Computer Basic Notes English
Computer Basic Notes English
Computer Basic
Block Diagram of Computer
A block diagram of a computer provides a high-level overview of its major components and their
interconnections. While the specific architecture may vary among different computer systems, a
general block diagram typically includes the following components:
The brain of the computer that performs arithmetic and logic operations.
Memory:
RAM (Random Access Memory) for temporary storage of data and program code.
ROM (Read-Only Memory) for storing firmware and BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).
Input Devices:
Output Devices:
Storage Devices:
Examples include hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives.
Motherboard:
The main circuit board that houses the CPU, memory, and other essential components.
Computers come in various types, each designed to serve specific purposes and cater to
different computing needs. Here are some common types of computers:
Based on size:
Supercomputers: The most powerful and high-performance computers
designed to handle complex scientific calculations, simulations, and
data analysis. Supercomputers are used in research institutions,
government labs, and industries with demanding computational
requirements.
Mainframes: Powerful computers capable of processing large volumes
of data and managing multiple tasks simultaneously. Mainframes are
often used in large organizations for critical business applications.
Mini Computers: It lies in the middle range of computing systems,
between the mainframe and microcomputer as it is smaller than the
mainframe and larger than a microcomputer. One of a minicomputer's
specific characteristics is its small size. Minicomputers are lots smaller
and more portable than larger mainframe pc systems.
Micro Computers:
Desktop Computers: These are traditional computers with
separate components, including a tower or case housing the
CPU, memory, and storage, along with peripherals like monitors
and keyboards.
Laptops: Portable computers with integrated components,
including a screen, keyboard, and trackpad or pointing device.
Palmtops: An earlier computer small enough to hold in one
hand and operate with the other. Also called a "hand top,"
palmtops had small keyboards or specialized keypads tailored to
specific industries. General-purpose palmtops were never
widely used, but they were resurrected in the form of
smartphones and tablets.
Based in Mechanism:
Analog Computers: An Analog computer is a computer which uses
continuously changeable entities like mechanical, electrical, hydraulic,
etc. These were first used at the time of the 1950s–1960s. Analog
computers work with physical quantities, and they are designed to
process continuous data in the form of analog signals.
Analog computers use physical quantities, such as voltage,
current, or other continuously variable signals, to represent and
manipulate data.
Computer Memory
Computer memory refers to the electronic storage space within a computer system where data is
temporarily stored for processing and retrieval. Memory is crucial for the proper functioning of a
computer and is categorized into two main types: primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory
(storage devices).
Volatile Memory: RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its contents when the power is turned off.
It is used for temporary storage during the operation of the computer.
Fast Access: RAM provides fast read and write access to stored data, allowing the CPU to
quickly retrieve and manipulate information.
Direct Access: Data can be accessed randomly, regardless of its location in memory, which is
crucial for the efficient execution of programs.
Non-volatile Memory: Unlike RAM, secondary memory is non-volatile, retaining its data
even when the power is turned off. It is used for long-term storage of data and programs.
Examples of Storage Devices: Hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), optical drives,
USB drives, and other external storage devices.
Slower Access: Access times are generally slower compared to RAM, but secondary memory
provides much larger storage capacity.
File Storage: Operating systems, applications, and user data are stored on secondary
memory devices.
Cache Memory:
Located Near CPU: Cache memory is a small, high-speed type of volatile computer memory
located directly on or very close to the CPU.
Faster Access than RAM: It serves as a buffer between the CPU and RAM, providing faster
access to frequently used instructions and data.
L1, L2, and L3 Cache: Modern processors often have multiple levels of cache (L1, L2, and
sometimes L3), with L1 being the smallest and fastest but also the most expensive.
Virtual Memory:
Expansion of RAM: Virtual memory is a memory management technique that uses part of
the computer's secondary storage as if it were additional RAM.
Page File (Swap Space): When the physical RAM is insufficient for current tasks, the
operating system swaps data in and out of the storage device's page file to maintain
performance.
Memory is a critical component for the smooth functioning of a computer. The combination of
primary and secondary memory allows computers to efficiently run applications, store data, and
manage various tasks simultaneously.
Computer Software
Computer software refers to a set of instructions and programs that enable a computer system to
perform specific tasks. It is a broad term that encompasses various types of programs, applications,
and operating systems designed to operate hardware and provide a platform for user interaction.
Software can be categorized into two main types: system software and application software.
System Software:
Operating Systems (OS): The fundamental software that manages hardware resources and
provides a user interface. Examples include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.
Device Drivers: Software that facilitates communication between the operating system and
hardware devices, ensuring proper functionality.
Utilities: Programs designed to perform specific tasks such as disk cleanup, antivirus scans,
and system maintenance.
Application Software:
Productivity Software: Applications designed to help users perform tasks and create content.
Examples include word processors (Microsoft Word, Google Docs), spreadsheets (Microsoft
Excel, Google Sheets), and presentation software (Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides).
Graphics and Multimedia Software: Tools for creating and editing images, videos, and audio.
Examples include Adobe Photoshop for image editing and Adobe Premiere for video editing.
Web Browsers: Software that enables users to access and navigate the World Wide Web.
Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.
Entertainment Software: Games, media players, and other applications designed for leisure
and entertainment. Examples include video games, music players, and streaming services.
Programming Software:
Compilers and Interpreters: Tools that convert high-level programming code into machine
code or execute code directly without prior compilation.
Utilities:
Security Software: Antivirus programs, firewalls, and other tools designed to protect the
computer system from malware, viruses, and unauthorized access.