According to the father of Artificial Intelligence,

John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering

of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs”.

is a way of making a computer, a computer-

controlled robot, or a software think intelligently,
in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans
learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the
outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and
systems.
 Philosophy of AI

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead
him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar

intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.
 Goals of AI

To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior,

learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that

understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
 What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as

Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and
Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer
functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and
problem solving.

Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an
intelligent system.
 Programming Without and With AI
The programming without and with AI is different in following ways

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can answer A computer program with AI can answer the generic
the specific questions it is meant to solve. questions it is meant to solve.
AI programs can absorb new modifications by putting
Modification in the program leads to change highly independent pieces of information together. Hence
in its structure. you can modify even a minute piece of information of
program without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It may
Quick and Easy program modification.
lead to affecting the program adversely.
 What is AI Technique?
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.

It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −

It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
Here is the history of AI during 20th century −

Year Milestone / Innovation

1923 Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR)
opens in London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term

Robotics.
1950 Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of
intelligence and published Computing Machinery and
Intelligence. Claude Shannon published Detailed Analysis of
Chess Playing as a search.

1956 John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence.

Demonstration of the first running AI program at Carnegie
Mellon University.

1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

1964 Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers

can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra
word problems correctly.

1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive

problem that carries on a dialogue in English.
1969 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed
Shakey, a robot, equipped with locomotion, perception,
and problem solving.

1973 The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University

built Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using
vision to locate and assemble models.

1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle,

Stanford Cart, was built.

1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing

program, Aaron.
1990 Major advances in all areas of AI −

Significant demonstrations in machine learning

Case-based reasoning
Multi-agent planning
Scheduling
Data mining, Web Crawler
natural language understanding and translation
Vision, Virtual Reality
Games

1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess
champion, Garry Kasparov.

2000 Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT

displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses
emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions of
Antarctica and locates meteorites.
 Applications of AI

1. Gaming
2. Natural Language Processing
3. Expert Systems
4. Vison Systems
5. Speech Recognition
6. Hand Writing Recognition
7. Intelligent Robots
Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can
think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.

Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural
language spoken by humans.

Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to
impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.

Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer. For
example:

• A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the areas.

• Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

• Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by
forensic artist.
Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in
terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words,
noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or
on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.

Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect
physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They
have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable
of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
 References

https://www.slideshare.net/vandanagandhi9/artificial-intelligenceppt-44690011
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_overview.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/9474778311/artificial-intelligence-3225710
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad79nYk2keg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oV74Najm6Nc