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Chap 3 - 1 Irrigation Distribution Network

Irrigation engineering lecture notes chapter 3 part 1

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
766 views48 pages

Chap 3 - 1 Irrigation Distribution Network

Irrigation engineering lecture notes chapter 3 part 1

Uploaded by

zekigirma671
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3.

0 Irrigation Distribution Network

Points of Discussion:
3.1 Definition
3.2 Types of Conveyance Structures
3.3 Canal Irrigation System
3.3.1 Head Works
3.3.2 Alignment of Canals
3.3.3 Design of Canals
3.3.4 Economics of Canal lining
3.4 Irrigation Control Structures
3.1 Definition

WATER SOURCE COMMAND AREA

Hydraulic Structures

Head works
Network of canals
Control Structures
Intake Structures
3.1 Definition
3.1 Definition

 Irrigation distribution network… the network of irrigation canals


including the diversion and the flow regulatory structures.
3.2 Irrigation Water Conveyance System
 In irrigation, water is transported from the source to the
command area by either in
o Open canals – common in surface/canal irrigation system
o Pipes – common in pressurized system (sprinkler/drip)

Open canals Pipes


o Has free surface o No free surface
o Hydraulics of flow difficult o Hydraulic analysis of flow
relatively simple
3.2 Canal Irrigation System
A complete canal Irrigation system:
3.2 Canal Irrigation System
3.3.1 Irrigation Head works
 Irrigation headwork structures could be two types:
o Storage Head Work – to store surplus water when the river
discharge is in excess of demand and releasing it when demand
overtake available supplies.
– Water supplied from the reservoir through the canal head
regulator
– The reservoir may serve as a multipurpose function.
E.g. Dam
o Diversion Head Work – constructed across a perennial river to
raise the water level and divert the water to the canal.
– Again, the diverted water is controlled by a canal head
regulator.
E.g. Weir/ barrage are common regulatory structures in irrigation
3.3.1 Irrigation Head works – Weir and Barrage
3.3.1 Irrigation Head works – Weir and Barrage
3.3.1 Irrigation Head works – Weir and Barrage

Weir Barrage (shuttered weir)


 Ponding of water is mainly by  Most of the ponding is by gates
a raised crest  Has a small crest or none
 Has a small shutter or none  The afflux during high flood is
 The afflux during high flood is nil or minimum
high  A better control of river flow by
 Less control of river flow at manipulating gates
times of flood.
 A road way can be constructed
 Not possible to construct road
way  Relatively expensive

 Relatively expensive  Cheaper to construct


3.3.1 Irrigation Head works – Weir and Barrage

Typical Layout of a diversion head work


3.3.1 Irrigation Head works - Components
 A typical diversion weir consists of:
o Weir proper
Main
o Under sluices
components
o Divide wall
o River training works –marginal bunds, guide banks, etc.
o Fish ladder
o Canal head regulator
o Ancillary works – gates/shutters, etc.
o Silt regulation works

Assignment 1: Write the main functions of each component of an


irrigation diversion structure.
3.3.2 Irrigation Head works - functions
 The main functions/purposes of a diversion head work:
o To raise the water level at the head of the canal
o To control entry of silt into the canal and control the
deposition of silt at the head of the canal.
o To reduce expensive cutting in the head reaches of the
canal and facilitate command of the area by gravity flow.
o To control the fluctuation of water level in the river during
different seasons.
3.3.2 Irrigation Canal Alignment
 Canal Networks – the network of irrigation canals used to convey water
from the source to the command areas.

Main components of canal networks include:

o Main canal – from a diversion headwork


deliver water to secondary canals.

o Branch canal/Secondaries- takes water


from the main canal and delivers it to the
tertiary canals.

o Distributaries/tertiaries - take off from a


branch canal and supplies water to field
channels.

o Field channels –from the outlets of


the distributaries, cultivators supply water
to their own lands.
3.3.2 Irrigation Canal Alignment
 Alignment is the first step before design and construction of
irrigation canals so as to:
o reduce the number of branch canals.
o economically convey the water to the entire command area.

 Depending upon the topography of the area, canals may be


aligned in either of the following:
 contour channels
 ridge channels
 side slope channels

Assignment 2: Write on alignment of irrigation canals.


3.3.2 Canal Alignment – Contour canals
 A canal is aligned along a contour
o But to reduce the length and subsequently the cost, the
channel is not taken strictly along any contour.
 Very common in hilly reaches.
 Always maximum distance needs to be placed between the river
and the canal so as to increase the command of the canal.
 In this type of alignment drainages are not avoided.
3.3.2 Canal Alignment – Contour canals
3.3.2 Canal Alignment – Contour canals
3.3.2 Canal Alignment – Ridge canals
 Here, the canal is made to follow a ridge of the drainage area.
o Ridge … a dividing line between two drainage areas.
 This alignment is common if the ground is fairly plain.
 Possible to get command area on both sides of the ridge.
 Also, crossing of drains are completely avoided.
 Naturally, rivers are found in valley portion. Therefore, the head
of the canal is also in the valley portion and not on the ridge. So,
first thing to be done after take-off is to bring the canal on the
ridge of the catchment.
3.3.2 Canal Alignment – Ridge canals

E.g. Level at head work =1420m


Required canal slope =1/3000,
Distance to bring water from A to B = 15km
3.3.2 Canal Alignment – Side slope canals
 Due to nature of the ground, canals may be aligned at right
angles to the contours. i.e. parallel to the drains or rivers.
 In such cases, cross drainage works should be avoided to the
maximum extent.
3.3.2 Canal Alignment – Side slope canals
3.3.3 Irrigation Canal Design
 Open channels in irrigation conveyance system could be lined
Canals or unlined canals
Unlined Canals Lined Canals
 Common type  Common near the head works
 Made by earth excavation  Made of impervious material
 Cheapest, easiest type to  Initial construction cost is high
construct  Not easily damaged and
 Easily damaged by erosion resistant to erosion
 Require continuous  Reduce the labour cost in
maintenance maintenance
 Design is difficult unless a  Satisfactorily designed using
uniform flow is assumed uniform flow equations
3.3.3 Irrigation Canal Design
 Canal design… working out its longitudinal and cross-sections to
suit the requirements.

 Design requirement… to take maximum required discharge safely


which is called Full Supply Discharge (FSD).

 To calculate FSD, it is essential to proceed with discharge


calculations from the tail of a canal system upwards up to the
head.

 In this calculation, proper allowances are to be made for various


losses which may occur in transit.
3.3.3 Irrigation Canal Design
 For determination of canal capacity, design flows are estimated
using the peak gross irrigation requirement.
o For Example, in a location with a peak gross irrigation
requirement of the crop 8mm/day, a canal is to serve
1000ha. What is the FSD of the canal?

 8  1day 1hr 10 4 m 2 1000lit


Duty =  m / day × × × ×
 1000  24hrs 3600s 1ha 1m 3
= 0.926lit / s / ha

o For a canal serving an area of 1000 ha,

FSD = 0.926 l / s / ha × 1000ha


= 926lit / s or 0.926m 3 / s
3.3.3 Canal Design – Canal Geometry

 Depth of flow, d
 Wetted perimeter, P
 Wetted Area, A
 Hydraulic Radius = A/P
 Side Slope – ratio of vertical to horizontal distances of the sides
of a channel (1:z)
 Longitudinal slope (s) – bed slope of a channel
3.3.3 Canal Design – Canal Geometry
Table 1. Recommended maximum canal side slope
Material Z:1

Sand, Soft Clay 3:1

Sandy Clay, Silt Loam, Sandy Loam 2:1

Fine Clay, Clay Loam 1.5:1

Heavy Clay 1:1

Stiff Clay with Concrete Lining 1:1

Lined Canals 1.5:1


3.3.3 Canal Design – unlined canals
 Canals on alluvial soils carry appreciable silt and sand load.
These affect the velocity of flow considerably.
 Hence, the uniform flow equation doesn’t accurately estimate
the velocity of flow because the equation does not consider this
aspect.
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V= R S … Manning’s equation
n

V = C RS … Chezy’s equation

Assignment 3: What are the methods used to design alluvial canals.


3.3.3 Canal Design – unlined canals
 The criteria for design of unlined canals using uniform flow
equations are:
 the design discharge should flow at non-erosive velocity. i.e.
the velocity should not exceed the maximum permissible
value.
 side slopes should be flat enough not to be cave in when
saturated
 longitudinal slope should not be excess
3.3.3 Canal Design – unlined canals
3.3.3 Canal Design – unlined canals
Table 2. Maximum permissible velocity for earthen canals

Table 3. Recommended Bed width – depth ratio for


trapezoidal channel
3.3.3 Canal Design – unlined canals
 Example: Compute a trapezoidal channel with the following
information:
 Type of channel: earthen channel
 Carrying Capacity, Q = 400ft3/sec
 Longitudinal slope, S = 0.0016
 Manning’s n = 0.025
 Side slope, z:1 = 2:1
 Maximum permissible velocity, V = 4.5 ft/sec

1.486 2 / 3 1/ 2
Use : V= R S
n
3.3.3 Canal Design – unlined canals
Solution:
 Steps:
1) From V = (1.486/n )(R2/3S1/2), R = 2.60ft

2) From Q = AV, A = 88.8ft2

3) From R = A/P, P = 34.2ft

4) From relation A= (b+zd)d and P = B+2d √(1+z2), b= 18.7ft

5) Therefore, d= 3.46 ft
3.3.3 Canal Design – Lined canals

 The criteria for design of lined canals:


 Dimensions fairly accurately computed using uniform flow
formula
 Velocity of flow should not be very low to avoid siltation
 Can also be designed based on best hydraulic section
3.3.3 Canal Design – Lined canals
 Best hydraulic section … the section which carry maximum
discharge for a given excavation. i.e. a section with max. R or
min. P.

Mathematically,
∂P
=0
∂d
3.3.3 Canal Design – Lined canals
Example: Rectangular Channel
A d
A = bd ⇒ b =
d
b
A
P = b + 2d ⇒ P = + 2d
d
∂P A
= 2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ A = 2d 2
∂d d d=b/2

∴ A = 2 d 2 = bd ⇒ b = 2 d b=2d

The best hydraulic section of a rectangular channel is when it is made


half a square.

Similarly, the best hydraulic section of a trapezoidal channel is when it


made half a regular hexagon.
3.3.3 Canal Design – Lined canals
 Design Procedure….
Step 1. Estimate n and select S
Step 2. For known Q, compute the section factor. i.e.
nQ
AR 2/3
=
S
Step 3. Substitute the expressions for A and R and solve d. If b
and z are unknown, assume the values and solve for d
by trial and error.
Step 4. For best hydraulic section directly obtain d
3.3.3 Canal Design – Lined canals
Example: It is proposed to design an irrigation lined channel with
the following data.
 Type of channel: Trapezoidal
 Carrying Capacity, Q = 400ft3/sec
 Longitudinal slope, S = 0.0016
 Manning’s n = 0.025
a) Using a trial and error method (Hint: Assume b=20ft and z=2)
b) Using the concept of best hydraulic section
c) Compare the results obtained in (a) and (b)

1.486 2 / 3 1/ 2
V= R S
n
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
 Canal Lining --- the earthen surface of the channel is covered
with a stable (non-erodible) materials such as concrete, stone
masonry, bricks, etc.
Advantages of Lining:
o Seepage control ---the losses can be reduced up to 90% with
good lining.
o Increase in channel capacity --- a smooth surface created as a
result of lining causes less resistance to water flow (increase
flow velocity). E.g. the Manning's n for unlined canals in good
condition is usually taken as 0.025 while the same for lined
concrete channel is 0.015.
o Increase in command area ---the lesser seepage loss, the
increase in command area the flow serves.
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
o Reduction in Maintenance costs --- unlike the unlined canals,
lined canals are less susceptible to damage by erosion,
livestock and rodents; require only minor maintenance;
eliminates weed growth.
o Ensure equitable distribution of water --- fair distribution of
water amongst all beneficiaries due to high reduction of
seepage loss.
Disadvantage of lining:
o cost of lining is usually 2-3 times as much as an unlined canal
o Requires skilled labour for construction
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Is it worth to line a canal?
Justification for lining canals:
i) Annual Benefits --- saving of water charge and maintenance
cost.
o if a beneficiary is charged C1 birr per cumecs of water used
and if V cumecs of water is saved by lining, then the money
saved is: B1 = VC1
o If the average maintenance cost of the unlined canals from
previous records is C2 and if p is the percentage fraction of
the saving achieved in maintenance cost, then the money
saved is: B2 = pC2 ( p is normally taken as 0.40).
 Thus, total annual benefit, B = B1+ B2
Note: there are other benefits which are difficult to express in monetary values. For
example, reduced risk of canal breaching, incidence of diseases, water logging.
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Is it worth to line a canal?
ii) Annual Costs --- the capital expenditure on lining.
o If the cost of lining is P which is borrowed from the bank with
interest rate i and if the lining has a life of n years, annual
figure sufficient to repay exactly the present sum in n years
is:
A=
[ ]
i (1 + i )
n
×P
[ ]
(1 + i ) -1
n

o Benefit – Cost ratio:


Annual Benefit B B1 + B2
B −C = = =
Annual cos t A [
i(1 + i )
n
] ×P
[
(1 + i ) - 1
n
]
For economic justification of lining, Benefit – Cost ratio should be greater
than one.
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Example: An unlined canal with a seepage loss of 3.3m3 per million
square meters of wetted area is proposed to be lined with 10cm thick
cement concrete lining, which costs 900birr per 10m2. Given the
following data, work out the economics of lining.
– Annual revenue per cumec of water from irrigated crops = 1,
750, 000 birr
– Discharge in the canal = 84 cumecs
– Area of the canal = 40.8m2
– Wetted perimeter of the canal = 18.8m
– Wetted perimeter of the lining = 18.5m
– Annual maintenance cost of unlined channel per 10m2 = 5birr
– Maximum seepage loss expected in lined canal = 0.01m3 per
million m2 of wetted surface area.
– Life of lining 40 years and money for construction borrowed at
interest rate i = 5%.
Reasonably assume any other data, if required.
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Solution:
o Let us consider 1km reach of the canal.
o Wetted surface area per km 18.8x1000 = 18, 800 m2
i) Annual benefits
A) Saving of water:
o Seepage loss in unlined canal = (3.3m3/106m2)x 18,800m2/km
= (62040/106) m3/km
o Seepage loss in lined canal is:
= (0.01m3/106m2)x 18,500m2/km = (185/106) m3/km
o Net saving of water,
= (62040/106) m3/km - (185/106) m3/km
= (61,852/106) m3/km
o Annual Benefit, B1 = VC1 = (61,852/106) cumec/km
*(1.75*106)birr/cumec = 108,241birr/km
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Solution:
B) Saving in Maintenance:
o Annual maintenance cost of unlined canals = 5birr/10m2
o Total wetted surface area = 18,800m2/km
o Therefore, annual maintenance cost for unlined canal
= (5birr/10m2)* 18,800m2/km
= 9,400birr/km
o Assume that 40% of this is saved in lined channel.
o Thus, Net annual saving in maintenance cost, B2
B2 = pC2 = 0.40*9,400 = 3,760birr/km
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Solution:
ii) Annual costs:
o Area of lining per km of channel = 18.5x1000 = 18,500m2/km
o Cost of lining per km of channel @ 900 birr/10m2
= (18,500m2/km)*(900birr/10m2) = 1,665,000 birr
o Total Annual cost, A for n=40 and i=5% is:

A=
[i(1 + i ) ] × P = 0.05(1 + 0.05) ×1,665,000 = 97,049.18birr
n 40

[(1 + i ) -1]
n
(1 + 0.05) − 1
40

B1 + B2 108,241 + 3,760
B−C = = = 1.15
[ ]
i (1 + i )
n
×P
97,049.18
[
(1 + i ) 1
n
]
o Benefit – Cost ratio,
Conclusion: B-C ratio is more than unity and hence the lining is
economically justified.
Enjoy the weekend
Thank you!

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