Elder Abuse CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the methods, steps and process used to collect and validate data has been
arranged under the following headings:
 Design of the study

 Area of study
 Population of study
 Sample size
 Sampling techniques
 Instrument for data collection
 Validity of instrument
 Reliability of instrument
 Methods of data collection
 Method of data Analysis
Design of the study
In conducting this research, the cross-sectional survey research was adopted, this
design was chosen because it gives information about the study and it helps in describing the
subjects as they are in their natural environment, efficiency and reliability. In research of
human subjects, a survey is a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a
particular group of people. Surveys may be conducted by phone, mail, via the internet, and
sometimes face-to-face on busy street corners or in malls. Surveys are used to increase
knowledge in fields such as social research and demography.
Survey is defined as a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a

particular group of people. Surveys may be conducted by phone, mail, via the internet, and
sometimes face to face on busy street corners or in mails. Surveys are used to access
thoughts, opinions, and feelings.
Area of study
Area of study is Enugu north local government, located in Enugu state, in the eastern
region of Nigeria. It consists of four towns umunevo, ihenwuizu, onueto and amaigbo and it
also consist of six (6) areas oguinike, onu-asata, new-haven, iva-valley, ngwo-uno, coal camp
and government reserved area (GRA). The local government has a total population of
244,852 (two hundred and forty-four thousand and eight hundred and fifty-two.
Population of study
A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is

the main focus of a scientific query. It is for the benefit of the population that researches are
done. However, due to the large sizes of populations, researchers often cannot test every
individual in the population because it is too expensive and time-consuming. There are two
types the target population and the accessible population.
Target population refers to the entire group of individuals or objects to which
researchers are interested in generalizing the conclusions. The target population usually has
varying characteristics and it is also known as the theoretical population, while the accessible
population is the population in research to which the researchers can apply their conclusions.
This population is a subset of the target population and is also known as the study population.
It is from the accessible population that researchers draw their samples.
The projected population for Enugu north is 244852 (two hundred and forty four
thousand, eight hundred and fifty two). For elders 2096, to get the population of elders in
2016 we use the population growth rate which was denoted as n/100× Nts
The target population for the study consist of about 276,672 (two hundred and
seventy-six thousand, six hundred and seventy two) elders in Enugu north while the
accessible population is 400 (four hundred) of the elders in the randomly drawn areas of the
accessible population.
Sample and sampling technique
The sample was randomly selected using random sampling technique: this was done
by carrying out the balloting- without replacement method of selection.
The sample for the study consisted of 400 (four hundred) elders in the Enugu north,
which was randomly selected from the 6 areas of Enugu north. The sample was gotten using
the Taro Yamane’s Formula.
The first stage involved the use of cluster sampling techniques to select three areas
under the existing six metropolitan areas in Enugu North local government area of Enugu
state.
The second stage involved the use of simple random sampling techniques of balloting
without replacement to select 20 streets out of 129 streets in all of the six geopolitical areas
The third stage involved the adoption of purposive sampling techniques to select 20 elders
each from the selected 20 streets in the three metropolitan areas. The reason for the use of
purposive sampling techniques is to ensure adequate representation of all men and women
and at the same time ensure convenience for them during questionnaire administration.
These procedures produced 400 elders both male and female, which constituted the study
sample.
Instrument of data collection
The main instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The
questionnaire was self-developed by the researcher following review of related literature. The
questionnaire has three sections, the first section has to do with basic demographic data and it
has four questions on gender, sex, level of education, income level. The section B is a
questions that have to do with types and method of abuse experienced by the aged, section C
is the type of elder abuse common among the aged.
Validity of the instrument
The questionnaire was approved by the project supervisor and validated by two
lectures from the department of public health, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers state. The
valuators were requested to examine the instrument in line with the objectives of the study,
research questions and the research hypotheses to confirm the relevance to study.
Corrections were effected on the instruments based on their input. It contains the
participant information sheet requesting permission to collect data, the questionnaire is
divided into three sections, section A: the socio demographic variables, using the variables
form the work, sex, level of education, occupation, level of income, section B: types of elder
abuse common among men and women of 60 years and above asking a yes or no questions
on the abuse experienced, section C: common types of elder abuse to isolate the ones
commonly experienced by the elderly in Enugu north local government of Enugu state.
Reliability of data
The test-retest reliability technique was used for instrument. Using the split-half
formula, Ten copies of the instrument were distributed to some elders in Enugu east in Enugu
state that were not part of the study. Two weeks later, fresh copies of the instrument were
redistributed. The scores obtained from the first were correlated with the scores of the second
test using spearman`s rank order correlation coefficient. The test re-test yielded a high
positive value of 0.86 indicating that the instrument was reliable.
Method of data collection
Questionnaire method was used for data collection. The questionnaire was distributed
to the sample population face to face in order to enable the researcher get a 100% return rate.
Method of data analysis
The data collected was carefully analysed using descriptive statistics of frequency,
simple percentage (%) and inferential statistics of chi-square analysis. 0.05 level of
significance was adopted for hypotheses testing. Appropriate degree of freedom was worked
out, which were also used to test the hypotheses.

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CHAPTER THREE

 Design of the study

Design of the study

Survey is defined as a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a

A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is

Sample and sampling technique

Instrument of data collection

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

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