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FORCE
Force is that which changes or tends to change the state of
rest of uniform motion of a body along a straight line. It may
also deform a body changing its dimensions. The force may
be broadly defined as an agent which produces or tends to
produce, destroys or tends to destroy motion. It has a
magnitude and direction.

Mathematically:
Force=Mass× Acceleration

UNITS OF FORCE
In C.GS. System: (1) Dyne and (ii) Gram force (gmf)
In M.K.S. System: kilogram force (kgf)
In S.I. Unit: Newton (N)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE
In order to determine the effects of a force acting on a body,
we must know the Following characteristics of a force:
1. Magnitude of the force (i.e., 50 N, 30 N, 20N etc.)
2. The direction of the line, along which the force acts
(i.e., along West, at 30° North of
East etc.). It is also known as line of action of the force.
3. Nature of the force (push or pull).
4. The point at which (or through which) the force acts on
the body

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PRINCIPLE OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF FORCES
If a number of forces are simultaneously acting on a particle,
then the resultant of these forces will have the same effect as
produced by all the forces

SYSTEM OF FORCES
When two or more forces act on a body, they are called to
form a system of forces. Force system is basically classified
into following types.
i. Coplanar forces
ii. Collinear forces
iii. Concurrent forces
iv. Coplanar concurrent forces
v. Coplanar non- concurrent forces
vi. Non-coplanar concurrent forces
vii. Non- coplanar non- concurrent force

COPLANAR FORCES: The forces, whose lines of action lie on

the same plane, are known as coplanar forces.
COLLINEAR FORCES: The forces, whose lines of action lie on
the same line, are known as collinear forces. They act along
the same line. Collinear forces may act in the opposite
directions or in the same direction

B
o P
A
1

P 2

CONCURRENT FORCES: The forces, whose lines of action

pass through a common point, are known as concurrent
forces.The concurrent forces may or may not be collinear

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 Fa Fa

Fa

Fa O
Fa
Fa
Fa
Fa Fa
fig 1 Fa fig 2 COPLANAR FORCES
CONCURRENT FORCES

COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCES: The forces, whose lines

of action lie in the same plane and at the same time pass
through a common point are known as coplanar concurrent
forces

P3 P2 P1

P6
P4 P5

COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCES

COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCES: The forces, which

do not meet at one point, but their lines of action lie on the
same plane, are known as coplanar non-concurrent force

P3 P2 P1

COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCES

NON-COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCES: The forces, which

meet at one point, but their lines of action do not lie on the
same plane, are known as non-coplanar concurrent forces

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 B

P1

A O D
P3
P2

C
NON-COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCES

NON-COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCES: The forces,

which do not meet at one point and their lines of action do
not lie on the same plane, are called non-coplanar non-
concurrent forces

PULL: Pull is the force applied to a body at its front end to

move the body in the direction of the force applied.

PUSH :Push is the force applied to a body at its back end in

order to move the body in the direction of the force applied.

Push
Body
Pull
BodY

PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY OF FORCES

If a force acts at any point on a rigid body, it may also be
considered to act at anyother point on its line of action,
provided this point is rigidly connected with the body.That
means the point of application of a force can be moved any-
where along its line of action without changing the external
reaction forces on a rigid body.

F
B

F
A

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 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF FORCES:
This principle states that the combined effect of force system
acting on a particle or a rigid body is the sum of effects of
individual forces

RESOLUTION OF A FORCE
The process of splitting up the given force into a number of
components, without changing its effect on the body is called
resolution of a force. A force is, generally, resolved along two
mutually perpendicular directions
Y

B C
0
F SiN 0

0
O X
A

RESULTANT AND COMPONENT

Resultant of two or more forces is a single force whose effect
on a body is the same as the given forces taken together
acting on the body. In figure R is the resultant of forces P and Q
B C

Q
R

O A
P

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PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF FORCES
This theorem states that if two forces acting at a point be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, then their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the
diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point

TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES

If two forces acting simultaneously on a particle be represen-
ted in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle,
taken in order; their resultant may be represented in magnit-
ude and direction by the third side of the triangle, taken in
opposite order

POLYGON LAW OF FORCES

If a number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be
represented in magnitude and direction, by the sides of a
polygon taken in order then the resultant of all these forces
may be represented, in magnitude and direction, by the
closing side of the polygon, taken in opposite order

CLASSIFICATION OF PARALLEL FORCES

The parallel forces may be, broadly, classified into the
following two categories, depending upon their directions:
1. Like parallel forces.
2. unlike parallel forces.

LIKE PARALLEL FORCES

The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other
and all of them act in the same direction are known as like
parallel forces

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UNLIKE PARALLEL FORCES
The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other
and all of them do not act in the same direction are known as
unlike parallel forces

(a) Like parallel forces (b) Unlike parallel forces

MOMENT OF A FORCE
It is the turning effect produced by a force, on the body, on
which it acts. The moment of a force is equal to the product
of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point, about
which the moment is required and the line of action of the
force.

M=P×l
O

Body

900
F
N

Let a force P act on a body which is hinged at O.

Then, moment of P about the point O in the body is = F x ON

ON = perpendicular distance of O from the line of action of

the force F

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TYPES OF MOMENTS
Broadly speaking, the moments are of the following two types:
1. Clockwise moments. 2. Anticlockwise moments.

O
O

(a) Clockwise moments (b) Anticlockwise moments

Clockwise moment :
Moment of a force, whose effect is to turn or rotate the body,
about the point in the same direction in which hands of a clock
move

Anticlockwise moment:
moment of a force, whose effect is to turn or rotate the body
about the point in the opposite direction in which the hands of
a clock move

VARIGNON’S THEOREM
The algebraic sum of the moment of two forces about any
point in their plane is equal to the moment of the resultant
about the same point

COUPLE
A pair of two equal and unlike parallel forces (i.e. forces equal
in magnitude, with lines of action parallel to each other and
acting in opposite directions) is known as a couple.A couple is
unable to produce any translatory motion (i.e., motion in a
straight line).But it produces a motion of rotation in the body,
on which it acts. The simplest example of a couple is the forces
applied to the key of a lock, while locking or unlocking it.

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ARM OF A COUPLE:
The perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the
two equal and opposite parallel forces, is known as arm of the
couple

TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM

STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
A body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if it returns back to
its original position, after it is slightly displaced from its
position of rest. This happens when some additional force
sets up due to displacement and brings the body back to its
original position

UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM
A body is said to be in an unstable equilibrium, if it does not
return back to its original position,and heels farther away, after
slightly displaced from its position of rest.

NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM
A body is said to be in a neutral equilibrium, if it occupies a
new position (and remains at rest in this position) after slightly
displaced from its position of rest

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LAMI’S THEOREM
If three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, then
each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between
the other two

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