UNIT 6: MATCHING HEADING – NỐI TIÊU ĐỀ

Đề bài sẽ đưa ra một loạt các tiêu đề trước, với số lượng tiêu đề nhiều hơn số
lượng đoạn văn. Thí sinh được yêu cầu chọn ra một tiêu đề đúng nhất với từng
đoạn văn:

2. EXAMPLE:
Questions 1-3
The passage has three paragraphs, A-C
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-v, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

LIST OF HEADINGS
i. A range of geographical features in the Sahara
ii. Fauna and flora
iii. How to deal with the lack of water
iv. No worries about the insufficiency of water
v. Size and geographical position
Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
3. Áp dụng phương pháp
Bước 1: Identifying
Xác định từ khoá trong các tiêu đề:

Lưu ý: Những tiêu đề hơi giống nhau cần phải phân biệt, 1 trong 2 câu đó có thể
là đáp án.
Đề bài sẽ đưa ra một loạt các tiêu đề trước, với số lượng tiêu đề nhiều hơn số
lượng đoạn văn.
Người làm được yêu cầu chọn ra một tiêu đề đúng nhất với từng đoạn văn.

i. A range of geographical features in the Sahara

ii. Fauna and flora
iii. How to deal with the lack of water
iv. No worries about the insufficiency of water
v. Size and geographical position

THE SAHARA

A. The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert
behind Antarctica and the Arctic, which are both cold deserts. The Sahara is one
of the harshest environments on Earth, covering 3.6 million square miles (9.4
million square kilometers), nearly a third of the African continent, about the size
of the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). The Sahara is bordered by
the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Red Sea on the east, the Mediterranean Sea
on the north and the Sahel Savannah on the south. The enormous desert spans 11
countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger,
Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia.
B. The Sahara desert has a variety of terrains, but is most famous for the sand
dune fields that are often depicted in movies. The dunes can reach almost 600
feet (183 meters) high but they cover only about 15 percent of the entire desert.
Other topographical features include mountains, plateaus, sand- and gravel-
covered plains, salt flats, basins and depressions. Mount Koussi, an extinct
volcano in Chad, is the highest point in the Sahara at 11,204 feet (3,415 m), and
the Qattara Depression in Egypt is the Saraha's deepest point, at 436 feet (133
m) below sea level.
C. Water is scarce across the entire region, yet the Sahara contains two
permanent rivers (the Nile and the Niger), at least 20 seasonal lakes and huge
aquifers, which are the primary sources of water in the more than 90 major
desert oases. Water management authorities once feared the aquifers in the
Sahara would soon dry up due to overuse, but a study published in the journal
Geophysical Research Letters in 2013, discovered that the "fossil"
(nonrenewable) aquifers were still being fed via rain and runoff.
3. PRACTICE
PRACTICE 1:
Reading Passage 1 has 7 paragraphs A-G
Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number (i-ix) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of headings
i. The thin line between perfectionism and having high standards
ii. The role of parenting.
iii. Using therapies to combat perfectionism
iv. Pros and cons of perfectionism.
v. How to distinguishes perfectionism and other kinds of mental problems.
vi. Different measures to cope with perfectionism
vii. A method to detect a perfectionist
viii. Health issues from being a perfectionist
ix. Perfectionism may vary.
Example: Paragraph A. iv
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
6. Paragraph G
THE CULT OF PERFECT
A. Perfectionism has increased significantly over the past three decades, a
recent analysis shows. Young people in particular place higher demands
on themselves and on others. Often, having high standards can drive
success, but for some people, diligence and motivation can shift into
perfectionism, a sorely misunderstood personality trait that can have
dangerous consequences. Our dog-eat-dog world, full of impeccable
images of what our bodies, careers and aspirations should look like, is
creating a rising tide of millennials who may be putting themselves at risk
of mental and physical illness in their search for the perfect life.
B. “Perfection is hard to define,” says Thomas Curran at the University of
Bath, UK, who has been studying its rise. There is no fixed way of
diagnosing it. However, many studies measure it using the
Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), which was developed three
decades ago. It consists of 45 statements – such as “I strive to be the best
at everything I do”, “If I ask someone to do something, I expect it to be
done flawlessly” and “People expect nothing less than perfection from
me” – and people rate how much they agree with each of these on a scale
of 1 to 7. If you very much identify with these kinds of statements, it is
likely that you have perfectionist tendencies.

C. The scale also distinguishes between three different kinds of

perfectionism. “Self-oriented” perfectionists set themselves high goals in
their work and relationships. They can often experience anxiety from losing
to a competitor, failing at a test or not getting a bonus at work. “Other-
oriented” perfectionists hold those around them to exceptionally high
standards. They are very critical and judgemental of others and risk social
rejection and relationship problems. Finally, there are “socially prescribed”
perfectionists, who feel immense pressure from others to be perfect, while
also seeking their approval. “The impossibly high standards they set for
themselves mean they often feel rejected or harshly scrutinised,” says Curran.
“As a consequence, their self-esteem takes a hit on a daily basis. It’s a real
battle involving lots of negative emotions, guilt and shame.”
D. Part of the difficulty in pinpointing perfectionism is that the line between
having high standards and being a perfectionist is very blurred. “The
difference between someone who sets high goals and a perfectionist comes at
the time of success or failure,” says Andrew Hill at York St John University,
UK. For instance, someone who is hard-working and diligent will appreciate
any success, and will adapt their goals when they fail. They will be able to
put in just enough effort for a strategic benefit. A perfectionist will take much
less pleasure from success. Even a perfect score will be met with a sense of
pressure that they need to keep up this level of success or that the goalposts
need to be placed further away.
E. Perfectionism has strong links with health conditions. When Karina
Limburg at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Germany, and her
colleagues analysed 284 studies, which included more than 57,000
participants, they found that people with eating disorders, anxiety disorders,
obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression had higher levels of
perfectionism compared with people who didn’t have any of the conditions.
Those with perfectionist tendencies were more likely to experience more than
one condition at a time. Perfectionism has also been linked with suicide.
Physical health may also be affected as a result of the stress that
perfectionists subject themselves to, leading to an increased risk of things
like cardiovascular disease. Additionally, they cope less well when they are
ill because they experience higher levels of anger, depression and anxiety.

F. Fortunately, there are ways we can combat perfectionism. But first we

need to recognise it, which can be difficult. By the very nature of this
condition, it is extremely hard for a perfectionist to admit that there might be
something wrong, says Simon Sherry at Dalhousie University in Canada,
who specialises in treating perfectionism. Acknowledging the problem is an
excellent first step. “We usually see people at the end of the road, when they
are in a bad way,” he says. Depending on the extent of the problem, some
people find that self-help books are enough. Others need professional help.
This normally comes in the form of talking therapies or cognitive
behavioural therapy (CBT), which give people tools to analyse why they are
acting in certain ways and enable them to break out of negative patterns.
G. With perfectionism rising rapidly among young people, many parents will
share Marshall-Maun’s desire to protect their children. “We’ve been working
on the role parents play and it’s complex,” says Smith. “In terms of
preventing it in your children, we know that parental practices have an
important influence.” Extremely critical or demanding parents risk triggering
perfectionism in their kids. “To avoid creating perfectionist tendencies,
parents need to focus on loving their children in a more unconditional way,
rather than focusing their love on specific successes,” says Sherry. They can
also help young people cope with the pressures of modern life. “It’s
incumbent on parents to coach their children on the potential hazards of
social media. Teach them that it doesn’t offer realistic images of lives, that
they are often lofty and fake,” he says.

PRACTICE 2:
List of headings

i. Controversy regarding the role of a particular body part

ii. The beneficial effects of finding food using visual signals
iii. Comparison drawn between three species which have lethal body parts to
insect pollinators
iv. Two parts of a plant with distinct methods to deal with different kinds of
insects
v. Reasons for an unusual evolutionary strategy
vi. The price for using sunlight to generate energy
vii. A reverse pattern in the food chain
viii. An alternative for protecting friendly insects other than making use of
odours
ix. A common strategy based on timing and positioning
x. Challenges that carnivorous plants have to face in exchange for food

1. Paragraph A ....................................
2. Paragraph B ....................................
3. Paragraph C ....................................
4. Paragraph D ....................................
5. Paragraph E ....................................
6. Paragraph F ....................................
7. Paragraph G ....................................

CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
A. Grubs gnaw roots, maggots munch fruits and caterpillars chew leaves.
According to our average ecological knowledge, animals eat plants, not the
other way round. But there are plant species that break this rule – at least 600
species of them on the last count. These are the carnivorous plants, and they
routinely feast on insects, spiders, worms – occasionally small mammals.
B. Life for a carnivorous plant is challenging. They cannot very well march
across the landscape in search of a meal. Dinner has to come to them.
Carnivorous plants live in places like bogs and rocky slopes where the soil – if
there is any – is so nutrient-poor that few plants can survive. A study published
in February 2016 shows for the first time that some carnivorous plants use
smells to secure meals – validating an idea that Charles Darwin suggested 140
years ago. Darwin worked on the sundews, a type of predatory plant with leaves
covered in tentacles, each tentacle having a drop of sticky fluid at its tip. Darwin
described the sticky leaves as "temporary stomachs" with which the plants catch
live prey, break it down with acids, and "feed like animals". Carnivorous plants
eke out a living here because they converged on the same solution to the nutrient
problem: animals are nutritious, so eat them.
C. But the path to meat-eating is costly. As plants transform their leaves into
traps that can trick, bind, drown, and digest prey, they gradually become less
effective for harnessing sunlight to produce energy. Therefore, most carnivorous
plants grow slowly and stay small. Beyond that carnivorous plants face a more
profound problem: sex. Like many plants, carnivorous plants produce flowers
when they are ready to reproduce. Most of these flowers appear suitable for
insect-pollination – again, in keeping with many plants. The trouble is that many
carnivorous plants trap and kill insects. They are faced with a unique dilemma
called "pollinator-prey conflict": they need to eat insects without jeopardizing
their chances of being pollinated by insects. For example, a carnivorous plant
from Spain called Pinguicula vallis neriifolia could produce more seeds if its
flowers receive more pollinators. But sticky leaves mere inches away from the
flowers kill a good number of those pollinators.
D. The carnivorous plant's challenge is to avoid confusing the insects it needs to
eat with the insects it relies on for pollination. Studies suggest that most
carnivorous plants handle this challenge very well. There is often very little
overlap between the insects visiting flowers and those dying in traps. Somehow,
carnivorous plants can separate pollinators from preys. The most obvious way to
protect pollinators is to keep flowers away from traps. Some carnivorous plants
do this by making sure their flowers bloom and die before the traps open. A field
survey of 560 Sarracenia alata pitcher plants found only five with flowers and
pitchers active at the same time. Besides, one-third of carnivorous plants have
removed all risks of pollinator-prey conflict by growing their traps underwater
and keeping their flowers above ground. Many carnivorous plants also raise
their flowers on long stalks. Some researchers speculate that long stalks serve to
distance pollinators from traps.
E. But the role of the stalks in protecting pollinators remains debated. Some
plants extend their flowers on stalks even though pollinators cannot reach their
traps: bladderworts (Utricularia), for instance, have stalked flowers despite the
fact that their traps lie underground. Furthermore, a survey of more than 50
sundew species found that plants closer to ground grow longer stalks than those
higher up. Some scientists argue that carnivorous plants evolve their stalks to
better attract flying pollinators rather than to better protect them.
F. There are other options to mitigate pollinator-prey conflict. "We studied three
sundew species with different distances between flowers and sticky leaves," says
El-Sayed. The sundews were lethal – less than a fifth of insects caught on leaves
escaped. But in all three species, less than 5% of insects caught on leaves were
also found in flowers. "We suspected that the plants might be using other cues to
guide the insects," says El-Sayed. El-Sayed found that Drosera auriculata – the
species whose flowers grow closest to its leaves – has flowers that smell distinct
from its leaves. El-Sayed then exposed insects to synthetic blends of these
odours. He found that flower odours attract floral visitors – insect pollinators –
while leaf odours deter them. Only insects that the sundews usually eat are
attracted by the leaf odours. This means D. auriculata is the first carnivorous
plant known to use various odours both to lure prey and protect pollinators.
G. However, the other two sundews in El-Sayed's study, D. spatulata and D.
arcturi, have scentless sticky leaves and flowers that grow further apart. Floral
visitors prefer the white colour of flowers, while preys do not discriminate
between flower and trap colours. So instead of smells, D. spatulata and D.
arcturi use visual signals and separation to protect pollinators. "D. spatulata and
D. arcturi grow in open sites. Their flowers are often the highest points around,"
says El-Sayed. Potential pollinators flying by would likely find the flowers
easily even without odours. "Investing in odours to guide pollinators would not
be cost-effective in these sundews."
Questions 1-6
The Reading passage has six paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph F

PRACTICE 3:
List of headings
i. Efforts finally paid off across the world
ii. The first accidental scientific finding
iii. Conflicts about credits
iv. Difficult childhood in the countryside
v. Happy marriage late in life
vi. A range of achievements that provide huge fame for a person
vii. Changes and success in career path
viii. A failure of a person in developing his own discovery

Sir Alexander Fleming

A. Sir Alexander Fleming is a Scottish bacteriologist best known for his

discovery of penicillin. Fleming had a genius for technical ingenuity and
original observation. His work on wound infection and lysozyme, an
antibacterial enzyme found in tears and saliva, guaranteed him a place in the
history of bacteriology. But it was his discovery of penicillin in 1928, which
started the antibiotic revolution that sealed his lasting reputation. Fleming was
recognized for that achievement in 1945, when he received the Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine, along with Australian pathologist Howard Walter
Florey and German-born British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain, both of whom
isolated and purified penicillin.
B. Fleming was the seventh of eight children of a Scottish hill farmer (third of
four children from the farmer’s second wife). His country upbringing in
southwestern Scotland sharpened his capacities for observation and appreciation
of the natural world at an early age. He began his elementary schooling at
Loudoun Moor and then moved on to a larger school at Darvel before enrolling
in Kilmarnock Academy in 1894. In 1895 he moved to London to live with his
elder brother Thomas (who worked as an oculist) and completed his basic
education at Regent Street Polytechnic. After working as a London shipping
clerk, Fleming began his medical studies at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School
in 1901, funded by a scholarship and a legacy from his uncle. There he won the
1908 gold medal as top medical student at the University of London. At first, he
planned to become a surgeon, but a temporary position in the laboratories of the
Inoculation Department at St. Mary’s Hospital convinced him that his future lay
in the new field of bacteriology. There he came under the influence of
bacteriologist and immunologist Sir Almroth Edward Wright, whose ideas of
vaccine therapy seemed to offer a revolutionary direction in medical treatment.
C. In November 1921 Fleming discovered lysozyme, an enzyme present in body
fluids such as saliva and tears that has a mild antiseptic effect. That was the first
of his major discoveries. It came about when he had a cold and a drop of his
nasal mucus fell onto a culture plate of bacteria. Realizing that his mucus might
have an effect on bacterial growth, he mixed the mucus into the culture and a
few weeks later he saw signs of the bacteria having been dissolved. Fleming’s
study of lysozyme, which he considered his best work as a scientist, was a
significant contribution to the understanding of how the body fights infection.
Unfortunately, lysozyme had no effect on the most-pathogenic bacteria.
D. On September 3, 1928, shortly after his appointment as professor of
bacteriology, Fleming noticed that a culture plate of Staphylococcus aureus he
had been working on had become contaminated by a fungus. A mold, later
identified as Penicillium notatum (now classified as P. chrysogenum), had
inhibited the growth of the bacteria. He at first called the substance “mould
juice” and then “penicillin,” after the mold that produced it. Fleming decided to
investigate further, because he thought that he had found an enzyme more potent
than lysozyme. In fact, it was not an enzyme but an antibiotic—one of the first
to be discovered. By the time Fleming had established that, he was interested in
penicillin for itself. Very much the lone researcher with an eye for the unusual,
Fleming had the freedom to pursue anything that interested him. Although that
approach was ideal for taking advantage of a chance observation, the therapeutic
development of penicillin required multidisciplinary teamwork. Fleming,
working with two young researchers, failed to stabilize and purify penicillin.
However, he did point out that penicillin had clinical potential, both as a topical
antiseptic and as an injectable antibiotic, if it could be isolated and purified.
E. Penicillin eventually came into use during World War II as the result of the
work of a team of scientists led by Howard Florey at the University of Oxford.
Though Florey, his coworker Ernst Chain, and Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel
Prize, their relationship was clouded owing to the issue of who should gain the
most credit for penicillin. Fleming’s role was emphasized by the press because
of the romance of his chance discovery and his greater willingness to speak to
journalists.
F. In 1953, two years prior to his death, Fleming married Greek microbiologist
Amalia Coutsouris- Voureka, who had been involved in the Greek resistance
movement during World War II and had been Fleming’s colleague since 1946,
when she enrolled at St. Mary’s Hospital on a scholarship. For the last decade of
his life, Fleming was feted universally for his discovery of penicillin and acted
as a world ambassador for medicine and science. Initially a shy
uncommunicative man and a poor lecturer, he blossomed under the attention he
received, becoming one of the world’s best-known scientists.