SS-125 - Islamic Studies Eng Lecture 5 1
SS-125 - Islamic Studies Eng Lecture 5 1
SS-125 - Islamic Studies Eng Lecture 5 1
Alhamdu Lillahe Rabi l Almeen wa salat o wa salamo ala Ashraf ul Anbiyae wal Mursileen
Fa Aoozo Billah he min Ashaytaan ar Rajeem Bismillah al Rahman al Raheem,
Rab israhli sadri wa yassirli Amri wahlul uqdatam mil lisaani yafqaho qawli
In the name of Allah most Beneficent most Merciful. All praise is for Allah Almighty and Blessings
be upon Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
Life in Medina after Prophet Hood
Lecture 5 is divided into 3 sub sections
I. Establishment of City State of Medina
II. The Wars
III. The Last Years of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Medina tu Nabi or the ‘City of the Prophet’ formerly known by the name of Yathrib is the city
where Prophet migrated from Makkah in 622AD. He was warmly received by the people of
Yathrib. After settling down in Medina the first thing the Prophet did was the building of a
mosque where Muslims used to gather for five daily prayers. Gradually over a span of few years
with the help of Prophet’s preaching and efforts the old tribal traditions of Yathrib were
transformed into a religio-political community of Medina.
Sub-Section-1
Establishment of City State of Medina
Yathrib before Islam
Yathrib was part of Hejaz nearly 300 miles north of Makkah. It was the homeland of Jews who
were driven out of Palestine by rulers of Greece & Rome. The three main Jewish tribes of Yathrib
were Banu Nazir, Banu Qurayza & Banu Qaynuqa. Initially Jews outnumbered the Arabs but
during the fourth century the Arab tribes of Aus and Khazraj, who were idolaters settled in Yathrib
along with some Yamani tribes. These Arab tribes dominated the land but Jews due to their
religious unity and culture intimidated the Arabs. These Jewish tribes awaited the coming of a
Prophet as mentioned in their scriptures. On the other hand there was no unity among the Arab
tribes and Aws and Khazraj tribes were always fighting among themselves.
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SS-125- Islamic Studies Lecture#5
Life in Medina After Prophet Hood-Part-1
Author: Dr. Aayesha Rafiq
Prophet Muhammad PBUH was invited to Yathrib by majority of Yathribites when Abdullah bin
Ubay was about to be chosen as the King of Yathrib. When prophet was taken as the king of
Yathrib Abdullah bin Ubay became his lifelong enemy.
Brotherhood
Soon after Hijra the inhabitants of Medina were divided into four major groups the Muhajreen
and Ansar sided with Prophet Muhammad PBUH and the Jews and Abdullah bin Ubay’s
supporters stood against Muhammad. Prophet Muhammad strengthened the bonds between
the migrants of Makkah and Muslims of Medina by giving them the concept of Muslim
Brotherhood.
This is expressed in the ( آیة االخوةlyat al-Ukhuwah) which is the10th verse of Surah al Hujrat.
َّ إِنَّ َما ْال ُم ْؤ ِمنُونَ إِ ْخ َوةٌ فَأَصْ لِحُوا بَ ْينَ أَخ ََو ْی ُك ْم ۚ َواتَّقُوا- 49:10
ََّللاَ لَ َعلَّ ُك ْم تُرْ َح ُمون
The believers are but brothers, so make settlement between your brothers. And fear Allah that
you may receive mercy.
The Muslims migrants from Makkah were penniless as they had left their wealth and property
in Makkah. Muslims of Medina extended their wholehearted support to the migrants and
offered them their houses, wealth and business. They became brothers in faith and shared their
sorrows and happiness.
Charter of Medina
The two races which inhabited Median before Islam were the Arabs and the Jews. After the
advent of Islam in Medina the two main religious parties emerged as the Jews and the Muslims.
The Charter of Medina proposed by Prophet Muhammad PBUH focused on building peaceful
relations between these two religious communities and various clans of Medina.
The leading clause of Charter of Medina put the Jews and the Muslims of Medina under one
category as an ‘Ummah’ and it was stated that the Medina will be a sanctuary for all its citizens
Jews or Muslims. Sovereignty of Allah, presidency of Prophet and supremacy of believers was
established in the city state of Medina. Jews and Muslims stood together as believers against
external forces and protected Medina. Religious clauses such as freedom of worship and religious
tolerance established mutual respect between people of both faiths.
Relations between believers and the tribes & clans of Aws and Khazraj who were unbelievers
were also based on justice and equity according to the clauses of the Charter. Thus Charter of
Medina brought complete transformation of the political and civil life in Medina and brought
peace to this city. It guaranteed equality irrespective of the color, creed and status. This Charter
is also called the Magna Carta of early Islam.
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SS-125- Islamic Studies Lecture#5
Life in Medina After Prophet Hood-Part-1
Author: Dr. Aayesha Rafiq
Sub-Section-2
The Wars
Only a year had passed after hijrah when the Quraish of Makkah started planning raids in Medina.
These raids developed into battles. Here is an account of the battles of Badr, Uhud and Ditch and
finally the expulsion of Jews from Medina.
● Battle of Badr (624)
This battle was fought between the Quraish of Makkah and Muslims of Medina. Basis of this war
was effects of Muslim’s migration and increasing conversions to Islam on the commercial
relations of Quraish with Syria and other areas. Makkans perceived Muslim migration as a relief
for their economy but within six months they realized that the situation was not so favorable.
They realized that Muslims were a threat to their trade. On the other hand Abdullah bin Ubay
also joined hands with Quraish of Makkah to take his revenge as they both could not tolerate
supremacy and growing power of Muhammad PBUH.
The real cause which led to the battle of Badr was interception of Abu Sufyan’s caravans in year
623 when the caravan was returning to Makkah. At that time a rumor struck that Abu Sufyan’s
caravan is attacked by Muslims. This news spread in Makkah and without confirming if the news
was right or wrong Quraish sent a vast army under Abu Jahal to save Abu Sufyan’s caravan and
to warn Muhammad PBUH.
Consequently when this news reached Medina Muslims decided to March against Quraish. On
reaching Badr Muslims took possession of water which helped in winning victory over the enemy.
The army of Quraish was three times bigger in number and strong in weaponry and animals. On
the other hand Muslim army comprised of 313 soldiers with two horses and 70 camels. Buts the
war strategy of Muslims was strong as they were in possession of water and were standing on a
firm ground. Quraish opened the battle of Badr in a classical manner of single combatants by
sending Utba bin Rabia, Shayba and Waleed bin Utba challenging the Muslims. From Muslim’s
side Hamza, Ali and Ubaida bin Harith came out. As a result of this single combat all three from
Quraish side were killed by the Muslims and an open war broke between the two armies. Quraish
was defeated and they fled throwing their arms and 70 dead men and 70 prisoners of war. On
the other hand only 14 Muslims were killed. In addition to this Muslims captured camels, horses
and a large store of caravan treasure.
In Quran Battle of Badr is described in Surah al-Imran from verse number 123-125
َّ َّللاُ بِبَ ْد ٍر َوأَنتُ ْم أَ ِذلَّةٌ ۖ فَاتَّقُوا
ََّللاَ لَ َعلَّ ُك ْم تَ ْش ُكرُون َّ ص َر ُك ُم
َ َ َولَقَ ْد ن- 3:123
َف ِّمنَ ْال َم ََل ِئ َك ِة ُمن َزلِين
ٍ إِ ْذ تَقُو ُل لِ ْل ُم ْؤ ِمنِينَ أَلَن یَ ْكفِيَ ُك ْم أَن یُ ِم َّد ُك ْم َربُّ ُكم ِبثَ ََلثَ ِة َآال- 3:124
ٍ بَلَ ٰى ۚ إِن تَصْ بِرُوا َوتَتَّقُوا َویَأْتُو ُكم ِّمن فَوْ ِر ِه ْم ٰهَ َذا یُ ْم ِد ْد ُك ْم َربُّ ُكم بِخَ ْم َس ِة َآال- 3:125
َف ِّمنَ ْال َم ََلئِ َك ِة ُم َس ِّو ِمين
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SS-125- Islamic Studies Lecture#5
Life in Medina After Prophet Hood-Part-1
Author: Dr. Aayesha Rafiq
And already Allah had given you victory at [the battle of] Badr while you were few in
number, then fear Allah ; perhaps you will be grateful. [Remember] when you said to the
believers, "Is it not sufficient for you that your Lord should reinforce you with three thousand
angels sent down? Yes, if you remain patient and conscious of Allah and the enemy come upon
you [attacking] in rage, your Lord will reinforce you with five thousand angels having marks [of
distinction]
ََّللاِ فَ ْليَت ََو َّك ِ ْال ُم ْؤ ِمنُون َّ َان ِمن ُك ْم أَن تَ ْفش َََل َو
َّ َّللاُ َولِيُّمُ َما ۗ َو َعلَى ِ إِ ْذ هَ َّمت طَّائِفَت- 3:122
َّ َّللاُ بِبَ ْد ٍر َوأَنتُ ْم أَ ِذلَّةٌ ۖ فَاتَّقُوا
ََّللاَ لَ َعلَّ ُك ْم تَ ْش ُكرُون َّ ص َر ُك ُم
َ َ َولَقَ ْد ن- 3:123
And [remember] when you, [O Muhammad], left your family in the morning to post the believers
at their stations for the battle [of Uhud] - and Allah is Hearing and Knowing -When two parties
among you were about to lose courage, but Allah was their ally; and upon Allah the believers
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SS-125- Islamic Studies Lecture#5
Life in Medina After Prophet Hood-Part-1
Author: Dr. Aayesha Rafiq
should rely. And already had Allah given you victory at [the battle of] Badr while you were few in
number. Then fear Allah ; perhaps you will be grateful. (Al e Imran: 121-123)