicle which is able to optimize it’s own operation, maintenance as well as comfort of
passengers using onboard sensors and internet connectivity.
4. Industrial Internet
Industrial Internet is the new buzz in the industrial sector, also termed as Industrial Internet of Things
(IIoT). It is empowering industrial engineering with sensors, software and big data analytics to create
brilliant machines.
The philosophy behind IIoT is that, smart machines are more accurate and consistent than humans in
communicating through data. And, this data can help companies pick inefficiencies and problems sooner.
IIoT holds great potential for quality control and sustainability. Applications for tracking goods, real time
information exchange about inventory among suppliers and retailers and automated delivery will increase
the supply chain efficiency.
5. Smart Cities
Smart city is another powerful application of IoT generating curiosity among world’s population. Smart
surveillance, automated transportation, smarter energy management systems, water distribution, urban
security and environmental monitoring all are examples of internet of things applications for smart cities.
By installing sensors and using web applications, citizens can find free available parking slots across the
city. Also, the sensors can detect meter tampering issues, general malfunctions and any installation issues
in the electricity system.
6. IoT in agriculture
Farmers are using meaningful insights from the data to yield better return on investment. Sensing for soil
moisture and nutrients, controlling water usage for plant growth and determining custom fertilizer are
some simple uses of IoT.
7. Smart Retail
Smart phones will be the way for retailers to remain connected with their consumers even out of store.
Interacting through Smart phones and using Beacon technology can help retailers serve their consumers
better. They can also track consumer’s path through a store and improve store layout and place premium
products in high traffic areas.
8. Energy Engagement
The basic idea behind the smart grids is to collect data in an automated fashion and analyze the behavior
or electricity consumers and suppliers for improving efficiency as well as economics of electricity use.
Smart Grids will also be able to detect sources of power outages more quickly and at individual household
levels like nearby solar panel, making possible distributed energy system.
9. IOT in Healthcare
IoT in healthcare is aimed at empowering people to live healthier life by wearing connected devices.

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 The collected data will help in personalized analysis of an individual’s health and provide tailor made
strategies to combat illness.
10. IoT in Poultry and Farming
Livestock monitoring is about animal husbandry and cost saving. Using IoT applications to gather data
about the health and well being of the cattle, ranchers knowing early about the sick animal can pull out
and help prevent large number of sick cattle.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR CONNECTED DEVICES

Interoperability
At the most fundamental level, a connected system requires sensors, machines, equipment, and sites, to
communicate and exchange data. Interoperability is the underlying principle throughout all design
processes.
Information transparency
The rapid growth of connected devices means continuous bridging between the physical and digital
worlds. In this context, information transparency means that physical processes should be recorded and
stored virtually, creating a Digital Twin.
Technical assistance
A driving benefit of IoT, technical assistance refers to the ability of connected systems to provide and
display data that helps people to make better operational decisions and solve issues faster. In addition,
IoT-enabled things should assist people in laborious tasks to improve productivity and safety.
Decentralized decisions
The final principle is for the connected system to go beyond assisting and exchanging data, to be able to
make decisions and execute requirements according to its defined logic.

IoT/M2M systems layers and design standardization

Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) is responsible for creating the design and standardization of IOT abs
M2M. IETF suggests some IOT specifications like:

Modified OSI for IoT and M2M

The modified OSI model consists of six layers
New applications and services are present in layer-6 . The Layer-5 is used for client-server interaction with
help of the protocols like CoAP. The Application support layer also may include process for data managing,
acquiring and organizing.

Figure 1.4: Modified 6 layer OSI

Another layer ie data adaptation layers contains a gateway that enable the communication between
devices network and the web.

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 A physical IoT/M2 hardware may integrate a transceiver using a communication protocol as well as data
link protocol for linking the data stacks
Wi-Fi:
Wi fi is a interface technology that uses IEEE 802.11 protocol and enables WLAN. WiFi connects the
distributed WLANs network using internet.
RF Transceivers and RF Modules
These are the simplest RF circuits. It receives RF from one end and transmit RF from another end. IoT and
M2M deploys RF Modules with transceivers

Communication Technologies
GPRS/GPS Cellular networks

Data enrichment and Consolidation

Data consolidation refers to the collection and integration of data from multiple sources into a single
destination. During this process, different data sources are put together, or consolidated, into a single data
store
Because data comes from a broad range of sources, consolidation allows organizations to more easily
present data, while also facilitating effective data analysis. Data consolidation techniques reduce
inefficiencies, like data duplication, costs related to reliance on multiple databases and multiple data
management points.
Data enrichment is a general term that refers to processes used to enhance, refine or otherwise improve
raw data. This idea and other similar concepts contribute to making data a valuable asset for almost any
modern business or enterprise. It also shows the common imperative of proactively using this data in
various ways.
Although data enrichment can work in many different ways, many of the tools used for this goal involve a
refinement of data that might include small errors. A common data enrichment process could, for
example, correct likely misspellings or typographical errors in a database through the use of precision
algorithms. Following this logic, data enrichment tools could also add information to simple data tables.

Another way that data enrichment can work is in extrapolating data. Through methodologies such as fuzzy
logic, engineers can produce more from a given raw data set. This and other projects can be described as
data enrichment activities.

Ease of Designing
 Design for connected devices for IoT Applications, Services and business processes
 Designer considers the ease in designing the devices physical, data link, adaption layers and
gateway
 Means availability of sensors, actuators, controllers and IoT devices
 Low in cost and hardware
 Use preferably open source software components and protocols
 Device hardware should embed minimum of components
 Use ready solutions for ease in designing local devices personal area network
 Ensure the secure connectivity with the Internet

Affordability of IoT devices

 The card: An embedded microcontroller, memory, OS, NFC peripheral interfaces, access point
based device activation, RF module and transceiver and all that at low cost
 For example, Wireless sensors use Mote (mobile terminal)
 Mote: Low cost devices with open source OS (tiny OS) and software components
 Provides ease and affordance in the WSN network.

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