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15 views3 pages

MFC Arithmetic - 29.04.24

Bb

Uploaded by

samusojjin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics Foundation Course

1 Arithmetic
1. Digits
Digits are the basic blocks in arithmetic-just like letters in any language. We use digits to make
numbers.
There are 10 digits in Mathematics; 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
These are known as ”Indo-Arabic Digits, since 0 was invented by Indians and 1-9 were invented by
Arabs.

2. Natural Numbers
1,2,3,4,5.... These are the numbers we used to count objects around us. They are also known as
”counting Numbers”. When we add 1 to any natural number, we get the next natural number.1 is
the smallest natural number. But we cannot define the largest natural number.

3. Whole Numbers
0,1,2,3,4,5,6....
Natural numbers, together with 0 forms the Whole numbers.
Any higher number system can be derived from these numbers.

4. Addition

(a) Addition of digits

+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1
(b) Addition of two-digit numbers
Addition of two-digit numbers by splitting the second number to 10’s and one’s
Eg: 48 + 68 = 48 + 60 + 8 = 108 + 8 = 116
38 + 97 = 38 + 90 + 7 = 128 + 7 = 135

(c) Addition of three-digit numbers


Addition of two-digit numbers by splitting the second number to 100’s, 10’s and one’s.
Eg: 324 + 156 = 324 + 100 + 50 + 6 = 424 + 50 + 6 = 474 + 6 = 480
627 + 328 = 627 + 300 + 20 + 8 = 927 + 20 + 8 = 947 + 8 = 955

5. Multiplication
Multiplication is repeated addition.
Eg: 5 × 3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15
8 × 6 = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 48

× 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

Factors: Factors of a number are those numbers, whom on multiplication with other numbers gives
the first number. Or factors of a number are those which perfectly divides that number (without
leaving a reminder).
Eg: Factors of 16 − 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
Factors of 24 − 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

6. Classification of Natural Numbers

(a) Prime Numbers


Any natural number that has only 1 and the number itself as factors is called a ”Prime Number”
Prime numbers are: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23...
2 is the smallest prime number and the only even prime number

(b) Composite Numbers


Any natural number that has more than two factors is a composite number.

2
Eg: 4,6,8,9,12,14,15...

Note
1 is neither prime nor composite.

(c) Even Numbers


These are the multiples of 2.
Eg: 2,4,6,8,10...
(d) Odd Numbers: Natural numbers other than even numbers are called odd numbers
Eg: 1,3,5,7,9...

Note
All natural numbers are either even or odd.

7. Prime Factorisation
It is the process by which we factorise a number using prime numbers. An example is given below.
5 625
5 125
5 25
5 5
1
Here, the prime factorisation of 625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
Let’s see another example;
2 126
3 63
3 21
7
Here, 126 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 7
2 2304
2 1152
2 576
2 288
2 144
Here’s another example
2 72
2 36
2 18
3 9
3

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