Definition of Research

Over the years, many experts have given their own definition of the word
research." Different perspectives on the subject have been adopted that resulted
in the following definitions:
1. Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses standardized
approach to answer questions or solving problems (Polit & Beck, 2004).

2. Research plays an important role in tertiary education. Though there are many
problems confronted by higher education, developments are realized through
research. After all its main purpose is to answer a question or to solve an issue
(Palispis, 2004).
3. Research is a continuous undertaking of making known the unknown (Sachez,
2002). It entails an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of new
ideas, methods, or improvements. It is an attempt lo widen one's outlook in life.
It always proceeds from the known to the unknown. Thus, the end of research is
to arrive at a new truth.
4. Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of
new information or concepts (Sanchez, 1999).
5. Research is a very careful investigation of something that purports the
contribution of additional or new knowledge and wisdom (Basseyy, as cited by
Coleman & Briggs,2002)

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
1. Research provides a sclentific basis for any practice or methodology in any field
or discipline.
This is important since the entire system or operation and all the stakeholders of
an institution or organization are al stake. Without scientific basis, someone may
be affected or may suffer. For example, in the field of medicine, a new drug must
first be lested to determine its eflicacy in cuing sickness before i can actually be
prescribed.
Not for sale
2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further
productivity in any field. Any system that will be utilized in any organization must
be first tried to determine its value and it must be better than the previous system
used.
Simply, research is the result of advancing knowledge from the past.
3. Research helps develop lools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and
operation such as psychological tests, intelligence quotient tests, psychological
assessments, among others. This importance of research is observed in
behavioural science, physical sclence, and others as well.

Lifestyle Lounge also lists down seven importance of research. It says that
"contrary to popular belief research need nol only pertain to science." Research is
important in all spheres of life. (*Importance of Research," 2017) Research is
important:
1. to gather necessary information
2. to make changes n
3. to improve standard of living
IN V BICOL
4. to have a safer life
5. 1o know he th aching purposes only
6. to explore our history
7. lo understand the arts

NATURE OF INQUIRY
AND RESEARCH
INQUIRY - to look for information by asking various questions about the thing you
are curious about

NATURE OF INQUIRY
AND RESEARCH
RESEARCH - to discover truths by investigating on your chosen topic scientifically.

A. NATURE OF INQUIRY
1. INQUIRY - a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or
information about people, things, places, or events.

HOW YOU DO INQUIRY

1. Investigating or asking questions about something you are inquisitive about

2. Collect data, meaning, facts, and information about the object of your inquiry
and examine such data carefully.

3. Execute varied thinking strategies that range from lower-order to higher-order

thinking skills (inferential, critical, integrative and creative thinking)

FOUNDATIONS OF INQUIRY
1. John Dewey's theory of connected experiences for exploratory and reflexive
thinking.

2. Lev Vygotsky's Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD) that stresses the essence
of provocation and scaffolding in learning.

Characterislics of Research
1. Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or observation by the
researcher.
2. Logical-Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical-Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends
with a problem.

4, Analytical-Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case
study.
5. Critical Research exhibits careful and precise ludgment.
6. Methodical- Research Is conducted in a methodical manner wilhout
blas using systemallo method and procedures.
7. Replicability- The research design and procedures are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results
Characteristics of the Researcher
1. Intellectual Curiosity-A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and
inquiry of the things and situalions around him.
2. Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at
the right time and at the right place wisely, efficently, and econornically,
3, Healthy Criticism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results,
4. Intellectual Honesty-An Intelligent researcher is honest to collect or
gather data or facts In order to arrive af honest results.

5. Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator

always creates new researches.
The Research Process
Research is a process that requires patience and thought. There is no
easy way to make certain that you have exhausted every resource and
found the best research.
Research Is more of an art rather than a sclence. Below Is a
diagrammatic presentation of the steps taken when doing research.

Ethics of Research
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about r
DeTitor wong,
proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definiton
(vreuster's 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional
practice.
Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from planning, to
gathering of data, to the analysis and interpretation and evaluation (oral
examination) of the research.
Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of
research. In addition, it educates and monitors scientists conducting
research to ensure a high ethical standard. The following is a general
summary of some ethical principles:
Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication
status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.

Objectivity:
Strive to avoid blas in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research.
Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincenty; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of
research activities.
Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, lools, resources. Be open lo criticism and new
ideas.

Respect for Intellectual Property:

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual, property, Do
not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give
credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.
Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance
just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare
and allow them to
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Research Misconducts
(a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting
them.
(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or
omniting data or results such that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record.
(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes,
results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
eac
purposes ony
Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of
opinion
Source: Definition of Research Misconduepr Sale
The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services
The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or RA. 8293 contains
provisions regarding published works and copyright ownership. The
term published works means works which, with the consent of the
authors, are made available to the public in such a way that these works
can be sourced from a place and time individually chosen by them.
You sent
Step One: Define the Research Problem
The first step in research process is lo develop a research question. This
can be a problem that needs to be solved or some piece of information
that is missing about a particular topic. Answering this question will be
the focus of the research study. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017)
Step Two: Review the Literature
The researchers must now learn more about the topic they are
investigaling.
This not only provides important background information about the
issue they are researching., but it also tells them what other studies
have already been conducted, how they were designed, and what those
studies found. In research, you often do not want to repeat old studies,
but rather add something new to the field. (Offord Centre for Child
Studies, 2017;Cornell University Library,2016)
Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis
The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be
investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted and
openly stated in reporting the results

Step Four: Design Research

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and
logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement,
and analysis of data.
Step Five: Collect Data
The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information
needed to answer the research question. Every study includes the
collection of some type of data-whether it is from the literature or from
subjects -lo answer the research question. (Blankenship,
2010)Depending on the plan of the research, data can be collected in
the form of words on a survey, with a questionnaire, through
observations, or from the literature. (Offord Centre for Child Studies,
2017; Human
Kinetico 2017
You sent
Quantitative research is explaining phenomenon by collecting numerical
data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in
particular statistics). (Allaga and Gunderson, 2005; Skills YouNeed.com,
2017)
This design is used to quantify the problem by way of generating
numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It
is used to quantity attitudes, opinions, behaviors and other defined
variables - and generalize results from a larger sample population.
In addition, quantitative approach uses measurable data to formulate
facts and uncover patters in research. The quantitative data collection
methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection
methods.
Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys -
online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-
lo-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website
Interceptors, online polls and systematic

observations. (Wyse,2011)
However, this design has its disadvantages as well. Quantitative is
considered lo be limiting when it comes to studying the complex and
diverse minds of human beings. This is because this approach can only
explain a small fraction of the human experience (e.g, behavioral
impulses and varvina personal preferences). In guantitative research.
these human

beings. This is because this approach can only explain a small fraction of
the human experience (e.g. behavioral impulses and varying personal
preferences). In quantitative research, these human complexities are
usually controlled or removed entirely instead of being analyzed. The
inflexible and narrow vision of quantitative research tends to present
the human experience in a restricted manner
youneed.com
You sent
Qualitative
a systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and
give them meaning.
To gain insight; explore the depth, richness and complexity inherent in
the phenomenon.

Seeks to explore, explain and understand some phenomena - What?

and Why?

Soft Science

Focus: complex and broad

Holistic

Subjective
Dialectic, inductive reasoning
Basis of knowing: meaning and discovery

Develops theory (Theory

Emergent)

Shared interpretation

Methods: less structured; Data gathered through interviews,

observations, content analysis, etc.

Communication and observation

You sent
QUALI OPEN NOT USING HYPOTHESIS
inductive
open ended
not measurable
not countable
You sent

Quantitative

a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining information about

the world.
A method used to describe, test relationships and examine cause and
effect relationships.

To test relationships, describe, examine cause and effect relations.

Seeks to confirm a hypothesis about some phenomena - What? and

How many?

Hard Science

Focus: concise and narrow

Reductionist

Objective

Logistic, deductive reasoning

Basis of knowing: cause and effect, relationships

Tests theory (Theory Testing)

Control

Highly structured methods:

Data gathered through the use of tools, equipment, questionnaires, etc.

Instruments
You sent
QUANTI

numbers-
countable
close ended
limited
statistics
and
relation
You replied to yourself
quali

Asks open-ended questions in an effort to explore

Data provided as a narrative, pictures, or objects

Basic element of analysis: words

Individual interpretation

Results may be presented subjectively - may reveal biases, values or

experiences that impact how the results are interpreted

Uniqueness
You replied to yourself
QUANTI
Asks closed-ended questions that give quantifiable answers
Data is in the form of numbers and statistical results
Basic element of analysis: numbers
Statistical analysis
Results are documented using objective language
Generalization
You sent
1. CASE STUDY
It takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology,
rehabilitation centers, education, etc.

This involves a long time study of a person, group, organization, or

situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the
subject.

Varieties of data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires,

observations and documentary analysis are used.

2. ETHNOGRAPHY
It is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding
of its organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle.

3. PHENOMENOLOGY
Coming from the word
"phenomenon," which means something known through sensory
experience.

It refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful.

Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences.

4. CONTENT AND DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS
Content Analysis - requires an analysis or examination of the substance
or content of the mode of communication used by a person, group,
organization, or any institution communicating.

Discourse Analysis - study of language structures used in the medium of

communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural,
institutional, and ideological factors on the content.

5. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
It is the examination of primary documents to make you understand the
connection of past events to the present time.
You sent
6. GROUNDED THEORY
It takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at
the time of data collection and analysis.
You sent
Research Title
paper that outlines the purpose of the research, the methods used and
the overall tone of the paper.
You sent
Working Research Title
Contains few possible words that could nol adequately describe the
contents of your research paper
You sent
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE
The Research Title:
• summarizes the main ideals of your study
• it is the part of the paper that is read the most and is usually read first
• captures reader's attention and draws his attention at the research
problem being investigated
• differentiates the paper from other papers of the same subject area
• Predicts content
• Contains keywords that will make it easy to access by a computer
search
You sent
1. Keep it simple, brief, and attractive. The primary function of a title is
to provide a precise summary of the paper's content. So, keep the title
brief and clear. Moreover, a good tile for a research is typically around
10-15 substantive words long. A lengthy title may seem unfocused and
take the reader's attention away from an important point.
Avoid: Drug X has an effect of muscular contraction for an hour in snails
Better: Drug X induces muscular contraction in snails
2. Use appropriate descriptive words. A good research title should
contain key words used in the manuscript and should define the nature
of the study. Think about terms people would use to search for the
study and include them in the title. Responsible Mentoring: Help
to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their
welfare and allow them to
Enter
You sent
Research Misconducts (a) Fabrication - making up data or results and
recording or reporting them. (b) Falsification - manipulating research
materials, or changing or omniting data or results such that the research is
not accurately represented in the research record. (c) Plagiarism - the
appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without
giving appropriate credit. eac purposes ony Research misconduct does not
include honest error or differences of opinion Source: Definition of Research
Misconduepr Sale The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health
& Human Services The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or RA.
8293 contains provisions regarding published works and copyright
ownership. The term published works means works which, with the consent
of the authors, are made available to the public in such a way that these
works can be sourced from a place and time individually chosen by them.
Enter
You sent
Step One: Define the Research Problem The first step in research process is
lo develop a research question. This can be a problem that needs to be
solved or some piece of information that is missing about a particular topic.
Answering this question will be the focus of the research study. (Offord
Centre for Child Studies, 2017) Step Two: Review the Literature The
researchers must now learn more about the topic they are investigaling. This
not only provides important background information about the issue they are
researching., but it also tells them what other studies have already been
conducted, how they were designed, and what those studies found. In
research, you often do not want to repeat old studies, but rather add
something new to the field. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017;Cornell
University Library,2016) Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis The
hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It
should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in
reporting the results Step Four: Design Research The research design refers
to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components
of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Step Five: Collect Data The
collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to
answer the research question. Every study includes the collection of some
type of data-whether it is from the literature or from subjects -lo answer the
research question. (Blankenship, 2010)Depending on the plan of the
research, data can be collected in the form of words on a survey, with a
questionnaire, through observations, or from the literature. (Offord Centre for
Child Studies, 2017; Human Kinetico 2017
Enter
You sent
Quantitative research is explaining phenomenon by collecting numerical
data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular
statistics). (Allaga and Gunderson, 2005; Skills YouNeed.com, 2017) This
design is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data
or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantity
attitudes, opinions, behaviors and other defined variables - and generalize
results from a larger sample population. In addition, quantitative approach
uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patters in research.
The quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than
Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods
include various forms of surveys - online surveys, paper surveys, mobile
surveys and kiosk surveys, face-lo-face interviews, telephone interviews,
longitudinal studies, website Interceptors, online polls and systematic
observations. (Wyse,2011) However, this design has its disadvantages as
well. Quantitative is considered lo be limiting when it comes to studying the
complex and diverse minds of human beings. This is because this approach
can only explain a small fraction of the human experience (e.g, behavioral
impulses and varvina personal preferences). In guantitative research. these
human beings. This is because this approach can only explain a small
fraction of the human experience (e.g. behavioral impulses and varying
personal preferences). In quantitative research, these human complexities
are usually controlled or removed entirely instead of being analyzed. The
inflexible and narrow vision of quantitative research tends to present the
human experience in a restricted manner

youneed.com

Enter
You sent
Qualitative a systematic subjective approach used to describe life
experiences and give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the depth,
richness and complexity inherent in the phenomenon. Seeks to explore,
explain and understand some phenomena - What? and Why? Soft Science
Focus: complex and broad Holistic Subjective Dialectic, inductive reasoning
Basis of knowing: meaning and discovery Develops theory (Theory
Emergent) Shared interpretation Methods: less structured; Data gathered
through interviews, observations, content analysis, etc. Communication and
observation
Enter
You sent
QUALI OPEN NOT USING HYPOTHESIS inductive open ended not measurable
not countable
Enter
You sent
Quantitative a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining
information about the world. A method used to describe, test relationships
and examine cause and effect relationships. To test relationships, describe,
examine cause and effect relations. Seeks to confirm a hypothesis about
some phenomena - What? and How many? Hard Science Focus: concise and
narrow Reductionist Objective Logistic, deductive reasoning Basis of
knowing: cause and effect, relationships Tests theory (Theory Testing)
Control Highly structured methods: Data gathered through the use of tools,
equipment, questionnaires, etc. Instruments
Enter
You sent
QUANTI numbers- countable close ended limited statistics and relation
Enter
You replied to yourself
quali Asks open-ended questions in an effort to explore Data provided as a
narrative, pictures, or objects Basic element of analysis: words Individual
interpretation Results may be presented subjectively - may reveal biases,
values or experiences that impact how the results are interpreted
Uniqueness
Enter
You replied to yourself
QUANTI Asks closed-ended questions that give quantifiable answers Data is
in the form of numbers and statistical results Basic element of analysis:
numbers Statistical analysis Results are documented using objective
language Generalization
Enter
You sent
1. CASE STUDY It takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology,
rehabilitation centers, education, etc. This involves a long time study of a
person, group, organization, or situation. It seeks to find answers to why
such thing occurs to the subject. Varieties of data collection methods such as
interviews, questionnaires, observations and documentary analysis are used.
2. ETHNOGRAPHY It is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear
understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle. 3.
PHENOMENOLOGY Coming from the word "phenomenon," which means
something known through sensory experience. It refers to the study of how
people find their experiences meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people
understand their experiences. 4. CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Content Analysis - requires an analysis or examination of the substance or
content of the mode of communication used by a person, group,
organization, or any institution communicating. Discourse Analysis - study of
language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the
effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the
content. 5. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS It is the examination of primary documents
to make you understand the connection of past events to the present time.
Enter
You sent
6. GROUNDED THEORY It takes place when you discover a new theory to
underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis.
Enter
You sent
Research Title paper that outlines the purpose of the research, the methods
used and the overall tone of the paper.
Enter
You sent
Working Research Title Contains few possible words that could nol
adequately describe the contents of your research paper
Enter
You sent
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE The Research Title: •
summarizes the main ideals of your study • it is the part of the paper that is
read the most and is usually read first • captures reader's attention and
draws his attention at the research problem being investigated •
differentiates the paper from other papers of the same subject area •
Predicts content • Contains keywords that will make it easy to access by a
computer search
Enter
You sent
1. Keep it simple, brief, and attractive. The primary function of a title is to
provide a precise summary of the paper's content. So, keep the title brief and
clear. Moreover, a good tile for a research is typically around 10-15 substantive
words long. A lengthy title may seem unfocused and take the reader's attention
away from an important point. Avoid: Drug X has an effect of muscular
contraction for an hour in snails Better: Drug X induces muscular contraction in
snails 2. Use appropriate descriptive words. A good research title should contain
key words used in the manuscript and should define the nature of the study.
Think about terms people would use to search for the study and include them in
the title.
Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their
welfare and allow them to
Enter

You sent
Research Misconducts (a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or
reporting them. (b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or
omniting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the
research record. (c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas,
processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. eac purposes ony
Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion Source:
Definition of Research Misconduepr Sale The Office of Research Integrity, U.S.
Department of Health & Human Services The Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines or RA. 8293 contains provisions regarding published works and copyright
ownership. The term published works means works which, with the consent of the
authors, are made available to the public in such a way that these works can be
sourced from a place and time individually chosen by them.
Enter

You sent
Step One: Define the Research Problem The first step in research process is lo
develop a research question. This can be a problem that needs to be solved or some
piece of information that is missing about a particular topic. Answering this question
will be the focus of the research study. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017) Step
Two: Review the Literature The researchers must now learn more about the topic
they are investigaling. This not only provides important background information
about the issue they are researching., but it also tells them what other studies have
already been conducted, how they were designed, and what those studies found. In
research, you often do not want to repeat old studies, but rather add something
new to the field. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017;Cornell University
Library,2016) Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis The hypothesis is a clear
statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified before
research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the results Step Four: Design
Research The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way,
thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes
the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Step Five:
Collect Data The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information
needed to answer the research question. Every study includes the collection of
some type of data-whether it is from the literature or from subjects -lo answer the
research question. (Blankenship, 2010)Depending on the plan of the research, data
can be collected in the form of words on a survey, with a questionnaire, through
observations, or from the literature. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017; Human
Kinetico 2017
Enter
You sent
Quantitative research is explaining phenomenon by collecting numerical data that
are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). (Allaga
and Gunderson, 2005; Skills YouNeed.com, 2017) This design is used to quantify the
problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into
usable statistics. It is used to quantity attitudes, opinions, behaviors and other
defined variables - and generalize results from a larger sample population. In
addition, quantitative approach uses measurable data to formulate facts and
uncover patters in research. The quantitative data collection methods are much
more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data
collection methods include various forms of surveys - online surveys, paper surveys,
mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-lo-face interviews, telephone interviews,
longitudinal studies, website Interceptors, online polls and systematic observations.
(Wyse,2011) However, this design has its disadvantages as well. Quantitative is
considered lo be limiting when it comes to studying the complex and diverse minds
of human beings. This is because this approach can only explain a small fraction of
the human experience (e.g, behavioral impulses and varvina personal preferences).
In guantitative research. these human beings. This is because this approach can
only explain a small fraction of the human experience (e.g. behavioral impulses and
varying personal preferences). In quantitative research, these human complexities
are usually controlled or removed entirely instead of being analyzed. The inflexible
and narrow vision of quantitative research tends to present the human experience
in a restricted manner

youneed.com

Enter

You sent
Qualitative a systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and
give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the depth, richness and complexity
inherent in the phenomenon. Seeks to explore, explain and understand some
phenomena - What? and Why? Soft Science Focus: complex and broad Holistic
Subjective Dialectic, inductive reasoning Basis of knowing: meaning and discovery
Develops theory (Theory Emergent) Shared interpretation Methods: less structured;
Data gathered through interviews, observations, content analysis, etc.
Communication and observation
Enter

You sent
QUALI OPEN NOT USING HYPOTHESIS inductive open ended not measurable not
countable
Enter

You sent
Quantitative a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining information about
the world. A method used to describe, test relationships and examine cause and
effect relationships. To test relationships, describe, examine cause and effect
relations. Seeks to confirm a hypothesis about some phenomena - What? and How
many? Hard Science Focus: concise and narrow Reductionist Objective Logistic,
deductive reasoning Basis of knowing: cause and effect, relationships Tests theory
(Theory Testing) Control Highly structured methods: Data gathered through the use
of tools, equipment, questionnaires, etc. Instruments
Enter
You sent
QUANTI numbers- countable close ended limited statistics and relation
Enter

You replied to yourself

quali Asks open-ended questions in an effort to explore Data provided as a
narrative, pictures, or objects Basic element of analysis: words Individual
interpretation Results may be presented subjectively - may reveal biases, values or
experiences that impact how the results are interpreted Uniqueness
QUANTI Asks closed-ended questions that give quantifiable answers Data is in the
form of numbers and statistical results Basic element of analysis: numbers
Statistical analysis Results are documented using objective language Generalization

1. CASE STUDY It takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology,
rehabilitation centers, education, etc. This involves a long time study of a person,
group, organization, or situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs
to the subject. Varieties of data collection methods such as interviews,
questionnaires, observations and documentary analysis are used. 2. ETHNOGRAPHY
It is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its
organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle. 3. PHENOMENOLOGY Coming
from the word "phenomenon," which means something known through sensory
experience. It refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful.
Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences. 4. CONTENT AND
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Content Analysis - requires an analysis or examination of the
substance or content of the mode of communication used by a person, group,
organization, or any institution communicating. Discourse Analysis - study of
language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of
sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the content. 5.
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS It is the examination of primary documents to make you
understand the connection of past events to the present time.

6. GROUNDED THEORY It takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie
your study at the time of data collection and analysis.

Research Title paper that outlines the purpose of the research, the methods used
and the overall tone of the paper.

Working Research Title Contains few possible words that could nol adequately
describe the contents of your research paper

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE The Research Title: • summarizes

the main ideals of your study • it is the part of the paper that is read the most and
is usually read first • captures reader's attention and draws his attention at the
research problem being investigated • differentiates the paper from other papers of
the same subject area • Predicts content • Contains keywords that will make it easy
to access by a computer search
1. Keep it simple, brief, and attractive. The primary function of a title is to
provide a precise summary of the paper's content. So, keep the title brief and
clear. Moreover, a good tile for a research is typically around 10-15 substantive
words long. A lengthy title may seem unfocused and take the reader's attention
away from an important point. Avoid: Drug X has an effect of muscular
contraction for an hour in snails Better: Drug X induces muscular contraction in
snails 2. Use appropriate descriptive words. A good research title should contain
key words used in the manuscript and should define the nature of the study.
Think about terms people would use to search for the study and include them in
the title.