Chap 3 - 1 Irrigation Distribution Network
Chap 3 - 1 Irrigation Distribution Network
Points of Discussion:
3.1 Definition
3.2 Types of Conveyance Structures
3.3 Canal Irrigation System
3.3.1 Head Works
3.3.2 Alignment of Canals
3.3.3 Design of Canals
3.3.4 Economics of Canal lining
3.4 Irrigation Control Structures
3.1 Definition
Hydraulic Structures
Head works
Network of canals
Control Structures
Intake Structures
3.1 Definition
3.1 Definition
Depth of flow, d
Wetted perimeter, P
Wetted Area, A
Hydraulic Radius = A/P
Side Slope – ratio of vertical to horizontal distances of the sides
of a channel (1:z)
Longitudinal slope (s) – bed slope of a channel
3.3.3 Canal Design – Canal Geometry
Table 1. Recommended maximum canal side slope
Material Z:1
V = C RS … Chezy’s equation
1.486 2 / 3 1/ 2
Use : V= R S
n
3.3.3 Canal Design – unlined canals
Solution:
Steps:
1) From V = (1.486/n )(R2/3S1/2), R = 2.60ft
5) Therefore, d= 3.46 ft
3.3.3 Canal Design – Lined canals
Mathematically,
∂P
=0
∂d
3.3.3 Canal Design – Lined canals
Example: Rectangular Channel
A d
A = bd ⇒ b =
d
b
A
P = b + 2d ⇒ P = + 2d
d
∂P A
= 2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ A = 2d 2
∂d d d=b/2
∴ A = 2 d 2 = bd ⇒ b = 2 d b=2d
1.486 2 / 3 1/ 2
V= R S
n
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Canal Lining --- the earthen surface of the channel is covered
with a stable (non-erodible) materials such as concrete, stone
masonry, bricks, etc.
Advantages of Lining:
o Seepage control ---the losses can be reduced up to 90% with
good lining.
o Increase in channel capacity --- a smooth surface created as a
result of lining causes less resistance to water flow (increase
flow velocity). E.g. the Manning's n for unlined canals in good
condition is usually taken as 0.025 while the same for lined
concrete channel is 0.015.
o Increase in command area ---the lesser seepage loss, the
increase in command area the flow serves.
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
o Reduction in Maintenance costs --- unlike the unlined canals,
lined canals are less susceptible to damage by erosion,
livestock and rodents; require only minor maintenance;
eliminates weed growth.
o Ensure equitable distribution of water --- fair distribution of
water amongst all beneficiaries due to high reduction of
seepage loss.
Disadvantage of lining:
o cost of lining is usually 2-3 times as much as an unlined canal
o Requires skilled labour for construction
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Is it worth to line a canal?
Justification for lining canals:
i) Annual Benefits --- saving of water charge and maintenance
cost.
o if a beneficiary is charged C1 birr per cumecs of water used
and if V cumecs of water is saved by lining, then the money
saved is: B1 = VC1
o If the average maintenance cost of the unlined canals from
previous records is C2 and if p is the percentage fraction of
the saving achieved in maintenance cost, then the money
saved is: B2 = pC2 ( p is normally taken as 0.40).
Thus, total annual benefit, B = B1+ B2
Note: there are other benefits which are difficult to express in monetary values. For
example, reduced risk of canal breaching, incidence of diseases, water logging.
3.3.4 Economics of Canal Lining
Is it worth to line a canal?
ii) Annual Costs --- the capital expenditure on lining.
o If the cost of lining is P which is borrowed from the bank with
interest rate i and if the lining has a life of n years, annual
figure sufficient to repay exactly the present sum in n years
is:
A=
[ ]
i (1 + i )
n
×P
[ ]
(1 + i ) -1
n
A=
[i(1 + i ) ] × P = 0.05(1 + 0.05) ×1,665,000 = 97,049.18birr
n 40
[(1 + i ) -1]
n
(1 + 0.05) − 1
40
B1 + B2 108,241 + 3,760
B−C = = = 1.15
[ ]
i (1 + i )
n
×P
97,049.18
[
(1 + i ) 1
n
]
o Benefit – Cost ratio,
Conclusion: B-C ratio is more than unity and hence the lining is
economically justified.
Enjoy the weekend
Thank you!