CMP 202 ASSIGNMENT

ABIDOYE JESSE OYEWALE

BHU/19/01/02/0029
ANSWERS
1. Method Overloading: Method overloading allows defining multiple
methods with the same name but differe1. Method Overloading: Method
overloading allows defining multiple methods with the same name but
different parameters in a class. In Python, it’s achieved through default
arguments and variable-length arguments.
2. Method Overriding: Method overriding is when a subclass provides a
specific implementation for a method already defined in its parent class,
allowing for polymorphism and customization in object-oriented
programming.
3. Nature of Event:
Error: An error typically refers to a severe and unrecoverable issue that occurs at a
system level. Errors often lead to the termination of the program or the system
itself. Examples include hardware failures or out-of-memory errors.
Exception: An exception, on the other hand, is a more specific and manageable
event that occurs within the program’s context. Exceptions can be caught and
handled by the program, allowing it to recover gracefully.
Handling Error:
Errors are typically not handled by the program but are left for the system or
environment to manage. They often result in program crashes or system failures.
Exception: Exceptions are meant to be handled by the program. Developers can
anticipate specific types of exceptions and implement error-handling mechanisms
to deal with them.
Examples of Exceptions:
NullPointerException: This occurs when a program attempts to access an object or
variable that doesn’t exist (null reference). For example, trying to call a method on
a null object.
IOException: This exception is thrown when an input or output operation (e.g., file
reading/writing) encounters an issue, such as a file not being found or permission
denied.
ArithmeticException: This exception occurs when an arithmetic operation is
performed with inappropriate operands, such as dividing by zero.
4. Public class EvenNumberCounter {
Public static int countEvenNumbers(int[] arr) {
Int count = 0; // Initialize a counter to keep track of even numbers

For (int num : arr) {

If (num % 2 == 0) {
Count++; // Increment the counter if the number is even
}
}

Return count; // Return the count of even numbers

}

Public static void main(String[] args) {

Int[] numbers = {6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 8, 3, 9, 3};
Int evenCount = countEvenNumbers(numbers);
System.out.println(“Number of even numbers: “ + evenCount);
}
}
5. Import java.util.*;

Public class DuplicateNumberFinder {

Public static List<Integer> findDuplicates(int[] arr) {
List<Integer> duplicates = new ArrayList<>();
Set<Integer> seenNumbers = new HashSet<>();

For (int num : arr) {

If (seenNumbers.contains(num)) {
Duplicates.add(num); // Add the duplicate number to the list
} else {
seenNumbers.add(num); // Add the number to the set if it’s not seen
before
}
}

Return duplicates;
}

Public static void main(String[] args) {

Int[] numbers = {6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 8, 3, 9, 3};
List<Integer> duplicateNumbers = findDuplicates(numbers);

If (!duplicateNumbers.isEmpty()) {
 System.out.println(“Duplicate numbers in the array: “ + duplicateNumbers);
} else {
System.out.println(“No duplicate numbers found in the array.”);
}
}
}
6. Method Signature Must Match.
Access Modifier Rules.
No Increase in Exception Types.
Method in Subclass Must Be Marked as @Override (Optional).
The Overriding Method Should Not Reduce Visibility.
Return Type Covariance (For Java 5 and later).
Static Methods Cannot Be Overridden.
Constructors and Private Methods Cannot Be Overridden.
6.
Public class ArrayValueReplacement {
Public static void main(String[] args) {
Int[] arr = {6, 7, 8, 4, 9, 8, 5, 7, 5};
Int valueToReplace = 9;
Int replacementValue = 17;

// Find the index of the value 9 in the array

Int indexToReplace = -1;
For (int I = 0; I < arr.length; i++) {
 If (arr[i] == valueToReplace) {
indexToReplace = I;
break;
}
}

// Check if the value was found before replacing

If (indexToReplace != -1) {
// Print the index of the value 9
System.out.println(“Index of value “ + valueToReplace + “: “ +
indexToReplace);

// Replace the value 9 with 17

Arr[indexToReplace] = replacementValue;

// Print the updated array

System.out.print(“Updated Array: “);
For (int num : arr) {
System.out.print(num + “ “);
}
} else {
System.out.println(“Value “ + valueToReplace + “ not found in the array.”);
}
}
}
 7. An interface in programming is a blueprint for a class that defines a set of
abstract methods. It’s defined by declaring these methods without
implementations, specifying a contract that classes implementing the
interfacent parameters in a class. In Python, it's achieved through default
arguments and variable-length arguments.
Method Overriding: Method overriding is when a subclass provides a specific
implementation for a method already defined in its parent class, allowing for
polymorphism and customization in object-oriented programming.
2. Nature of Event:
Error: An error typically refers to a severe and unrecoverable issue that occurs at a
system level. Errors often lead to the termination of the program or the system
itself. Examples include hardware failures or out-of-memory errors.
Exception: An exception, on the other hand, is a more specific and manageable
event that occurs within the program's context. Exceptions can be caught and
handled by the program, allowing it to recover gracefully.
Handling:Error:
Errors are typically not handled by the program but are left for the system or
environment to manage. They often result in program crashes or system failures.
Exception: Exceptions are meant to be handled by the program. Developers can
anticipate specific types of exceptions and implement error-handling mechanisms
to deal with them.
Examples of Exceptions:
NullPointerException: This occurs when a program attempts to access an object or
variable that doesn't exist (null reference). For example, trying to call a method on
a null object.
IOException: This exception is thrown when an input or output operation (e.g., file
reading/writing) encounters an issue, such as a file not being found or permission
denied.
ArithmeticException: This exception occurs when an arithmetic operation is
performed with inappropriate operands, such as dividing by zero.
3. public class EvenNumberCounter {
public static int countEvenNumbers(int[] arr) {
int count = 0; // Initialize a counter to keep track of even numbers

for (int num : arr) {

if (num % 2 == 0) {
count++; // Increment the counter if the number is even
}
}

return count; // Return the count of even numbers

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] numbers = {6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 8, 3, 9, 3};
int evenCount = countEvenNumbers(numbers);
System.out.println("Number of even numbers: " + evenCount);
}
}
4. import java.util.*;

public class DuplicateNumberFinder {

public static List<Integer> findDuplicates(int[] arr) {
List<Integer> duplicates = new ArrayList<>();
 Set<Integer> seenNumbers = new HashSet<>();

for (int num : arr) {

if (seenNumbers.contains(num)) {
duplicates.add(num); // Add the duplicate number to the list
} else {
seenNumbers.add(num); // Add the number to the set if it's not seen
before
}
}

return duplicates;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] numbers = {6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 8, 3, 9, 3};
List<Integer> duplicateNumbers = findDuplicates(numbers);

if (!duplicateNumbers.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Duplicate numbers in the array: " + duplicateNumbers);
} else {
System.out.println("No duplicate numbers found in the array.");
}
}
}
5. Method Signature Must Match.
Access Modifier Rules.
No Increase in Exception Types.
Method in Subclass Must Be Marked as @Override (Optional).
The Overriding Method Should Not Reduce Visibility.
Return Type Covariance (For Java 5 and later).
Static Methods Cannot Be Overridden.
Constructors and Private Methods Cannot Be Overridden.
6.
public class ArrayValueReplacement {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = {6, 7, 8, 4, 9, 8, 5, 7, 5};
int valueToReplace = 9;
int replacementValue = 17;

// Find the index of the value 9 in the array

int indexToReplace = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (arr[i] == valueToReplace) {
indexToReplace = i;
break;
}
}
 // Check if the value was found before replacing
if (indexToReplace != -1) {
// Print the index of the value 9
System.out.println("Index of value " + valueToReplace + ": " +
indexToReplace);

// Replace the value 9 with 17

arr[indexToReplace] = replacementValue;

// Print the updated array

System.out.print("Updated Array: ");
for (int num : arr) {
System.out.print(num + " ");
}
} else {
System.out.println("Value " + valueToReplace + " not found in the array.");
}
}
}
8. An interface in programming is a blueprint for a class that defines a set of
abstract methods. It's defined by declaring these methods without
implementations, specifying a contract that classes implementing the
interface must follow. In Java, for example, you define an interface using the
interface keyword.
9. Size:
Array: Fixed size, cannot change after creation.ArrayList: Dynamically resizes
as elements are added or removed.Type:Array: Can store primitive data
types and objects.ArrayList: Can only store objects, not primitive types.
Efficiency:
Array: Generally more memory-efficient and faster for simple element
access.
ArrayList: Less memory-efficient and can be slower due to dynamic resizing.
Flexibility:
Array: Limited flexibility for size changes and manipulation.
ArrayList: Offers flexibility with dynamic resizing and built-in methods.
Syntax and Methods:
Array: Uses square brackets for element access, lacks built-in methods for
manipulation.
ArrayList: Uses methods like add(), remove(), and get() for easier element
manipulation.
Compatibility with Generics:
Array: Not ideal for generics and type safety.
ArrayList: Works well with generics for type safety.