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Ashwin Pajankar

Practical Linux with Raspberry Pi OS

Quick Start
1st ed.
Ashwin Pajankar
Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​978-1-4842-6509-3. For
more detailed information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​
source-code.

ISBN 978-1-4842-6509-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6510-9

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6510-9

Apress Standard
© Ashwin Pajankar 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business

Media New York, 1 NY Plaza, New York, NY 10014. Phone 1-800-
SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail [email protected],
or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC
and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media
Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware
corporation.
I dedicate this book to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, a great Indian-
American astrophysicist.
Introduction
I have been working with Raspberry Pi since 2014. I was introduced to
it while volunteering as an organizer at a hackathon at my former
workplace. And as I have mentioned in my author biography, I have
decent experience with assembly programming, microcontrollers, and
digital electronics since my time as an undergraduate student of
computer science. Raspberry Pi and Arduino are great choices for
someone who wants the best of both of the worlds of computer science
and electronics. Additionally, if you wish to use Linux, C, Python, and
shell programming to drive your motors, LEDs, and other peripherals,
then Raspberry Pi and similar single-board computers are the best fit
for your applications.
While this is an introductory book for beginners who are new to the
world of SBCs and hardware hacking, once you follow the book in
detail, you will be very much comfortable exploring the world of SBCs
and Raspberry Pi on your own.
This entire book is based on the challenges and struggles I faced
while working the very first time with Raspberry Pi (abbreviated as RPi
hereafter). I have listed all the tips and tricks I learned while exploring
the RPi in the first few months. At that time, I really wished that I could
get a book that would make my journey easier and so decided to write
one myself. So, when the opportunity presented itself, I compiled all my
experiences in this book so that anyone looking for help to get started
with Raspberry Pi can benefit from this.
While this book primarily covers the RPi OS flavor of Linux, I have
made sure that I also introduce the readers to other important topics,
such as programming with high-level languages like C, C++, and Python.
I also introduce readers to GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output)
programming and various buses. Finally, I cover installation of a few
popular Linux desktop environments such as XFCE, LXDE, and KDE
Plasma. The appendix covers a few additional tips and tricks.
I hope that the book serves the readers well and they will enjoy the
book as much as I enjoyed writing it.
Acknowledgments
I am thankful to Mr. Massimo Nardone, the technical reviewer of the
book. I want to express my gratitude toward him for helping me make
this book better. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Apress
team. Aaron Black helped with the coordination of the entire book
process, and Jessica Vakili guided the editorial process. James Markham
helped me with the editorial review. I am also thankful to Celestin
Suresh and Aditee Mirashi for giving me an opportunity to write this
book.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Introduction to Raspberry Pi
Single-Board Computers
Raspberry Pi
Linux and Distributions
Raspberry Pi OS
Raspberry Pi OS Setup
Preparing the SD Card Manually
Booting Up the Pi Board for the First Time
Configuring the RPi Board
Connecting Various RPi Board Models to the Internet
Summary
Chapter 2:​Getting Ready
Operating System Shell
Raspberry Pi OS GUI
The Command Prompt
Updating the RPi OS
Linux Filesystem
Remotely Accessing the RPi
Summary
Chapter 3:​Directory Commands and Text Editors
Absolute and Relative Paths
Commands:​pwd, tree, and cd
Command:​ls
Command:​touch
Various Text Editors
 Create and Delete Directories
Case-Sensitive Names of Directories and Files
Summary
Chapter 4:​More Commands
Configuring the RPi Board
What Is sudo?​
Getting Help on Commands
Network-Related Commands
Commands:​File Operations
Printing a String
Control Operators
Filename Globbing
Command:​History
Pipes
Summary
Chapter 5:​Useful Unix Commands and Tools
Shell and Environment Variables
Useful Linux Commands
Useful Unix Tools
Summary
Chapter 6:​Shell Scripting
Unix File Permissions
Command:​nohup
Beginning Shell Scripting
User Input
Expressions in the Shell
 If Statement
Switch Case
Length of a Shell Variable
Command-Line Arguments
Function
Loops in the Shell
Comparing Strings
File Operations
Summary
Chapter 7:​I/​O Redirection and Cron
I/​O Redirection
stdin
stdout
Stderr
Crontab
Summary
Chapter 8:​Introduction to High-Level Programming Languages
C and C++ Programming
Python Programming Language
History of the Python Programming Language
Python Enhancement Proposals
Applications of Python
Python 3 on Debian Derivatives
Python Modes
Interactive Mode
Script Mode
 Summary
Chapter 9:​Programming with RPi GPIO
General-Purpose Input/​Output Pins
Programming with GPIO
Summary
Chapter 10:​Explore the RPi OS GUI
GUI Utilities on the RPi OS
Other Desktop Environments
XFCE
KDE Plasma
Summary
Appendix:​Additional Tools
Raspberry Pi Imager
Additional Utilities
Manjaro Linux
FreeBSD
Additional OSs
Index
About the Author
Ashwin Pajankar
holds a Master of Technology from IIIT Hyderabad. He started
programming and tinkering with electronics at the tender age of 7.
BASIC (Beginners’ All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was the first
programming language he worked with. He was gradually exposed to C
programming, 8085, and x86 assembly programming during his higher
secondary schooling. He is proficient in x86 assembly, C, C++, Java,
Python, and Linux shell programming. He is also proficient with
Raspberry Pi, Arduino, BBC Micro Bit, and other single-board
computers (SBCs) and microcontrollers. Ashwin is passionate about
training and mentoring. He has trained more than 100,000 trainees and
professionals through live training sessions and online training courses.
He has published more than a dozen books with both international and
Indian publishers. He has also reviewed numerous books and
educational video courses. This is his sixth book with Apress, and he is
working on more books. He regularly conducts programming boot
camps and hands-on training for software companies in Nashik, India.
He is also an avid YouTuber with more than 10,000 subscribers to
his channel. You can find him on LinkedIn.
About the Technical Reviewer
Massimo Nardone
has more than 22 years of experiences in security, web/mobile
development, the cloud, and IT architecture. His true IT passions are
security and Android.
He has been programming and teaching how to program with
Android, Perl, PHP, Java, VB, Python, C/C++, and MySQL for more than
20 years.
He holds a Master of Science in Computing Science from the
University of Salerno, Italy.
He has worked as a project manager, software engineer, research
engineer, chief security architect, information security manager,
PCI/SCADA auditor, and senior lead IT security/cloud/SCADA architect
for many years.
© Ashwin Pajankar 2021
A. Pajankar, Practical Linux with Raspberry Pi OS
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6510-9_1

1. Introduction to Raspberry Pi
Ashwin Pajankar1
(1) Nashik, Maharashtra, India

I hope you have gone through the Table of Contents and Introduction. If
not, I highly recommend you go through them. This is the very first
chapter of the book, and I welcome you all to the exciting journey of
learning Linux with the Raspberry Pi Operating System.
In this chapter, we will learn the details about the most popular
platform and single-board computer family of our times, the Raspberry Pi.
Then we will learn a bit about Linux and the distribution of Linux that is
popularly used with the Raspberry Pi family (hereafter, I will use the
abbreviation RPi), the Raspberry Pi Operating System. We will learn how
to install it on a RPi board. The following is the list of the topics that we
will learn in this chapter:
Single-board computers
Raspberry Pi
Linux and distributions
Raspberry Pi OS setup
Configuring the RPi board
Connecting various RPi board models to the Internet
After completing this chapter, we will be comfortable with the
installation and the basic usage of the RPi board and the RPi OS.

Single-Board Computers
Single-board computers (also known as SBCs) have all the components of
a fully functioning computer like the processor, GPU, RAM, and I/O on a
single printed circuit board. This is in contrast with desktop or laptop
computers that have a motherboard which has various slots for RAM, the
processor, and the graphics card. Desktop or laptop computers can be
upgraded by replacing processors and graphics cards. We can also add
more RAM chips in the RAM slots. However, SBCs cannot be upgraded like
that. This is one of the major differences between traditional
desktops/laptops that are totally modular and SBCs. The key benefit of
the lack of modularity of SBCs is that the size of an entire computer is
very small. Most of the SBCs are a little bigger than a regular credit/debit
card, and they are very compact.
SBCs are used as technology demonstrators (prototypes), educational
computers, and embedded systems. There is a recent surge in the
popularity of SBCs due to advances in the fabrication process and
manufacturing technologies. We are living in an era where a new SBC or a
new version of an existing one is announced almost on a monthly basis.
The market is full of various SBCs and SBC families. A few prominent SBC
families are Raspberry Pi, Banana Pro, BeagleBoards, and Orange Pi.
Raspberry Pi is the most popular family of single-board computers
available in the market, and it is one of the best-selling computers in the
world. In the next section, we will have an overview of the Raspberry Pi
family of computers.

Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a family of SBCs developed by the Raspberry Pi
Foundation (www.raspberrypi.org/). It consists of many board
models, and all the current models under production are listed on the
foundation’s products page (www.raspberrypi.org/products/).
Throughout the book, I will be using a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B (the latest
board model in the family) with 4 GB RAM.
Table 1-1 lists the specifications of the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B.
Table 1-1 Technical Specifications of Raspberry Pi 4 B

Component Specification
Processor Broadcom BCM2711, quad-core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit
SoC at 1.5 GHz
RAM LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM (2 GB or 4 GB or 8 GB)
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