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2018

Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation

Framework
Samuel Bonsu
Walden University

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 Walden University
College of Management and Technology

This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by

Samuel Bonsu

has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects,

and that any and all revisions required by

the review committee have been made.

Review Committee

Dr. Richard Schuttler, Committee Chairperson, Management Faculty

Dr. Daphne Halkias, Committee Member, Management Faculty

Dr. Raghu Korrapati, University Reviewer, Management Faculty

Chief Academic Officer

Eric Riedel, Ph.D.

Walden University

2018
 Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation Framework

by

Samuel Bonsu

MA, Southern Wesleyan University, 2006

BS, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2000

Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Management

Walden University

May 2018
 Abstract

As social problems, such as environmental pollution persist, the need to implement

corporate social responsibility (CSR) to enhance societal well-being becomes important.

However, little is known about how corporate leaders implement CSR. The purpose of

this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to identify and report the

lived experiences of corporate managers relevant to CSR implementation. This study was

guided by ecological systems theory, the Porter hypothesis, the Maslow hierarchy of

needs theory, and the Harrod-Domar growth model, which justify the importance of

societal well-being to business profitability and growth. The research question regarding

the lived experiences of corporate managers of CSR implementation aligns with the

research problem. A transcendental phenomenological approach was used to identify and

report lived experiences of corporate leaders to illuminate understanding of CSR

implementation worthy of emulation. Open-ended questions were used in semi structured

interviews of purposefully selected managers, based on their lived experiences relevant to

CSR implementation, of manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina. Van

Kaam’s phenomenological analysis as explained by Moustakas was used to analyze data.

Findings revealed that corporate leaders implemented CSR by donating and volunteering

to support health care, nature preservation, education, and poverty reduction. Participants

also responded that they supported recycling and use of alternative sources of energy to

improve the health and safety of employees and society. The understanding gained from

participants’ responses can positively affect social change, as participants assessed that

CSR implementation resulted in societal well-being.

 Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation Framework

by

Samuel Bonsu

MA, Southern Wesleyan University, 2006

BS, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2000

Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Management

Walden University

May 2018
 Dedication

I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Humphrey W. Bonsu. Rest in peace. You

told me to read my books because it would get me somewhere in life. You instilled in me,

the meaning of education. To my dearest mother, Agnes; you are a rock. You believed in

me before I believed in myself.

 Acknowledgments

A special thank you to my Chair, Dr. Richard Schuttler, and my Committee

Member, Dr. Daphne Halkias your contribution to my success is priceless. A heartfelt

thanks to my wife and children for the continuous support and tolerance afforded me to

complete this study. We dream together, we achieve together.

 Table of Contents

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study....................................................................................1

Background of the Study ...............................................................................................1

Problem Statement .........................................................................................................4

Purpose Statement ..........................................................................................................5

Research Question .........................................................................................................6

Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................................6

Nature of the Study ........................................................................................................8

Definitions......................................................................................................................9

Assumptions.................................................................................................................10

Scope and Delimitations ..............................................................................................11

Limitations ...................................................................................................................12

Significance of the Study .............................................................................................13

Significance to Theory .......................................................................................... 13

Significance to Practice......................................................................................... 14

Significance to Social Change .............................................................................. 14

Summary ......................................................................................................................14

Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................16

Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................16

Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................18

The Ecological Systems Theory ........................................................................... 19

i
 The Harrod-Domar Growth Model ....................................................................... 20

Stakeholder Theory ............................................................................................... 20

The Porter Hypothesis........................................................................................... 21

The Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Model ............................................................... 21

Critical Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Literature .................................22

The Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility ............................................... 23

Confusion About Corporate Social Responsibility ............................................... 24

Descriptions of Corporate Social Responsibility .................................................. 32

The Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Corporate Social Responsibility................. 34

The Profit Justification of Corporate Social Responsibility ................................. 35

The Milton Friedman School of Thought on Corporate Social

Responsibility ........................................................................................... 37

Reasons to Engage in Corporate Social Responsibility ........................................ 38

Extent of Corporate Social Responsibility Engagement ....................................... 40

Constituents of Corporate Social Responsibility .................................................. 42

Themes of Corporate Social Responsibility ......................................................... 46

Corporate Social Performance .............................................................................. 51

Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility .............................................. 52

Stakeholder Role Recognition in Corporate Social Responsibility ...................... 53

Reason for Choosing the Qualitative Descriptive Phenomenology Approach ............55

Gap of Corporate Social Responsibility implementation in Literature .......................57

Summary and Transition ..............................................................................................57

ii
Chapter 3: Research Method ..............................................................................................59

Research Methodology ................................................................................................59

Research Design and Rationale ............................................................................ 62

Role of the Researcher .................................................................................................66

Participant Selection Logic ................................................................................... 68

Instrumentation ..................................................................................................... 70

Procedures for Recruitment, Participation, and Data Collection .......................... 74

Data Analysis Plan ................................................................................................ 76

Software ................................................................................................................ 77

Coding ................................................................................................................... 77

Discrepant Cases ................................................................................................... 78

Issues of Trustworthiness .............................................................................................78

Credibility ............................................................................................................. 79

Transferability ....................................................................................................... 79

Dependability ........................................................................................................ 80

Confirmability ....................................................................................................... 80

Ethical Procedures ................................................................................................ 80

Summary ......................................................................................................................82

Chapter 4: Results ..............................................................................................................83

Research Setting...........................................................................................................83

Demographics ..............................................................................................................85

Data Collection ............................................................................................................86

iii
 Data Analysis ...............................................................................................................88

Preliminary Coding or Horizonalization............................................................... 88

Phenomenological Reduction and Elimination ..................................................... 97

Themes Formation ................................................................................................ 97

Textural Description ............................................................................................. 98

Bracketing, Imaginative Variation and Constructing Meaning .......................... 104

Evidence of Trustworthiness......................................................................................112

Credibility ........................................................................................................... 112

Transferability ..................................................................................................... 113

Dependability ...................................................................................................... 113

Confirmability ..................................................................................................... 114

Study Results .............................................................................................................115

Thematic Outcomes ............................................................................................ 118

Discrepant Case .................................................................................................. 122

Summary ....................................................................................................................122

Chapter 5: Discussions, Conclusions, and Recommendations ........................................124

Interpretation of Findings ..........................................................................................124

Comparison of Findings to Conceptual Framework ........................................... 127

Limitations of the Study.............................................................................................129

Recommendations ......................................................................................................131

Implications of Study .................................................................................................134

Positive Social Change ....................................................................................... 134

iv
 Methodological Implications .............................................................................. 135

Theoretical Implications ..................................................................................... 136

Practical Implications.......................................................................................... 137

Conclusion .................................................................................................................139

References ........................................................................................................................140

Appendix A: Interview Questions ...................................................................................162

Appendix B: Interview Script ..........................................................................................163

v
 List of Tables

Table 1. Demographics of Participants ............................................................................. 86

Table 2. Themes from Participants’ Responses .............................................................. 104

Table 3. Themes Formulation Based on Participants’ Quotes ........................................ 116

Table 4. Themes Formed Relative to Participants’ Responses to Interview Questions . 117

Table 5. Comparison of Themes to Conceptual Framework and Theories of Study...... 126

vi
 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a framework to mitigate the negative

consequences of production and ensure the well-being of society (Crifo & Forget, 2015).

Toxic fumes from corporate production in the United States for example, caused $131

billion in damages in 2011 (Jaramillo & Muller, 2016) despite the Environmental

Protection Agency’s pollution standards. CSR is prevalent in literature (Sheehy, 2015);

however, further research is needed about how corporate leaders implement CSR

programs within their specific organizations (Wickert & de Bakker, 2015). I conducted

this transcendental phenomenological study to identify and report the lived experiences

(Sloan & Bowe, 2014) of corporate leaders and staff, in implementing CSR. Illuminating

understanding of CSR implementation may create positive social change because harmful

consequences of production such as pollution from corporate fumes can be mitigated to

improve the well-being of society.

Chapter 1 includes the need to conduct a research to understand the

implementation of CSR and its effects on creating positive social changes. A historical

perspective of CSR including problems of implementation is also elucidated. Finally, the

significance of study to the practice and theory of CSR and the research method and

design are included.

Background of the Study

Corporations are axiomatic to capitalism, an economic system based on

innovative job creation through market competition to engender economic growth

(Shiller, 2013). Despite the efficacy of capitalism, its core value of profit maximization
 2
for shareholders may be problematic because of the persistence of social problems, thus

the need to improve the welfare of stakeholders. Theories and frameworks such as the

stakeholder theory (Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, Parmar, & De Colle, 2010) and CSR,

have been created to shift corporate focus onto mitigating negative consequences of

production and improving societal well-being (Wang et al., 2016). The concepts of

shared value creation, whereby businesses simultaneously focus on sustainable societal

and corporate growth (Bosch-Bedia, Montllor, & Terrazon, 2013), as well as positive

social change, a strategic social development initiative to enhance corporate profitability

(Stephan, Patterson, Kelly, & Mair, 2016), have been developed by scholars to enhance

corporate leaders’ focus on societal welfare.

Drucker (1984) articulated that corporate leaders may view social problems as

opportunities for development, a perspective which aligns with the purpose of CSR of

enhancing societal growth. Despite Drucker’s conclusion, some corporate leaders favor

the idea that their sole purpose is to maximize profit and not use their resources to

develop societies and incur additional cost (Ferrero, Hoffman, & McNutty, 2014).

Corporate leaders’ avoidance of using their organizations’ resources to develop societies

(Sheehy, 2015), government inefficiency to regulate harmful effects of corporate

production (De Bettignies & Robinson, 2015), and the need to improve employee welfare

may have contributed to the creation of CSR (Carroll, 2016). Despite Environmental

Protection Agency regulations and eco-friendly initiatives by corporations such as Boeing

and ExxonMobil (Valenti, Carden, & Boyd, 2014), air pollution from corporate toxic

fumes caused $131 billion in damages in the United States in 2011 (Jaramillo & Muller,
 3
2016). Social problems such as infrastructural deterioration (Higgins & Izushi, 2015) and

poverty (Pikkety, 2014) also persist and require improvement.

Corporations were created to provide goods and services for the welfare of society

(Byrne, 2009). CSR, a framework to mitigate the negative consequences of corporate

production and ensure the welfare of society (Crifo & Forget, 2015), may be justifiable as

Hollensbe, Wooky, Hickey, and Nichols (2014) posited the importance of a developed

society to the profit-making potential of businesses. According to Szegedi, Fulop, and

Bereczk, (2016), the problem in scholarly literature is no longer about the justification of

CSR but how CSR is implemented.

The literature on CSR has evolved since its introduction in the 1950s and

permeates through multitude of disciplines (Carroll, 2015; Sheehy, 2015). For example,

Carroll (2015) emphasized the economic significance of CSR to corporations and society,

but Wang et al. (2016) articulated that corporations are concerned about the strategic

implementation of CSR to enhance sustainable development in society. Valenti et al.

(2014) noted that corporations have shifted from their traditional shareholder interest to a

stakeholder-welfare perspective; however, Kitzmueller and Shimshack, (2012) posited

that corporate leaders engage in CSR only to boost reputation and maximize profits, and

not necessarily enhance the well-being of stakeholders. Zinenko, Rovira, and Montiel

(2015) also reported that CSR is symbolic rather than a strategic framework to improve

the welfare of society. Lyon and Montgomery (2015) identified in their research that

corporate leaders may embellish their CSR engagement to ingratiate with consumers and

enhance reputation but not necessarily improve stakeholder welfare.

 4
The problem of CSR implementation may be because of the disparity between its

theory and real-life practice (Glavas, 2016). Crane and Glozer (2016) hypothesized in

their research that a two-way communication system between corporations and

stakeholders may be an effective component of CSR implementation. Sheehy (2015)

highlighted a multi-disciplinary definition of CSR encompassing politics, law, and

business, which may have created a problem of implementation. Glavas (2016) also

reported a debate among scholars, business leaders, and stakeholders about the role of

corporations in society and the profitability of CSR. A lack of profitability may hamper

the implementation of a framework.

There is limited knowledge about the implementation of CSR within

organizations (Wickert & de Baker, 2015). Viewing the problems of society as

opportunities for business growth (Drucker, 1984) may be important to the

implementation of CSR, especially in the 21st century of innovation and technological

advancement. Conducting this study in manufacturing corporations may be necessary to

illuminate understanding of CSR implementation, because of the negative consequences

such as toxic fumes corporate production entails.

Problem Statement

Debate persists among scholars, stakeholders, and business leaders about the role

of corporations in society and the profitability of CSR (Glavas, 2016). The discourse has

generated interest among many different stakeholders and brought pressure on

corporations, as CSR initiatives by corporate leaders to ensure the health and well-being

of their stakeholders is prominent in literature (Carroll, 2015). Consistent with the

 5
fulfilment of the purpose of CSR, over 8,000 companies from 150 countries have

promised to address societal, employee, and environmentally friendly issues under the

United Nations Compact (Wang et al., 2016). These companies have made this promise

due to societal issues like corporate air pollution which, for example, caused $131 billion

damages in the United States in 2011 (Jaramillo & Muller, 2016).

The general problem is that CSR may be of symbolic importance rather than a

strategic framework by corporate leaders to develop society and generate profits (Wang

et al., 2016). Corporations may embellish CSR initiatives to mislead consumers and build

reputation and trust to increase profitability rather than develop society (Lyon &

Montgomery, 2015). Glavas (2016) identified from research that there is disparity

between the abstraction and real-life execution of CSR, contributing to the gap of

implementation by corporate leaders. The specific problem is that there is lack of clear

knowledge about how CSR is implemented within corporations (Wickert & de Bakker,

2015).

Purpose Statement

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenology was to identify and

report the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implementation in

manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina. Data was collected from 15

semi structured interviews, or until data saturation was achieved. Data was collected

using the snowball sampling technique (Patton, 2015). The phenomena studied with this

research was how CSR is implemented within corporations by managers. Corporate

leaders strive to implement CSR despite the disparity between its concept and real-life
 6
practice and debate among scholars about its profitability (Glavas, 2016). Identifying and

reporting the lived experiences of corporate leaders and staff may illuminate

understanding of the implementation of CSR that may result in positive social changes by

mitigating the negative consequences of production and improving societal well-being.

Research Question

RQ1: What are the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR

implementation in manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina?

Conceptual Framework

The problem of implementing CSR may be attributed to the debate about the logic

of using corporate resources to serve the interest of society (Sheehy, 2015). Avoiding

harm and ensuring the well-being of society may improve the sustainability and

profitability of corporations because of the increased demand for goods and services it

entails. Using corporate resources to improve society, the resource base of corporations,

may be viewed as a profitable business investment, hence the need to implement CSR.

Hollensbe et al. (2014) posited that the profitability of a business is connected to the

development of society.

The concept of a developed society to business profit-making is consistent with

ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), which identifies the influence and

importance of society on individuals in this study, employees of corporations. Freeman et

al. (2010) also emphasized in their stakeholder theory the importance and influence of

society involving all stakeholders such as workers, suppliers, and consumers to

corporations instead of the traditional shareholder group or investors, hence the need to
 7
improve their standard of living. Viewing social problems as opportunities to maximize

profits may lead to a practical CSR policy and ensure the mutual growth and

development of corporations and society in a phenomenon described as the cycle of

growth and development.

The Porter hypothesis (Porter & Linde, 1995) suggests that strict environmental

regulations may lead to innovation into socially efficient production. Environmental

regulation of corporate social responsibility can lead to innovation for a positive social

change and corporate cost reduction. Maslow (2014) noted in the hierarchy of needs

model that providing basic, love, and esteem needs to employees are essential to their

development and creativity. Employee creativity may lead to innovative products, such as

eco-friendly equipment, that may enhance societal development. It is important to note

that CSR is a framework aimed at the well-being of employees and stakeholders to ensure

a developed society (Wang et al., 2016).

These theories, models, and frameworks constitute a conceptual framework to

underscore the importance of a developed business and society thus the need to

implement CSR. Each theory provides basis for implementing CSR. The Maslow

hierarchy theory (Maslow, 2014) provides support for implementing CSR based on the

provision of employee welfare such as basic, security, and esteem needs.

Bronfenbrenner’s theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) provides basis for community

involvement in CSR implementation. Finally, the Porter hypothesis (Porter & Linde,

1995) provides understanding for environmental development in CSR implementation.

 8
Nature of the Study

The qualitative method was used in this research. The purpose of a qualitative

study is to understand, the complexity of a situation or phenomena within its context

(Patton, 2015). In a qualitative study the researcher discovers meanings through

interviews, observations, and analyzing documents that participants, in their natural

settings, attach to a phenomenon (Denzin & Lincoln, 2017). The qualitative method was

used in this research to understand how corporations implement CSR.

The quantitative method, which is used to apply to numerical analysis and

measurement of data (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2005), was not preferred for this study. A

quantitative method is used to find objective answers to the range and correlation, or the

cause-and-effect of issues under study (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001). Objective numerical

measurement and analysis of data to establish correlation between variables or causality,

was extraneous to the purpose of this research of illuminating understanding of CSR

implementation.

Phenomenology is the study of the lived experiences of humans of a phenomenon

(Sloan & Bowe, 2014). Qualitative phenomenological methodologies may be

hermeneutic, interpret meanings of, or transcendental, identify and report, the lived

experiences of participants of a phenomenon (Moustakas, 1994). Based on the concept of

epoché, the elimination of the researcher’s experiences and opinions about a phenomenon

(van Manen, 1997), I used a transcendental phenomenological approach to identify and

report the lived experiences (Husserl, 2002) of managers and their subordinates to

illuminate understanding of the less-known process of CSR implementation.

 9
A case study approach was not used in this study, because of the time and

experience required to conduct a robust and detailed research bounded by time and

setting (Yin, 2014). A grounded theory requires objective results (Charmaz, 2003);

however, I was interested in reporting subjective lived experiences. Ethnography was not

preferred because it requires a similar cultural trend (Richardson, 2000); however, CSR

implementation within corporations may be varied. A narrative was not considered

because it involves personal lives of individuals (Clandini, 2013), which may be

extraneous to understanding CSR implementation.

Definitions

Corporate social responsibility (CSR): Initiatives by corporations to mitigate

negative consequences of production and improve societal well-being (Crifo & Forget,

2015).

Corporate social responsibility implementation: A set of strategic policies, which

may be consistent with ISO 26000 and ISO 9000, by corporations to improve the welfare

of stakeholders and profit (Valenti et al., 2014).

Greenwashing: An embellished, unrealistic, and impractical initiative to boost the

reputation of a business rather than create evidence-based growth and development (Lyon

& Montgomery, 2015).

International Standardization Organization (ISO) 26000: A blueprint for

organizational management to promote socially responsible behavior on issues such as

human rights, labor practices, consumer rights, and environmental responsibility (ISO

26000, 2010).
 10
International Standardization Organization (ISO) 9000: An organizational

framework to promote the sustainable production of quality goods and services to meet

customers’ expectations and enhance their well-being (ISO 9000, 2015).

Multinational corporation: A profit-making business organization with locations

or affiliations in two or more countries (Hassel & Wagner, 2014).

Social growth and development: Activities by business corporations, public

institutions, governments, and individuals to enhance the welfare of societal members

such as reducing pollution and improving food yield (Davis, 2004).

Social innovation: Refers to any new and efficient initiative or idea especially a

new technology that promotes positive changes in society (Cunha et al., 2015).

United nation compact: A CSR instrument to set standards and measure

organizational accountable initiatives to promote social development (Zienenko et al.,

2015).

Assumptions

The research assumption was that corporations have the resources and

mechanisms and are willing to implement CSR. Another assumption was that the essence

of societal development is understood by corporate leaders and that they are willing and

able to go beyond legal, ethical, and philanthropic compliance to implement CSR. Within

the belief that the profitability of a business may be inseparable from the growth and

development of society (Hollensbe et al., 2014), it was assumed that all social problems

such as environmental pollution, infrastructural deterioration, and water contamination

affect every corporation in a society.

 11
The research assumption was that members of society are knowledgeable about

CSR and have access to information on businesses via social media, television, radio, and

Internet, and can pressure culprits of pollution and other social irresponsibility, thus

causing corporate leaders to seek to implement CSR. It was assumed that governments

acknowledge the power and influence of corporations and are knowledgeable and

supportive of corporate efforts of CSR implementation.

Scope and Delimitations

Identifying and reporting lived experiences of CSR implementation was the focus

of this study. Data collection was delimited to managers and subordinates, with at least 5

years of experience relevant to CSR implementation, of manufacturing corporations as

opposed to the service industry, because of the harmful consequences their production

may entail—for example, environmental pollution caused by corporate fumes.

Corporations were selected based on their size, influence, initial assessment of CSR

reports, and their willingness to participate in the study. Societal members were not

interviewed for this study because it would have been difficult to determine whether

participants selected have any knowledge and experience of CSR implementation.

The parameter of this study was the city of Charlotte, North Carolina.

Government agents and stakeholders such as suppliers and investors were not contacted

for this study because corporations bear the responsibility of CSR implementation. This

study to identify and report lived experiences of CSR implementation may be

transferable, because of the universal pervasiveness of CSR, the importance of social

 12
development especially in the age of technology, the similarity of social problems, and

the general acceptability of the methodology used (Noble & Smith, 2015).

Limitations

Access to managers was difficult because of their work engagements, thus

subordinates of corporations with at least 5 years of experience relevant to CSR

implementation were asked to provide interviews for this study in case of such an

occurrence. Access to corporations was a challenge because of protocols and scheduling

changes. I did not conduct this study on any sites of corporations; instead I met

participants on social media sites such as LinkedIn and Facebook. I also made phone

calls to participants and met face-to-face with others in bookstores, libraries, gyms, and

coffee shops for interviews.

This study was limited by time and experience. As a student I was not able to

conduct a study over multiple years because of limited time to graduate. An estimated

time of 30 to 45 minutes was dedicated to each interview, to ensure rich, in-depth data

consistent with a qualitative study. Interview data was recorded to avoid any inaccuracy

of reporting that may affect results of findings.

Participants may have been biased because corporate loyalty may motivate them

to provide embellished responses to questions about CSR implementation to enhance

reputation and increase customer demand. I also had bias due to experience working as a

quality control manager of a manufacturing corporation, although this was not directly

related to CSR implementation initiatives may influence analysis of findings. My bias of

experiential knowledge, theories, and findings from literature was, however, beneficial in
 13
questioning participants, understanding texts from interviews, and analysis of data.

However, the influence from this bias was kept at a minimum.

Significance of the Study

This study’s findings may be significant to illuminate understanding of CSR

implementation to enhance stakeholder well-being and societal development through eco-

friendly and other innovative productions. Many corporations have overlooked societal

development and operate on profit maximization only, a system which needs innovation

to prevent social irresponsibility (Shiller, 2013). Scholars have innovated theories and

frameworks such as CSR to focus corporate attention on societal development (Wang et

al., 2016). The implementation of CSR may improve understanding (Sheehy, 2015) in

alleviating or mitigating problems of pollution (Jaramillo & Muller, 2016), and poverty

(Piketty, 2014) to create positive social changes.

Significance to Theory

There is limited knowledge about how corporations implement CSR (Wickert &

de Bakker, 2015). The debate about the profitability of using corporate resources to serve

the interest of society (Glavas et al., 2016) may have contributed to the problem of CSR

implementation. By implementing CSR, business leaders may refocus attention on

societal growth and development. There may also be a change in business schools’

approach to teaching, as a business-like framework of efficient use of societal resources

to generate profits may be adopted. Implementing CSR may also lead to a system change

from a disregard of society to viewing social problems as opportunities for corporate

growth and development.

 14
Significance to Practice

Implementing CSR may enhance societal development by mitigating problems

such as pollution, poverty, and water contamination from toxic corporate fumes. Wickert

and de Bakker (2015) highlighted a lack of knowledge about how CSR is implemented

within corporations. Szegedi et al. (2016) also noted a problem of CSR implementation.

This study was conducted to identify and report lived experiences of corporate leaders

and staff, which may illuminate understanding of CSR implementation. Understanding

the implementation of CSR may lead to a strategic change of its application to ensure the

growth and development of both corporations and society.

Significance to Social Change

Creating positive social change means addressing problems of society such as

poverty, infrastructural deterioration, and air pollution. Government inefficiency

(DeBettignes & Robinson, 2015) and corporations’ disregard for societal development

(Byrne, 2009) may have caused these societal problems like pollution. CSR, a framework

created to focus corporate attention onto societal development (Wang et al., 2016), has an

inherent problem of implementation due to the disparity between its concepts and real-

life practice (Glavas, 2016). Understanding the implementation of CSR can lead to the

creation of eco-friendly products and other innovative means of production to enhance

positive social changes.

Summary

The persistence of social problems has prompted the need for CSR, a framework

to mitigate the negative consequences of production and improve the well-being of

 15
society. There is a lack of knowledge about how corporate leaders implement CSR in

spite of disparity of concepts and real-life practice and a debate about the profitability of

CSR. It is important to emphasize the mutual dependability of business and society,

hence the importance of understanding CSR implementation. The importance of society

to business underscores an implementation structure of CSR based on stakeholder

involvement.

The qualitative approach is consistent with this study, as it is based on

understanding of a phenomenon. I used the transcendental phenomenological

methodology to identify and report the lived experiences of corporate leaders of the

nature of CSR implementation, to illuminate understanding. Chapter 2 includes a review

of literature important to understanding the concept and purpose of corporate social

responsibility and its related themes and a conceptual framework, which underscores the

need and basis of this study.

 16
Chapter 2: Literature Review

The purpose of CSR is to develop societies and improve the well-being of

stakeholders (Nasrullah & Rahim, 2014). The specific problem in literature is that there is

a lack of knowledge about how corporate leaders implement CSR within their

organizations (Wickert & de Bakker, 2015). There is lack of integration and strategic

framework in corporate CSR programs (Valenti et al., 2014). As societal problems of

pollution and water contamination persist, more knowledge may be needed on CSR

implementation. Identifying and reporting the lived experiences of corporate leaders may

illuminate understanding of CSR implementation to develop societies and improve the

well-being of stakeholders.

This chapter includes the literature search strategy, which provides background

into how data was discovered for study, the underlying support for the study, and a

critical analysis of the definitions, nature, and reasons to engage in CSR. I also describe

the gap in literature and my choice of a transcendental phenomenology for this study. A

summary of findings from CSR literature ends the chapter.

Literature Search Strategy

Chapter 2 contains a review of CSR literature used to support, discover, and

analyze information relevant to understanding the implementation of CSR. This chapter

is organized into five major sections. The first section is on the evolution of CSR, which

informs the history, progress, and future of CSR. The second section is focused on the

understanding of CSR through the discussion of multiple definitions. In the third section,

I present the core research focus—the strategic importance of CSR to societal growth and
 17
business profitability—which generated a multitude of scholarly articles on CSR.

Problems, issues, concerns, and schools of thoughts in literature are presented in the

fourth section. Themes and gaps in communication, leadership and implementation of

CSR will be discussed in the fifth section.

Reviewing CSR definitions yielded information about the diversity in

understanding and interest by various disciplines. A search of the history of CSR revealed

its inception and continuous progress made in literature. A review of the reasons for, and

importance of, CSR informed this study of the interest by corporate leaders, benefits,

drawbacks, and gap of implementation in literature. An inquiry of problems in CSR

literature informed this study of gaps in communication, leadership, and stakeholder

involvement, relevant to understanding the implementation of CSR. An examination of

related themes in CSR provided information of the concept of corporate citizenship,

corporate social performance, and corporate social innovation, relevant to the purpose of

this study of creating positive social change.

Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), INFOMINE, and Academic Info.,

provided access to peer-reviewed articles on databases such as Research Gate, ProQuest

Central, ProQuest: Business Premium Collection, ProQuest: ABI/INFORM Collection,

Elsevier, Science Direct, SAGE Journal, Wiley, Springer, Academic Search Complete-

EBSCO host, Business Source complete- EBSCO host Business Source. Research Gate

yielded 13 articles. ProQuest Central provided 30 multidisciplinary sources about CSR.

ProQuest Business Premium Collection generated 21 articles and ProQuest

ABI/INFORM Collection provided 34 business journals on CSR. Science Direct

 18
provided 15 journals on environmental science. Elsevier provided 20 journals on the

concept of CSR. SAGE journals generated five articles about case study design and

methods in research. Wiley produced eight articles. Springer yielded 37 articles. Business

Source complete- EBSCO host Business Source generated 50 articles. Academic Search

Complete yielded 30 articles on the definitions and nature of CSR.

Search terms such as benefits of CSR, implementing CSR, history of CSR,

problems of CSR, definitions of CSR, CSR and business, legal aspects of CSR, theories of

CSR, social and environmental problems, government’s CSR initiative, and themes of

CSR yielded a total of 265 scholarly articles, although 144 were used in this study. The

selection of the final 144 articles was based on relevance to this study. Definitions,

history, problems, importance of CSR, the phenomenology design, methods in research,

and instrumentation were focused on. The number of citations garnered by the article, the

publishing date, the name of the journal, the academic institution, the scholarly stature of

the author, availability of digital object identifier, were the criteria used to sieve articles

for this study.

Conceptual Framework

Corporations provide goods and services to society in exchange for resources and

customers needed to generate profit. The mutual dependence of society and businesses

(Hollensbe, 2014) has prompted the need for CSR, a framework to create sustainable

societal development (ISO 26000, 2010) due to the belief that corporations only seek

profit-maximization (Ferrero et al., 2014). Understanding the profitability entailed in

CSR activities may be necessary for its implementation.

 19
Stakeholders expect ethical, legal, and transparent CSR initiatives to improve

their well-being and create sustainable societal development (ISO 26000, 2010).

Improving stakeholder well-being through sustainable social programs such as finding

alternative sources of production to reduce environmental pollution and building

infrastructure may lead to a developed society. Corporations may also enhance profit and

growth because consumers may increase and broaden their demand for goods and

services.

Theories and frameworks that I used to provide support for the mutual

dependence and development of business and society elucidate the need and provide a

structure for CSR implementation include the ecological systems theory by

Bronfenbrenner, (1979), the Harrod-Domar growth model (Domar, 1946; Harrod, 1939),

stakeholder theory (Freeman et al., 2010), the Porter hypothesis (Porter & Van der Linde,

1995), the Maslow hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow, 2014), and the purpose of ISO

26000. These theories and frameworks are categorized into subheadings in this study for

clarity.

The Ecological Systems Theory

There is an inherent relationship between humans and their environment as

justified by Bronfenbrenner (1979) in the ecological systems theory. Corporations, made

up of human beings, cannot be separated from their environment consisting of customers,

suppliers, and natural resources. Corporations depend on society to buy their products to

maximize profit. An absent society means corporations may lack customers, resources,

and suppliers needed to operate.

 20
A situation whereby businesses do not produce goods and services to support

community members and provide employment may also be a threat to human existence.

Harmful consequences of production and inattention to the external environment by

corporate leaders may lead to a lack of customers, suppliers, investors, and resources on

which corporations depend on. CSR, a framework to develop societies and improve

stakeholder well-being (Wang et al., 2016), may lead to corporate growth, through the

mutual dependence of businesses and societies (Hollensbe, et al., 2014).

The Harrod-Domar Growth Model

The Harrod-Domar growth model (Domar, 1946; Harrod, 1939) underscores the

mutual benefit between businesses and society. The purpose of CSR of improving

stakeholder well-being (ISO 26000, 2010) is important to the profitability and growth of

corporations. According to the Harrod-Domar model, increased employee compensation

may lead to higher savings and spending in an economy. Savings result in investments

into existing and new businesses. Increased spending may lead to higher corporate

productivity, growth, and sustainability. The phenomenon of spending and savings

creates a cycle of high compensation, increased saving, investing, and spending which

may lead to business growth and social development, the purpose of CSR, a situation that

may be described as the virtuous cycle of economic and social growth.

Stakeholder Theory

According to Freeman et al. (2010), the conventional concept of business

ownership that recognizes only investors or shareholders is flawed, and businesses should

embrace a broader group of stakeholders who are impacted by the activities of the
 21
business and whose actions affect the business. The broader definition of corporate

ownership encompasses employees, suppliers, community members, environment,

government, and investors. Freeman et al.’s broad description of shareholders to

encompass consumers, suppliers, societal members, and owners of corporation is critical

to the implementation of CSR. The purpose of CSR is to develop society, made up of a

plethora of stakeholder groups (Wang et al., 2016). A developed society is needed for

business growth (Hollensbe et al., 2014). Implementing CSR may create positive social

changes by mitigating societal problems such as pollution, poverty, and water

contamination, and creating sustainable business growth.

The Porter Hypothesis

The Porter hypothesis (Porter & Van der Linde, 1995) identified that strict

government environmental bylaws, spurred by CSR, may lead to socially efficient

innovations by corporations. The Porter hypothesis (Porter & Van der Linde, 1995)

underscores the legal dimensions of CSR. Corporate leaders may avoid fines by

improving innovative mechanisms to mitigate the negative consequences of production

on society and improve societal well-being. Improving production and enhancing

reputation based on ethical, philanthropic, and legal values may increase productivity and

profitability of a corporation.

The Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Model

According to the hierarchy of needs theory, employees reach a level of innovation

and creativity when they can obtain all the basic needs, security needs, self-esteem needs,

and love needs in a progressive order (Maslow, 2014). As Carroll (2015) indicated, CSR
 22
was conceived and focused on employee rights and safety. Providing employees with

basic needs—such as food and shelter, security needs like developed living communities,

and retirement incentives—may improve their creative tendencies. Having esteem needs

such as a sports car and working in a mutual love atmosphere may lead to employee

creativity and innovation (Maslow, 2014). Employee welfare and development is

essential to the purpose of CSR (Carroll, 2015).

These theories and frameworks provide a structure for CSR implementation. The

Maslow hierarchy theory (Maslow, 2014) provides support for implementing CSR based

on the provision of employee welfare such as basic, security, and esteem needs. The

Bronfenbrenner theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) provides basis for community

involvement in CSR implementation. Porter hypothesis (Porter & Linde, 1995) defends

the basis of environmental development in CSR implementation. The Harrod-Domar

theory (Domar, 1946; Harrod, 1939) underscores the profitability of CSR implementation

to corporations.

Critical Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Literature

Society has always valued business growth and development, as it serves as a

resource and customer base for corporate goods and services (Freeman et al., 2010;

Hollensbe, 2014). Corporations were created to produce goods and services for the

development of society; however, this broad objective has been narrowed by some

companies to a purpose of profit maximization instead of an inclusion of the welfare of

stakeholders (Byrne, 2009). Consequently, stakeholders have drawn attention to the

 23
persistent problems of society as corporations’ unethical conducts and inattention to

societal growth and development become pronounced (Valenti, Carden, & Boyd, 2014).

The advent of technology has also illuminated the irresponsible actions of

corporations thus bringing pressure to bear on corporate leaders to be eco-friendly (Doran

& Ryan, 2014). Corporate leadership’s response to the public pressure for the well-being

and safety of the environment and people is to resort to CSR (Valenti et al., 2014), albeit

unrealistically and impractically (Lyon & Montgomery, 2015). Zinenko et al. (2015)

acknowledged that CSR may of symbolic importance rather than a real-life apparatus.

Answers to the question of how to implement a strategic and practical CSR

framework remain elusive, but viewing this topic is important to spur positive social

change (Szegedi et al., 2016). Evolution, confusion about CSR, descriptions and

constituents of CSR were grouped as subheadings in this chapter. The relationship

between the hierarchy of needs theory and CSR, the profit justification, the Friedman

school of thought, themes of CSR, and a discussion about globalization and CSR, also

provided subheadings for the clarity of this study.

The Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility

CSR, considered a universal framework to redirect corporate focus back on

societal development (Bakan, 2005), has generated a lot of scholarly literature,

underscoring its importance of creating positive social changes (Kashyap, Mir, & Mir,

2011). Carroll (2015) reported that the concept of CSR gained significance in the 1950s

when organizational changes were recommended to improve employee safety and well-
 24
being. Cochran (2007) pointed out that CSR began in 1953 as a philanthropic initiative

aimed at societal improvement.

Carroll (2015) identified that CSR was practiced in the 1960s by business

managers as a philanthropic framework to improve stakeholder well-being and social

improvement. Cochran (2007) distinguished that in the 1970s CSR literature transformed

from a focus on ethics to corporate response to pressures of social welfare. The 1980s

ushered in alternative themes of CSR such as stakeholder theory by Freeman et al.

(1984), corporate social performance, corporate citizenship, corporate sustainability, and

the development of business ethics (Carroll, 2015).

The period 1990 to 2001 was when scholars sought to determine reasons to

engage in CSR and began to make comparisons between corporate social performance

and financial performance (Pour, Nazari, & Emami, 2014). The years 2000 to 2010 were

inundated with literature and empirical research on the business case and financial

benefits of CSR (Carroll, 2015). From the year 2010 to present the literature is focused

on the strategic orientation of engaging in CSR as scholars look to structure an

implementation paradigm (Wang et al., 2016). The prominence and consistency of CSR

in literature indicates the potential of CSR to lead to positive social changes.

Confusion About Corporate Social Responsibility

Despite the progressions in CSR, there are still problems of implementation

(Szegedi et al., 2016). The lack of a clear implementation of CSR may be attributed to the

disparity between its concept and real-life practice (Glavas, 2016). Pour et al (2014)

posited that various definitions and descriptions in literature may have contributed to
 25
confusion of CSR understanding. There are also inherent problems of communication

(Crane & Glozer, 2016), leadership style (Du et al., (2013), role of government (Singhal,

2014), and other stakeholders, and a continuing economic debate about the efficacy of

using corporate resources to serve the interest of society (Kitzmueller & Shimshack,

2012).

Various theoretical perspectives of CSR. There is the classical theory approach

that aligns with the Milton Friedman school of thought that the sole purpose of

corporations is maximize profit (Hamidu, Haron & Amran, 2015). The classical theory

emphasizes organizational productivity and profitability rather than employee and society

well-being (Hamidu et al., 2015).

The stewardship theory has been advocated by some scholars to build a consensus

between managers and shareholders because it emphasizes a compromise between

managers and stakeholders on ethical and professional decision making in the interest of

growth of the company (Fernandez-Rodriguez, 2016; Hamidu et al., 2015). Krisnawati,

Yudoku, and Bangun (2014) articulated that managers seek a balance between

shareholders and stakeholders of corporation. Krisnawati et al. (2014) evaluated in their

research that managers can increase profits when they serve the interest of all

stakeholders rather than a few shareholders.

The stakeholder theory underscores the bond between corporations and society.

According to Freeman et al. (2010), corporations must take into consideration

stakeholders such as suppliers, consumers, and employees, not only shareholders in their

decision-making process. Deegan and Unerman (2011) inferred from research, however,
 26
that the stakeholder theory recognizes important stakeholders to corporations such as

investors and government agents rather than acknowledge the equality of all stakeholders.

Oman and Ramdhony (2015) analyzed in their research that the stakeholder theory may

be more suitable for developing countries where there are less legal standards and

corporations may have more effect on its stakeholders.

The instrumental theory suffices the strategic imperative of corporations through

social responsibilities by building a good reputation to improve customer demand

(Hamidu et al., 2015). According to Hamidu et al., (2015) the instrumental theory

emphasizes that it is important for corporations to consider the interest of their

stakeholders in advancing their profit maximization objective. Omran and Ramdhony

(2015) assessed that CSR increases profits rather than adds to cost, if well managed.

Specifically, ingratiating the corporation in the community by, example, engaging in

scholarship programs for students, may lead to increased demand.

Implementing CSR may require a consensus theoretical structure which rejects

corporate leaders’ sole focus on profit maximization, but rather incentivizes corporate

attention to societal development. The instrumental theory could also engender the

purpose of CSR, albeit strategically thus renewing the debate over the use of corporate

resources for societal good.

The classical and agency theories appeal to the status quo whereby corporate

leaders’ sole purpose is profit maximization (Hamidu et al., 2015), because shareholders

will bring pressure to bear on management to increase profits. The stewardship theory

which seeks a compromise between the aims of management and shareholders, both in
 27
business to maximize profits (Fernandez-Rodriguez, 2016), may not justify the purpose

of CSR. Explaining CSR from the stakeholder theoretical approach, which emphasis on

the importance of society in business growth, may elucidate understanding of its

implementation.

Interest by various disciplines. The lack of a clear definition, understanding, and

implementation of CSR may be attributed to the interest by various disciplines (Sheehy,

2015). Zinenko et al. (2015) concluded in their research that none of the definitions of

CSR offered in extant literature is adequate. Sheehy (2015) interpreted a confusion of

understanding caused by the multiplicity of definitions propounded by scholars of various

disciplines.

Legal and political scholars understand CSR as a regulatory apparatus (Sheehy,

2015). Economists understand CSR as the provision of public goods or philanthropic

initiatives which is only worthwhile if it leads to profit maximization (Kitzmueller &

Shimshack, 2012). Business scholars understand CSR as a management function aimed at

building reputation (Carroll, 2015). Engineers may understand CSR as an opportunity to

build environmentally friendly machinery. There is the need for a consensus definition of

CSR which permeates through various disciplines given that its implementation has

become elusive despite acceptance by corporate leadership (Szegedi et al., 2016)

The reason for the disparity in definition of CSR may not be far-fetched. Pour et

al. (2014) articulated that the multitude of theories, concepts and description of CSR may

have contributed to a lack of understanding. Carroll’s, (2016) definition of CSR as a

legal, economic, ethical, and discretionary initiative of business may be identifiable by a

 28
host of scholarships but may not yield a consensus. The various definitions generated in

literature are worthy of note.

Legal definitions of CSR. Sheehy (2015) demonstrated that CSR is a legal

framework. According to Sheehy, (2015) CSR is a business regulation apparatus with

universal implications. CSR is the agreed upon laws and standard of operation by

businesses at the local level and internationally, to avoid negative consequences of

production to society (ISO 26000, 2010). Local standards may be industrial regulations

and corporate policies, and international standards may be the need to abide by a United

Nations charter or other laws by an international agency.

Carroll (2016) also acknowledged the legal definition of CSR, stating that,

corporate leaders are obligated to abide by the laws of the country to avoid harm to

society in their business operations. These laws protect workers, society, and the

environmental against harms (ISO 26000, 2010). Other scholars view the legal aspect of

CSR as a form of corporate citizenship initiative to promote the well-being of society

(Matten & Crane, 2005). Lambooy (2014) summarized that CSR belongs to various fields

of law including criminal, labor, environmental, corporate, and international law.

Although CSR as a legal framework may be effective in eliminating worker

abuse, societal harms, and serve as an international law, defining CSR as a legal

framework narrows its understanding. Legal CSR sends a message to corporate leaders to

only abide by the letter of the law and not waste any resources philanthropically, ethical

or strategically to help develop society. Particularly, corporate leaders may operate based

on the concept of ‘do no harm to society’ and not ‘do good in society’. In the absence of
 29
any governing body charged with enforcing international corporate laws (Sheehy, 2015),

multinational corporations’ operations may be detrimental especially in developing

countries where laws may not be properly defined and enforced thereby limiting the

purpose of CSR.

Business definitions of CSR. CSR is viewed as a corporate management

framework to engender social development as societies have become more pluralistic and

transparent due to improvements in technology (Carroll, 2015). Szegedi et al. (2016)

indicated in their research that CSR has become a business paradigm of voluntary

managerial initiative to promote ethical conducts to avoid harms to society, ensure

workers’ rights, while maintaining a good economic threshold. Nasrullah and Rahim

(2014) specified in their research that CSR has an inherent business purpose which

buttresses the permanent relationship that exists between corporations and their

stakeholders. Goel and Ramanathan (2014) concluded in their research that CSR is a

paradigm of business ethics. Isaksson, Kiessling, and Harvey (2014) defined CSR as a

managerial apparatus aimed at reputation building to boost demand for goods and

services.

The business approach argument undermines the essence of CSR as a societal

development framework and may underscore part of the reason for its lack of

implementation. Viewing CSR as a business management framework may give credence

to the phenomenon of greenwashing as it may be used discretionarily and unrealistically

to meet certain business goals and not necessarily to solve problems of the society (Lyon

& Montgomery, 2015). As Perks, Farache, Shukla, and Berry, (2013) evaluated in their
 30
exploratory study of CSR communication, there are misleading information in CSR

advertising coupled with inherent motives of irresponsible social behaviors by firms.

Political definitions of CSR. Proponents of the institutional theory believe that

CSR is a political framework, controlled by the government and public advocacy groups

(Hamidu et al., 2015). Governments make laws to protect corporations and societies and

as such control any legal frameworks such as CSR, which brings into focus the actions of

corporations in societies. Sheehy (2015) articulated that CSR may be categorized as a

political framework or a corporate citizenship concept aimed at instilling the virtues of

good behavior in society and country. Frynas and Stephens (2015) analyzed in their

research that CSR is a political activity by corporations mainly to win legitimacy of

stakeholders including the government.

CSR may be used to win political favors from the government and against

political activism by stakeholders (Kalla & Broockman, 2015). A political construct of

CSR, may lack an implementation basis because political activism may be localized and

based on special interest as opposed to being a universal structure to ensure a permanent

positive social change. Corporations may be powerful and influence politics to get favor

through deregulations and acts of leniency by a ruling party, which may contradict the

purpose of CSR and stifle societal development (Kalla & Broockman, 2015).

Economics definitions of CSR. Corporate irresponsibility led to the economic

collapse culminating in the great depression of 1929-39 (Eberstadt, 1973). The 2008

global financial collapse can also be blamed on corporate irresponsibility (Prawit, Sharp,

& Wood, 2012). Many economists reject the concept of CSR as issues of the environment
 31
and society are viewed as lacking profit (Kitzemueller & Shimshack, 2012). Reindhardt,

Stavis, and Victor (2008) defined CSR as: nothing but a sacrifice of corporate resources

to serve the interest of society. Milton Friedman famously remarked that the only

objective of corporations is to maximize profits and not serve the interest of society

(Ferrero et al., 2014).

Despite these famous rejections of CSR, Pour et al. (2014) identified in their

research that CSR may have a profit generating objective. Jansen, Sen, and Bhattacharya

(2015) hypothesized that corporations only engage in CSR strategically, to enhance

growth and development for their business as well as stakeholders. Michelini (2012)

concluded that corporations have come to the realization that solving social problems

presents economic opportunities. According to Valenti et al., (2014), the economic

ingenuity of engaging in CSR is clear due to its product differentiation and reputation

enhancing characteristic which lead to the accrual of profit. The economic case of CSR

holds strong as all the branches of CSR such as legal, philanthropic, ethical, may either

add to cost or enhance profit.

The problem with the economic definition is that corporate leaders may engage in

CSR only when they are sure of maximizing profits (Kitzmueller & Shimshack, 2012).

Economically engaging in CSR as reputation boosting apparatus may fail to provide a

concrete basis for its implementation. Corporate leaders may engage in reputation

boosting strategies occasionally while disregarding problems of society such as

unemployment and poverty.

 32
Unclassified definition of CSR. Kahreh, Babania, Tive, and Mirmehdi (2014),

defined CSR as corporate framework towards promoting the well-being of society

through initiatives beyond the legal, ethical, cultural, and institutional frameworks of a

country or region. Dillard and Layzell (2014) categorized CSR as a stakeholder relations

framework based on compliance to public pressure and legal requirements. Joshi and Li

(2016) pointed out that CSR is a framework based on the legitimacy theory which seeks a

justification to business use of stakeholder resources. Accordingly, Joshi and Li, (2016)

concluded in their research that there is the need for society to benefit from the use of

resources such as lands, water, humans, and animals. CSR creates positive returns to

society. The need to implement CSR to improve corporate profits and develop societies is

apparent and imminent (Crifo & Forget, 2015).

Descriptions of Corporate Social Responsibility

Various words and phrases have been used in literature to describe the nature and

purpose of CSR. These descriptions may be aimed at illuminating understanding of CSR

implementation. The sustainability, and social innovation description of CSR provided

are categorized as subheadings to provide cohesion and clarity to this study.

Sustainability framework description CSR. There are scholars who equate CSR

to the concept of sustainability, whereby natural resources are preserved by renewal or

minimization of usage through finding alternative means (Reilly & Hynan, 2014). Valenti

(2014) in a case study, elucidated Boeing and ExxonMobil corporations’ sustainable

environmental initiatives. Shen et al. (2016) noted in their study of CSR initiatives that

firms are concerned with the results of sustainable environmental programs and acts of
 33
goodwill in the society. In their study of eco-friendly production, Kim and You, (2013)

observed that leaders of firms such as Toyota and General Motors are focused on long-

term strategic CSR. Reilly and Hynan (2014) summarized in their research that CSR is a

business initiative for sustainable development of societies.

In as much as CSR initiatives to enhance social sustainability are important, it

may not be entirely necessary because of the current spate of advancement in science and

technology to spur innovations into alternative sources of production, to mitigate social

problems of pollution, poverty, and water contamination. Finding alternative sources of

production based on technological advancement, inspired by CSR may be significant in

underscoring the need for CSR implementation.

Social innovation framework description of CSR. The modern era has brought

about improvement in innovative devices such as cell phone cameras, and enhanced

social awareness of corporate practices. Social awareness of corporate initiatives has put

pressure on business managers to engage in CSR and mitigate negative consequences of

production (Doran & Ryan, 2014). The Porter hypothesis (Porter & Linde, 1995)

advanced the concept that environmental regulations, due to CSR, may lead to innovative

mechanisms by corporations to improve societal welfare.

As Drucker, (1984) articulated, social issues whether locally or on a global scale

are inherently business opportunities harnessed through innovation. Rexhepi, Kurtishi,

and Bexheti (2013) recommended that CSR could be referred to as social innovation, and

that successful long-term growth of a business is dependent upon managements’ ability to

identify social problems as opportunities for profit making. Kitzmueller and Shimshack
 34
(2012) hypothesized in their research that CSR may be an investment in innovation to

reduce the cost of production as imposed by law or social activists’ boycotts of goods and

services.

The concept of innovation permeates through all scholarships and may close the

gap of understanding and implementation of CSR. Phillips et al. (2015) though concluded

that the concept of social innovation is less researched. Martinez-Conesa, Soto-Acosta,

and Palacious-Manzano (2017) also identified a gap in extant literature related to CSR

and the concept of innovation, which if closed may improve understanding of CSR

implementation. Understanding CSR as a social innovation framework, viewing social

problems as opportunities for growth and development, may be appropriate for all

disciplines and provide an implementation structure for CSR.

The Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Corporate Social Responsibility

Doda (2015) evaluated that CSR leads to innovation and creativity, important

towards business and societal growth and development. The creativity and innovative

tendency of CSR align with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. CSR focuses on

eliminating any human rights abuses to employees and society to improve their well-

being (ISO 26000, 2010). The well-being of employees and stakeholders is paramount to

corporate productivity and profitability because it entails increased production of goods

and improvement of services.

Management may be inspired by CSR to provide basic needs in the form of higher

compensation to employees to afford basic necessities of life such as food, water, and

shelter, consistent with the hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow, 2014). Management may
 35
improve working and living conditions by ensuring a harmless workplace and secured

neighborhoods, in alignment with Maslow’s employee safety requirement. Management

may promote a family culture of love, and friendship in alignment with Maslow’s model,

amongst employees and build rapport with society through philanthropic acts.

Building a culture of love amongst employees may build teamwork, and improve

communication needed for productivity. By ingratiating with stakeholders through

philanthropy, corporations may better understand the problems of society and produce to

specification, a situation which ensures ready market for goods and services and

eliminates wasteful production. De Roeck, Akremi, and Swaen (2016) concluded that

philanthropic acts inculcates an aura of prestige and esteem in employees which may lead

to improved employee commitment and production.

Increased production may lead to higher compensation for employees to afford

esteem needs such as cars and higher education and become more creative and

productive, in alignment with Maslow’s, (2014), self-actualization attainment. These

creative and innovative employees may view societal problems as opportunities for

growth and development. As De Roeck et al., (2016) identified in their research, society

accords respect to employees of corporations with CSR Initiatives. Employees also feel a

sense of entitlement to the corporation, which in effect may lead to higher demand,

productivity, and profitability.

The Profit Justification of Corporate Social Responsibility

Carroll’s (2016) definition of CSR as the economic, legal, ethical, and

philanthropic initiatives of corporations to enhance societal development, may be

 36
summed up as a profit-making framework. Legally, corporations may want to avoid fines

which adds to cost of production. Economically, CSR may improve innovation as societal

problems may be viewed by corporations as opportunities to increase profit. Ethically,

CSR may mitigate societal harms as consumer activism such as boycotts and protests of

corporate goods and services, may result in low demand thus decreased profits (Castello,

Morsing & Shultz, 2013). Acts of philanthropy such as donating to hospitals and schools,

may build trust in consumers and improve demand and profit (Valenti et al., 2014).

According to Parsa, Lord, Putreva, and Kreeger (2015) consumers are willing to

pay fairly higher prices for goods and services by firms that engage in CSR activities.

Borghesi, Houston, and Naranjo (2014) reported in their research that corporate leaders

may choose to invest in CSR not for altruistic but strategic reasons of creating goodwill

to enhance demand. Ioannou and Serafin (2014) underscored the long term financial

benefits of engaging in CSR to minimize investor risk as there is growing favorability by

investors towards companies with high ethics, social, and environmental standards.

Chiang, He, and Cang-Fu (2015) estimated in their research, a high quality

financial reporting when firms engage in CSR. De Bettignies and Robinson (2015)

pointed out in their research that firms that engage in CSR may generate lower profits in

the short term but accrue higher economic returns in the long run. Liu and Wu (2016)

indicated that CSR increases the worth of firms especially in a highly competitive market

environment. The ethical, legal, and philanthropic dimensions of CSR all underscore its

profit-making and cost reduction significance.

 37
Despite its promise of profitability, the question of whether CSR is being used as

a reputation and perception building program or a greenwashing venture just to lure

customers and investors to maximize profits weighs heavily on the minds of many

scholars (Lyon & Montgomery, 2015). Consistent with the belief of greenwashing is the

debate about the logic of using corporate resources to serve the interest of society

(Glavas, 2016). Scholars who favor corporate actions to only maximize profits, rather

than engage in CSR, are from the Milton Friedman school of thought (Ferrero et al.,

2014).

The Milton Friedman School of Thought on Corporate Social Responsibility

Milton Friedman’s name has become synonymous with the case against CSR

because of his exposition that the only purpose of a business is maximize profit (Ferrero

et al., 2014). Friedman’s views align with Drucker’s (1984) assertion that CSR does not

align with the purpose of business, with the idea that economics is focused on value

creation and considers social issues immeasurable and valueless thus aberrant to the

economic system (Ferrero et al., 2014). Many economists have embraced Friedman’s

school of thought and accept CSR only if itis strategic to profit maximization or as a

mechanism to reduce cost (Kitzmueller & Shimshack, 2012).

It is important though to focus on the full content of Milton Friedman’s quote on

CSR. Friedman also noted that businesses have the obligation to conform to legal and

ethical standards of society and that negative consequences of production such as

pollution, and water contamination were not acceptable. Friedman’s views on legal and
 38
ethical obligations align with Sheehy’s, (2015) articulation that CSR belongs to the

family of law and politics.

In as much as economic theory is focused on value creation, it is also important to

reduce cost. Violating legal requirements may results in fines and suspensions and add to

cost of production. CSR is focused on sustainable business operation by ensuring that

corporations are transparent and accountable to avoid any negative effect of production

(Reilly & Hynan, 2014). The legal dimension of nature of CSR may result in a reduction

of fines, build reputation, and trust in stakeholders and lead to increased demand and

profits.

Negative consequences of production persists despite the purpose of CSR,

underscoring the need for CSR implementation (Lingreen & Swaen, 2010). Scholars have

focused less on corporate social innovation, a concept that promotes new and efficient

production, and aligns with the purpose of CSR of enhancing stakeholder well-being

(Phillips et al., 2015). Drucker (1984) concluded that CSR is finding innovative means of

viewing problems and hidden values of society as opportunities to spur growth. The

nature of corporate social innovation, solving social problems and harnessing economic

opportunities from them, aligns with CSR as defined by Drucker and as such requires

attention (Cunha et al., 2015).

Reasons to Engage in Corporate Social Responsibility

The profusion of reasons given for corporations’ engagement in CSR may have

contributed to its lack of understanding and implementation. There are the obvious

altruistic, legal, and economic reasons postulated by Carroll, (2015). Corporations

 39
strategically participate in CSR as a reputation building initiative among consumers to

enhance product differentiation and competitive advantage (Crifo & Forget, 2014). The

adaptation of CSR may also be attributed to the trends of time of the twenty first century

of dissemination and efficiency in technology among other current business practices.

Transparency in business. The advent of technology has put in the lime light

irresponsible behaviors by corporations such as environmental pollution, and poor food

quality, which otherwise might have gone unnoticed (Borghesi et al., 2014). Any such

acts of irresponsibility may easily be recorded on cell phone videos, for the full glare of

society and authorities to take legal action. Shnayder, Van Rijnsoever, and Hekkert

(2016) discovered in their research that social pressures effectively engender CSR

initiatives. To maintain their public reputation and trust, corporations must be socially

responsible (Valenti et al., 2014). To remove any doubts or contradictions about CSR

activities that may be observed by informed investors, corporate leaders may want to

avoid greenwashing and practically implement CSR (Chen & Garious, 2015).

Era of health consciousness. In the twenty first century, advances in technology

have increased societal awareness of the detrimental effects of pollution and other

negative externalities by corporations, leading to an outcry for alternative sources of

energy and eco-friendly productions (Doran & Ryan, 2014; Valenti et al., 2014). Some

corporations have responded to societal demands strategically through CSR to gain

competitive advantage in the market (Crifo & Forget, 2014)). Accordingly, Jacobson et

al., (2015) identified in their research, the continuous popularity in alternative sources of
 40
energy such as wind, solar, water to ease the pressure on coal and crude oil energy

sources which pollutes the environment and cause death to 78,000 Americans every year.

Broader customer base. The world has ‘shrunk’ because of globalization, the

integration of people from all walks of life socially and economically. Many businesses

have affiliates and customers in foreign countries, besides competition on the market has

become so intense, inspiring the need to improve quality of products to maximize profits.

Broader customer base results in different tastes by customers thus putting pressure on

corporations to be innovative.

Government inefficiency. Political discourse, unfavorable economic climate, and

ineffective tax system may resulted in governments’ inefficiency in societal development.

According to De Bettignies and Robinson, (2015) government inefficiency in the U.S.,

has resulted in a lapse in societal development. Higgins and Izushi (2014) identified in

their research, infrastructural problems which needs to be solved by corporations due to

government inefficiencies, to maintain the competitive advantage of the country.

Corporate leaders are influential in the politics of the U.S. as they make financial

contributions, for politicians to lapse regulations in their favor (Kalla & Broockman,

2015). Implementing CSR may be needed to solve corporate negative externalities and

disregard of society, and spur societal growth (Crifo & Forget, 2015).

Extent of Corporate Social Responsibility Engagement

Closely related to the reasons for partaking in CSR is the issue of ability and

willingness to implement CSR. Chauhan (2014) concluded that factors such as size,

profitability, and sales levels are all determinant factors of a firm’s ability and extent
 41
of engagement in CSR activities. Borghesi et al. (2014) summarized in their research that

larger firms with huge capital, advertisement, and investment budget are more likely to

undertake CSR initiatives. According to Liu and Wu, (2016), a firm’s CSR initiative

could be influenced by that of its competitors.

Wu, Lin, and Liu (2016) in a twenty year sample of U.S. firms found out that

location of firms may contribute to their CSR tendencies. According to Wu et al., (2016)

firms located in highly religious and senior citizen neighborhoods are prone to partake in

higher quality CSR initiatives. Jha and Cox (2015) described in their study that firms

located in highly endowed social neighborhoods that have altruistic culture have a higher

proclivity to CSR. Gatti and Steele (2015) buttressed this point from an institutional

theory framework, that country-specific factors may affect CSR initiatives. Luo and Du

(2015), observed that a high level of market competition determines the extent of a firms

CSR initiatives.

Ensuring that CSR is implemented may require a focus on both interior and

exterior factors of production. Internal factors such as mechanisms of production

including employee skill level, size and profitability of the firm, capital outlay and

leadership style orientation are important. External factors such as location of the firm,

institutional framework of laws and cultural norms, as well as market competition are all

significant in implementing CSR. Drucker (1984) pointed out that corporations are

capable of improving the lives of stakeholders.

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Constituents of Corporate Social Responsibility

The question of what constitutes a responsible social activity may have

contributed to multiple understanding and lack of clear implementation of CSR. There

are internal and external basis for implementing CSR. The internal basis of CSR

encompasses the efficient management of employees and other natural resources beyond

the minimum standards of the law and ethical norms. Efficient human resources

management may include the provision of health care, conducive and safe working

environment, efficient means of transportation, healthy eating, and workout programs,

(Nasrullah & Rahim, 2014).

The external basis encompasses corporations’ relationship and need to improve

the welfare of stakeholders such as suppliers, consumers, business partners, and investors

(Nasrullah & Rahim, 2014) The external relationship is based on the extent of

corporations’ sustainable, accountable, and transparent initiatives to solve societal

problems created as a result of negative consequences of production, and engaging with

the community members for this purpose (Nasrullah & Rahim, 2014). The external

constituents of CSR determine its importance in enhancing positive social change.

Sustainability constituent of CSR. The basic truth about CSR is that it may

ensure sustainable and eco-friendly production, a phenomenon commonly known as

going green (Doran & Ryan, 2014). Corporations use natural resources such as minerals,

crude oil, trees, and land in production. Recycling these natural resources is important in

ensuring continuous production both in the short-term and long-term. CSR emphasizes on
 43
the importance of sustainable production to ensure preservation of, and availability of

natural resources in the future (Popa, 2015).

Accountability constituent of CSR. Accountability which is the justification of

actions, in this case, by corporations has legal and ethical ramifications. The

consequences of corporate production on the environment has to be aligned with the

cultural and social norms and also the laws of the society and the country as a whole.

Corporations produce strategically to meet the cultural preference and to ensure that

products improve the well-being of people and the environment and enhance their

reputation thereby increasing demand. Negative consequences of production may be a

violation of legal standards by the government (Dillard & Layzell, 2014).

Transparency of CSR. Many corporations report their CSR activities due to

pressure by stakeholders for transparency (Valenti et al., 2014). Corporations are integral

part of society. Society is the custodian of natural resources for production (Bakan,

2005). Corporate initiatives affect and are affected by stakeholders (Freeman et al.,

2010). Hollensbe et al. (2014) defended the mutual dependence of business and society. It

is thus significant for stakeholders to identify and understand the actions of corporate

leadership to avoid skepticism but instead enhance trust and demand (Skarmeas &

Leonidon, 2013). The issue of transparency is also important towards avoiding the

phenomenon of greenwashing while enhancing the reputation of the corporation (Crifo &

Forget, 2015).

Legal constituent of CSR. Carroll (2015) noted in his research that the legal

framework of CSR was established in the late 1800s and became prominent in the 1970s
 44
as corporations were obligated to abide by federal laws involving environmental, product

and worker safety. Lambooy (2014) described CSR as belonging to various fields of law

including international, corporate, and labor law. Dillard and Layzell (2014) pointed out

in their research that CSR is a legal compliance apparatus. Other scholars view CSR as a

good citizenship mechanism to protect society from the negative externalities of

corporate production (Carroll, 2003).

The question of whether CSR has a legal component is not debatable, however as

Kahreh et al., (2015) indicated CSR may be defined as beyond compliance. CSR is

indeed beyond compliance of the law as it is more of an ethical framework for

corporations to act as good citizens in their communities. Certain scholars recognize that

the legal boundaries for corporations to operate are already set and enforced by the

government and that CSR falls outside the parameters of law. Hamidu et al. (2015)

confirms this notion when they expatiated that, CSR is viewed in some parts of the world

as a management imperative, beyond existing human rights and environmental laws.

Philanthropic constituent of CSR. Carroll (2015) observed that CSR initiatives

started as mainly philanthropic in nature from the early 1800s as companies donated to

charities. Most of the donations though were in the long-run reputation building interest

of the company. Cochran (2007) reported that philanthropic contributions by businesses

in the 1950s were aimed at social welfare and not immediate corporate gains. Butler and

McChesney (1998) justified in research, the philanthropic nature of CSR.

Philanthropic initiatives are however discretionary in nature and as such lack practical

basis for implementation of CSR. A corporation may donate used cars to a church or
 45
community. Donations of used cars and food do not solve the problem of pollution

caused by corporate fumes, unemployment or hunger in a community where people may

be dying as a result.

Ethical constituent of CSR. Szegedi et al., (2016) indicated in their research that

CSR has an ethical purpose aimed at avoiding harmful consequences of production and

inspiring a good behavioral approach to business administration. Rodriguez-Fernandez

(2016) highlighted the inseparable relation between CSR and business ethics. Doda

(2015) advanced the thought that CSR is an organizational framework based on ethical

initiatives. Goel and Ramanathan (2014) distinguished that CSR is a business ethics

paradigm. Overall (2016) discovered in his study that being socially responsibly is

equated with ethical behavior.

Ethical initiatives are, however, discretionary and may not align with imminent

problems of society. A corporation may decide to be ethical by recycling and using

biodegradable products, however, this may not solve the immediate problems of water

contamination in a society. Avoiding accidents at the job place may not necessarily mean

a corporation holds employee welfare in high esteem, instead providing a conducive

atmosphere and employee development training programs may be more important.

Economic constituent of CSR. There is the need for corporations to make profit

and fulfill social responsibilities (Drucker, 1984). Adams, Jeanrenaud, Bessant, Denyer

and Overy (2015) assessed in research, the profit inherent in sustainable production due

to CSR. Businesses operate on generating profit on goods and services. Profit can only be

generated through investments and consumer demand. Consumers demand high quality
 46
of products whiles investors wants to see growth and development of the business. There

is thus the need for corporations to invest in quality and long-term production. Dangelico

(2015) concluded that there is competitive advantage in long-term innovative production.

Krisnawati et al. (2014) assessed that CSR may lead to profitability if well managed.

To further enhance their reputation with the public to increase demand,

corporations may resort to charitable donations such as sponsoring sports programs and

investing in education to improve the skills of human resources. Zheng, Luo, and

Maksimov (2015) evaluated in research that CSR could be used as a strategic apparatus

of philanthropic initiatives to build legitimacy with external stakeholders such as

consumers and investors. Lingreen and Swaen (2010) underscored the need for a

strategic, multidisciplinary, and evidence-based implementation framework of CSR.

Themes of Corporate Social Responsibility

Various themes of CSR have been created in extant literature to discuss and

support the concept and purpose of CSR. These themes may be aimed at generating

understanding about the concept of CSR and the purpose for which it was created. CSR

themes such as corporate social innovation, corporate social performance, and corporate

citizenship provided subheadings for the clarity of discussions.

Corporate social innovation. The concept of social innovation is rarely

discussed in extant literature of social development (Phillips et al., 2015), however as

Drucker, (1984) pointed out, social problems may be opportunities to be innovative to

increase profits. Michelini (2012) defined social innovation as new ideas that solves

societal problems and creates positive social change by enhancing higher quality of life.
 47
Schmitt (2014) defined social innovation as a new approach to problem-solving to

enhance social development. Cunha et al. (2015) defined social innovation as a

framework encompassing system-changing initiatives to spur positive social changes.

Changing a social system is a holistic venture involving every dimension of

society such as cultural, economic, and behavioral to eliminate problem or fostering a

better way to dealing with issues (Martin & Osberg, 2015). Example, solving the problem

of health care, may require subsidizing school fees to increase the number of medical

students and improving food quality through innovative production to prevent diseases.

Stephan et al. (2016) analyzed that implementing a positive social change structure

requires a transformation in thoughts and behaviors by individuals and institutions. CSR

change system involves economic, social, and legal transformation.

The economic underpinnings of CSR is tied to the essence of social innovation

(Schmitt, 2014). Kim and You (2013) in their case study of eco-friendly innovative

automobile manufacturing companies noted that managerial inclination towards strategic

CSR has an innovative component of value creation ideas with long-term implications of

reputation enhancement which could result in increased demand and profit maximization.

There is no doubt that CSR can lead to innovation in socially friendly products by

corporations (Ambec, Cohen, Elgie, & Lanoie, 2013).

Luo and Du (2015) discovered in their research that firms with high CSR

initiatives also increased their innovation into new products. To avoid fines and

punishment due to legal enforcement of CSR, and lower cost of production, corporations

may become innovative by researching into environmentally friendly mechanisms and

 48
outcomes of production (Doran & Ryan, 2014). Kuen-Hung and Yi-Chuan (2016)

discovered in their survey in Taiwan, that market demand for eco-friendly products and

government subsidies will lead to environmentally friendly approach to innovation. CSR

involves engaging with stakeholders which may lead to knowledge discovery and

creative production (Cegarra, Reverte, Wensley & Gomez-Melero, 2016).

Combining a social purpose with a core business-like disposition epitomizes the

framework of CSR and justifies its concept of a social innovation paradigm (Dees, 2001).

According to Dees, (2001), socially innovative corporations are concerned with solving

the problems of society efficiently by a.) Creating a new or improved product and

discovering new markets, b.) Discovering new markets and finding unmet needs, c.)

Introducing new strategy or method of operation, d.) Improving and discovering new

sources of supply and mechanism of production.

These forms of social innovation if undertaken by corporations may lead to profit

maximization and societal development, while eliminating the threat of unrealistic and

embellished CSR initiatives. Undertaking social innovation may close the gap of CSR

implementation in extant literature and lead to positive social change. The forms of CSR

are divided as subheadings for this study as follows;

Creating a new or improved product and discovering new markets. Crane and

Glozer (2016) illustrated in their research, the importance of a multi-communication

approach in CSR, to discover knowledge from customers, suppliers, and investors on

what their needs are, and provide innovative products accordingly. Discovering new

markets based on the tastes and preferences of different customers is essential to business
 49
profit. It takes an effective two-way communication approach to discover the concerns of

community members (Crane & Glozer, 2016) and produce according to their needs and

preferences. Product innovation may be a consequences of scientific research and the

need for product differentiation due to market competition.

Innovative production may lead to an enhancement in the quality of life of

community members, increased profits as a result of product differentiation, and a

competitive advantage on the market due to higher demand (Kurtishi & Bexheti, 2013).

Wang and Sun (2014) pointed out in their research that innovation of the electric and

hybrid cars was to reduce overdependence on crude oil and solve the resultant problem of

environmental pollution. They noted that electric cars have the advantage of zero

pollution and are also reliable and have higher performance level, thus cost effective for

customers. Electric cars also have a higher safety and comfort level than fuel-powered

cars thus are in higher demand (Wang & Sun, 2014).

Introducing new strategy of operation. Boeing has adopted a new strategy of

operation which is a holistic approach involving the efficient use of resources to improve

societies (Valenti, 2014). There is the focus on partnership with other organizations to

improve, health, education and overall human resource while also tackling the problem of

pollution by reducing greenhouse emissions and noise minimization levels (Valenti,

2014). Hybrid and electric cars which reduces the overdependence on natural energy

production and leads to a healthier environment due to zero emission of greenhouse gases

such as carbon dioxide (Wang & Sun, 2014) may be a new strategy of production.
 50
Improving and discovering new sources and mechanisms of production. Depleting

the natural resources base has been a concern and catapulted the issue of sustainable

production onto the limelight. Many scholars parallel CSR with sustainable production

(Reilly & Hyman, 2014). There is the need to find alternative sources of production to

reduce greenhouse emissions and ensure sustainable production for future generations.

Jacobson et al. (2015) advanced the idea of using alternative energy source of wind,

water and sunlight to existing energy sources of crude oil, and coal by all 50 states to

reduce air pollution which has causes death to 78,000 people in the United States,

stemming from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Other themes of CSR may include the concepts of corporate citizenship,

sustainable development, and corporate social performance. The themes of CSR may

illuminate understanding of the nature and implementation of CSR. The nature and

purpose of corporate citizenship and corporate social performance are two of the themes

of CSR discussed in this study.

Corporate citizenship. The twenty first century has brought about various

thematic approaches to the concept of CSR, prominent of which is corporate citizenship

(Carroll, 2015). As the name implies corporate citizenship is the act of making

contribution to the ideal of community and the country as whole to spur socio-economic

growth and development (Carroll, 2003). Matten and Crane (2005) reported that the term

corporate citizenship became necessary due to the power and influence of corporations in

the lives of citizens. Matten and Crane (2005) observed that corporations have legal
 51
status parallel to humans and have an obligation because of their influence on political,

civic and social rights to act in favor of citizens of a country.

Corporate Social Performance

Corporate social responsibility activities in the society is referred to in practical

terms as corporate social Performance (CSP), and viewed as a long-term initiative

involving corporate leadership (Wang, 2015). Corporate social performance may be

equivalent to the sustainability and innovative trait of CSR. Corporate social performance

is a measure of a corporations’ strategic economic involvement in the community in the

form of environmental development, better marketing programs to reach unmet needs and

areas, and improvement in supplier relationship (Wang, 2015). Strategic economic

involvement may be measured in terms of the company reputation among consumers

through level of purchase, investor preference, and policies on employee well-being

(Wang, 2015).

Measuring of corporate social performance has been a subject of contention by

scholars (Wang , 2015). Crifto and Forget (2015) identified in their research, the need for

more studies on how corporate social performance can be financially evaluated. Lu,

Chau, Wang, and Pan (2014) stated that results are inconclusive as to whether corporate

social performances has financial benefits. Saeidi, Sofian, Saeidi and Saaedi (2015)

evaluated however that CSP enhances the reputation and competitive advantage of the

firm and as a result leads to an increase in profits.

Globalization is a topical issue, that permeates through the fabric of society and

for that matter every economic discipline. The effects of globalization on the nature and
 52
purpose of CSR cannot be discounted. CSR has a global reach, as it is engaged in by

8000 companies in 150 countries (Wang et al., 2016). The subheading, globalization and

CSR, offers a discussion about the effect of globalization on the purpose of CSR.

Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility

The advent of technology has brought about an extended geographical reach for

local businesses and led to the formation of multinational corporations (MNCs), which

have become more influential in global economic growth and development (Petrovic-

Randelovic, Stevanovic, & Ivanovic-Dukic, 2015). According to Sheehy, (2015) CSR

may be viewed as an international law for corporations. Smith (2013) described a

renewed debate about the importance of CSR internationally in the era of globalization.

Carroll (2015) indicated that CSR has gained global recognition although there are

differences in its purpose, consistent with the imminent problems in specific countries.

Under the United Nations Compact, 9,269 companies in 166 countries, have

pledged to promote CSR activities by engaging in poverty alleviation, environmental

preservation, and avoiding human right abuses such as child labor and unsafe working

conditions (Wang et al., 2016). Identifying the importance of CSR in international

business and for that matter in MNCs’ relationship with governments and communities in

developing countries is critical towards sustainable growth and development. Water

contamination as a result of oil spills in the Niger Delta of Nigeria (Adedokun & Ataga,

2014) and other places could be avoided through CSR, which promotes sustainable

production and effective laws and ethical values.

 53
The lack of a regulatory apparatus especially in developing countries calls for an

international agency to rectify the detrimental effects of pollution and water

contamination caused by oil spillage and other irresponsible and accidental effects by

MNCs (Adedokun & Ataga, 2014). The question of who enforces CSR may be in the

domain of the United Nations and local governments, until a CSR agency, similar to the

purpose of the World Bank and the United Nations is set up. The question of how CSR

can be enforced to realize its full effect on societal development still lacks theoretical and

practical basis in extant literature (Lindgreen & Swaen, 2010). This research seeks to

provide understanding about the Implementation of CSR.

There are inherent problems of the concept and nature of CSR in extant literature

worthy of note. Understanding a comprehensive implementation framework of CSR may

require a solution to the problems of community involvement in CSR decision-making

and initiatives. Involving community members, suppliers, and consumers in CSR

decision-making and initiatives may lead to the realization of its full effect on social

development.

Stakeholder Role Recognition in Corporate Social Responsibility

The importance of a discussion of community and government engagement in the

nature and purpose of CSR cannot be over-emphasized hence the creation of subheadings

to provide clarity and emphasis in this study. CSR is tailored to the well-being of

stakeholders (ISO 26000, 2010). The role of the government in ensuring that corporations

abide by the requirements of CSR in ensuring societal development requires discussion in

this study.
 54
Community engagement in CSR. Khandelwad and Bakshi (2014), defined CSR

as a response mechanism to stakeholder pressure to curtail negative social consequences

and improve overall quality of goods and services. Consistent with the concept of CSR to

promote social development, the role of society, particularly consumers, needs to be

highly estimated (Carroll, 2015). Castello et al. (2013) pointed out that consumers can

boycott goods and services from corporations with unfavorable CSR disposition. Other

measures may include a complaint on social media, street protests against the

corporation. Such social pressures engender CSR (Shnayder, Van Rijnsoever & Hekkert,

2016). Alhouti, Johnson, and Halloway (2016), inferred that it is necessary to take

stakeholders’ perspective into consideration on CSR activities.

Crane and Glozer (2016) advocated a participatory communication structure

whereby stakeholders are able to communicate their grievances and make

recommendations towards social development. Xuemei and Yaoyang (2016) discovered

in their research that consumers are motivated by their needs for better products and

services, trust level of firms to act socially responsibly, the opportunity to be part of a

positive program of social development, and rewards.

Gregory Dees, gave an example of a Harvard graduate who was rejected by the

local community members he was supposed to help improve their production, because his

behavior of knowing-it-all was deemed condescending. He later spent years to ingratiate

himself with the local people and was amazed at what he learnt from them (Worsham,

2012). The example provided epitomizes the importance of the role of community

members in CSR implementation and success.

 55
Government engagement in CSR. Government initiative is important towards a

CSR implementation, however the role of government has been reduced to setting of

regulatory standards for corporations (Singhal, 2014). Singhal (2014) devised that beyond

regulations and tax incentives, government can act as a broker to foster partnership of

entities such as for-profit businesses, not-for-profit businesses, civil society

organizations, and community organizers to promote a common purpose of service to

society. Government may establish a CSR board, similar to the Securities and Exchange

Commission which protects shareholders, to provide legal and ethical fairness to

stakeholders. Government may help educate society on the importance of CSR.

Reason for Choosing the Qualitative Descriptive Phenomenology Approach

The methodological paradigm of a study seeks to explain how a researcher can

find answers to the research problem (Patton, 2015). A qualitative research method in the

field of business study allows the interpretation of meanings and understandings that

participants attach to a phenomenon as discovered on the field of research (Patton, 2015).

Consistent with the objective of a qualitative research, the purpose of this study is to gain

rich and in-depth understanding of the implementation of CSR.

There have been qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method approaches to the

study of CSR and its related themes especially in the twenty first century (Carroll, 2015).

Quantitative methods are used to find the relationship between CSR and financial

performance outcomes, results of which were mixed (Lu et al., 2014). Du et al. (2013)

discovered in their quantitative study that transformational leaders engaged in CSR while

transactional leadership implemented CSR. Shen et al. (2016) deduced a positive

 56
correlation between CSR and corporate innovation, in their quantitative sampling. Chiang

et al. (2015) used quantitative multiple regression to assess the correlation between CSR

and quality of financial reporting.

An exploratory qualitative study was conducted by Kitzmueller and Shimshack,

(2012) based on theoretical and empirical data to ascertain the benefits inherent in CSR to

society. Sheehy (2015) employed a theoretical review of literature to critically analyze

the definition of CSR and create understanding about its nature. Valenti et al. (2014)

relied on an exploratory case study design to examine CSR programs at both Boeing and

ExxonMobil corporations to create understanding of its nature and impact on society.

CSR values such as sustainable production, community involvement, benefits to

stakeholders were compared.

The phenomenological design allows the elucidation of meanings that people

have of their lived experiences of a phenomenon through the collection of multiple forms

of data including empirical and theoretical to gain rich understanding (Sloan & Bowe,

2014). Khan and Lund-Thomsen (2011) conducted a phenomenological study to interpret

the meanings that local manufacturers in developing countries attached to CSR policies.

For my research, phenomenology will be employed to inform an understanding of a

strategic CSR implementation. The lived experiences of corporate leaders in undertaking

various CSR activities will be identified and reported to improve understanding of CSR

implementation.
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Gap of Corporate Social Responsibility implementation in Literature

Wang et al. (2016) summarized that scholarly literature from 2010 to present is

focused on the profitability of engaging in CSR despite the debate about the

appropriateness of using corporate resources to serve the interest of society. The

implementation of CSR is still in peril as a consensus in understanding has still not been

reached (Lindgreen & Swaen, 2010; Sheehy, 2015). Szegedi et al. (2014) pointed out in

their research that implementation of CSR is a problem although the importance of CSR

to business growth and development is acknowledged in literature.

Glavas (2016) hypothesized that the disparity between the concept and real-life

practice of CSR may have contributed to the struggles of corporate leaders to implement

CSR. There is marginal knowledge about how corporate leaders implement CSR

programs in their organizations (Bjerregaard & Lauring, 2013; Wickert & de Bakkar,

2015). Valenti et al. (2014) admitted that there are problems of CSR implementation

although corporations such as ExxonMobil and Boeing have CSR programs that

enhances societal welfare. This research focuses on how corporations implement CSR, to

illuminate understanding.

Summary and Transition

The profusion of literature underscored the importance that scholars attach to the

concept of CSR to create positive social change, thus the need to improve understanding

about its implementation. Part of the reason for its prevalence in literature may be due to

the debate about the logic of CSR, and the flux and complex nature of societal problems.

Various definitions, theories, strategic significance, constituent, themes, and multitude of

 58
reasons have been advanced to explain the concept of CSR. Despite the vagaries of

explanations by scholars corporate leaders strive to implement CSR despite a disparity

between its concept and real-life practice.

Understanding an implementation structure of CSR may be essential to business

profitability and enhance positive social change by mitigating problems of pollution and

water contamination, and improve food yield and quality. A qualitative transcendental

phenomenological approach will be used to identify and report the lived experiences of

managers of manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina, to illuminate

understanding of CSR implementation. Chapter 3 includes the methods, designs,

population sampled, instrumentation and ethical issues of the study.

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Chapter 3: Research Method

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to

identify and report the lived experiences of corporate employees with CSR

implementation. CSR is a framework to enhance transparent and ethical corporate

initiatives to improve the welfare of society (ISO 26000, 2010). As debate persists about

the logic of using corporate resources to solve problems of society, corporations endeavor

to implement CSR (Glavas, 2016) to address chronic social problems (e.g., pollution and

water contamination). The need to understand the implementation of CSR is important to

reduce societal problems and create positive social changes.

In Chapter 3, I focus on the appropriateness of the transcendental phenomenology

design for this research. The role of the researcher as an interviewer is also illuminated in

conformance with the standards of a qualitative approach to study. Ethical issues are

focused on to address my biases, treatment of participants, and data collected for

research, to conform to the standards of qualitative research. In this chapter, I also

address the instruments used to collect data, sources of data, the criterion used in

selecting participants, and the data analysis procedure used in this study. To allow clarity

and identification of salient points, headings such as research rationale and design, the

role of the researcher, methodology of research, and summary are provided.

Research Methodology

The process for choosing a suitable methodology for this study was based on the

purpose of study and the research question. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods

approaches were considered for this study. The purpose of study and the research
 60
question indicated that a qualitative approach would afford the opportunity to gain

understanding about the complexity and richness (Chetty, 2013) of CSR implementation.

A qualitative method relates to a social construct and allows understanding of an

implementation framework (Patton, 2015) such as CSR.

A quantitative approach was deemed unsatisfactory because relationship between

variables and numerical evaluation of the importance of a phenomenon (Onwuegbuzie &

Leech, 2005) did not align with the purpose of this study, which was to identify and

report lived experiences of corporate employees of CSR implementation. A mixed

method approach, which includes both quantitative and qualitative methods may be

better, but it is also time and resource consuming (Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2009), and

there was no need for me to evaluate the number of corporations involved in CSR

activities. As discussed in Chapter 2, there is still the need to understand how CSR is

implemented to spur practical positive changes in societies, thus selecting the qualitative

approach was based on its purpose of creating understanding from participants’ data

(Patton, 2015).

An appropriate research design and rationale for this study is the transcendental

phenomenology approach. According to Moustakas (1994), any phenomenon viewed

from a person’s perspective devoid of preconceived notions and the influence of societal

impressions may form the basis of a phenomenological study. Being conscious of a

phenomenon by creating thoughts and opinions forms the basis of individuals’

attachment, or experience (Giorgi, 2009; van Manen, 2014). Applying transcendental

phenomenology was appropriate for this qualitative study because the focus was on
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individuals’ consciousness of an experience (Giorgi, 2009) and the gathering of

information subjectively as related to the essence of participants’ lived experiences

(Moustakas, 1994).

Transcendental phenomenology has been used in research on business practices

including CSR. For example, Loo and Nasruddin (2015) used transcendental

phenomenology to report the lived experiences of purchasing-managers related to labor,

health, and safety in the electronics industry. Khan and Lund-Thomsen (2011) conducted

a phenomenological study to interpret the meanings that local manufacturers in

developing countries attached to CSR policies and to create understanding and improve

efficiency of implementation. Hemingway and Starkey (2017) used hermeneutic

phenomenology in their study of CSR leadership. The transcendental phenomenology

design suited this study because I eliminated any judgments and assumptions and

reported the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implementation in

manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The conceptual framework guided the choice of methodology of this study

(Maxwell, 2013). The research question formed a basis for the study design preference.

Semi structured interviews with open-ended questions through a qualitative design were

used to gather in-depth data for analysis to report and provide understanding of the lived

experiences of corporate managers in CSR implementation. Data collection methods,

participant selection logic, procedure for recruitment, and data analysis technique, were

chosen to conform to the requirements of a qualitative approach.

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Research Design and Rationale

I used qualitative transcendental phenomenological approach from Moustakas

(1994) to study the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implementation in

manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina. Purposeful sampling was

employed to report CSR implementation within manufacturing corporations. The

phenomenological approach was appropriate for this study because its use enables the

researcher to eliminate assumptions and prejudices and view a phenomenon anew

(Henriques, 2014).

Phenomenology is used by researchers to understand a phenomenon based on the

meanings that individuals attach to their lived experiences essential to developing

practices and programs (Moustakas, 1994). There are two types of qualitative

phenomenological methodologies derived from phenomenological philosophy (Sloan &

Bowe, 2014). The hermeneutic approach, developed by Martin Heideggar, is used by

researchers to interpret the meaning-making experiences that people derive from a

phenomenon (Van Manen, 1997). The transcendental approach by Edmund Husserl is

used by researchers to identify and report the lived experiences of humans of a

phenomenon (Moustakas, 1994).

Transcendental phenomenology is based on four processes: epoché,

phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, and synthesis used in analyzing data

(Moustakas, 1994). This research inculcated all four processes. The first process, epoché,

involves the elimination of researcher’s opinions, judgments, and experiences in

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analyzing data. To fulfill this process, I was responsive to accommodate participants’

description of their lived experiences of CSR implementation.

The second process, phenomenological reduction, is where the researcher views

information in an unadulterated form, eliminating external influences of societal

impressions and any inherent assumptions to arrive at the essence of the phenomenon

(Moustakas, 1994). I parenthesized any experiential knowledge and scientific

understanding about the phenomenon of CSR implementation to attain a raw and

unbiased description of participants’ lived experiences. The subjective and unprejudiced

opinions of managers relevant to CSR implementation were essential to illuminating

understanding about CSR implementation within corporations.

The third process, the imaginative variation, was employed to eliminate any

variant and unrelated information that may interfere with themes derived from meanings

of participants’ data. Imaginative variation involves the finding of meanings from data,

essential to the phenomenon of study using imagination, shifting an individual’s set of

beliefs for making judgments, engaging in contradictions, and addressing the

phenomenon from variable standpoints, posture, and purpose. By employing imaginative

variation, I created broader and enhanced forms of similar themes for analysis

(Moustakas, 1994).

The final approach involved textural and structural synthesis to provide meanings

and essence of the shared lived experiences of participants. Textural depiction involves a

description of what participants experienced. Participants’ ideas and feelings about their

experiences provide subject and background of the phenomenon relevant to the portrayal
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of its essence. Structural illustration involved a report of the shared meanings of how

participants experienced a phenomenon. Textural and structural synthesis was focused on

what and how a phenomenon was experienced respectively (Moustakas, 1994).

Reporting the essence of the lived experiences of participants while eliminating

researchers’ previous knowledge and preconceptions is essential in a phenomenological

study (Moustakas, 1994). In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted to gain

information relevant to creating understanding of the related essence of the lived

experiences of the phenomenon (Patton, 2015) of implementing CSR within corporations.

To gain knowledge of participants’ experiences, open-ended questions in semi structured

interviews were used to collect subjective data. The meanings that participants made of

their lived experiences of CSR implementation is essential to illuminating understanding

for corporate leaders, academicians, and decision makers, significant to creating positive

social changes.

The transcendental phenomenological approach (Husserl, 2002) was deemed

appropriate for this study because it can be used to identify and report the lived

experiences of corporate managers relevant to the implementation of CSR while

eliminating researcher judgements and previous knowledge. Conducting a transcendental

phenomenological study involving purposefully sampled corporations that create social

development through product innovation, mechanisms, and strategies of operation, may

ensure trustworthiness and generalizability of the study. Transcendental phenomenology

was used to establish the essence of lived experiences of manufacturing corporate

managers in Charlotte, North Carolina, to illuminate understanding of CSR

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implementation. Findings may be related to real-life experiences as opposed to

preconceived notions and theoretical impressions.

A case study design was deemed inappropriate for this study because this may

involve focusing on the corporation as an entity and provide detailed and holistic

information over time (Yin, 2014) rather than the lived experiences of managers within it.

There is lack of knowledge about how CSR is implemented within organizations

(Wickert & de Bakker, 2016). Collecting data using the transcendental phenomenology

design enabled me to avoid experiences that were not directly known but obtained from

others or through theories, thoughts, and impressions that divert focus away from

participants lived experiences (Finlay, 2014).

Other designs not chosen for this study included grounded theory, which was

deemed inappropriate for this study because there is lack of a clear understanding of CSR

implementation, hence participants may not have concrete views and objective

information, significant to construct a theory (Charmaz, 2014). Ethnography was not

chosen because describing a cultural basis of CSR may not be efficient because there is

no consensus blueprint for corporate leaders to identify with to implement CSR (Patton,

2015). A narrative study would not have yielded the needed results because the personal-

life background of participants may not be necessary to providing understanding needed

for CSR implementation (Clandinin, 2013). The research question as designed appealed

to the sharing of lived experiences relevant to CSR implementation to illuminate

understanding to create positive social changes: What are the lived experiences of
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managers relevant to CSR implementation in manufacturing corporations in Charlotte,

North Carolina?

Role of the Researcher

The researcher is the measure of the study in a qualitative method of inquiry

(Patton, 2015), specifically the course of action of the study. The study unfolds through

the purview of the researcher although understanding from participants is essential in a

qualitative study. The researcher’s input as shaped by participants’ understanding of

phenomenon underscores the subjectivity hallmark of qualitative studies (Chetty, 2013).

The researcher decides what theories will inform, provide foundation, shape the research,

what questions to ask, what to observe, what participants to study, and the setting to

conduct the study, to gain understanding of a phenomenon (Maxwell, 2013).

Because there is a lack of knowledge about the implementation of CSR (Wickert

& de Bakker, 2015), it was necessary to identify and report lived experiences of

participants to illuminate understanding as opposed to a numerical relationship between

variables based on objectivity that a quantitative study would entail (Onwuegbuzie &

Leech, 2005). My background in economics and business management shaped my

perspective on the choice of topic and focus of purpose. Profitability and growth are

imperative in economics and business, thus a CSR framework—which according to

Carroll (2016) is a business pedagogy with economic and legal implications—peaked my

interest as being ideal in promoting positive social changes because of social problems.

Semi structured interviews were used to collect data. Corporations were selected

based on the following criteria: new products or methods of production introduced onto
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the market, strategies to reach new markets, finding new natural resource bases, and new

and more efficient sources of supply and mechanisms of production (see Dees, 2001). I

sought information on how these various CSR initiatives were implemented and their

effects on society. Interview data was based on CSR involvement and initiatives by

leadership and employees of corporations to promote societal welfare. Conclusions were

drawn consistent with the concept of positive social change.

I am not affiliated to any corporation chosen for this study, nor do I intend on

doing so at the time of undertaking this research. Corporations were chosen based on

their social initiatives into new and efficient production, such as ecofriendly and food

quality and yield improving products, its magnitude of operation and depth in CSR

reporting. The choice of socially innovative manufacturing corporations was inspired by

Drucker’s (1984) conclusion that problems of society may be viewed by corporate

leaders as opportunities for growth.

There is limited knowledge about how corporate leaders implement CSR within

their organizations (Wickert & de Bakker, 2015) to mitigate the negative consequences of

manufacturing such a pollution. Understanding an implementation framework of CSR in

corporations that produce eco-friendly goods and improve food quality may enhance

positive social changes. My bias may be because of experiential knowledge as a quality

control manager of a manufacturing corporation, although I am not currently affiliated to

any corporations. My bias guided my choice of questions and settings for this study. I

was not sponsored by any organization thus any subjectivity was based on opinions from

interviews. Access to participants influenced my selection of corporations.

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Maxwell (2013) recommended that ethical issues are accounted for, in every

aspect of the qualitative research process. In this study, ethical issues were taken into

consideration to conform to the standards expected of a scholarly research. There were no

clear ethical violations. No harm was done to any persons physically or psychologically

as the study was meant to improve the well-being of stakeholders. I do not work for any

manufacturing corporation in question, thus there were no conflicts of interest either.

Consent of participants was sought and the purpose of the study was explained in writing

and verbally. Responses by participants were held in confidence. Names of participants

and corporations were anonymous to protect their privacy except otherwise permitted.

Participant Selection Logic

In this study, I identify and report the lived experiences of managers of

manufacturing corporations through the collection of rich and insightful interview data.

An interview is consistent with the qualitative approach and the social constructivist

research philosophy whereby meanings that people attach to a phenomenon informs a

researcher to provide a subjective understanding of the issue of study (Patton, 2015).

Open-ended questions were used to allow participants to elaborate on their experiences

and ensure flexibility of information gathering.

Problems that affected data accrual such as faulty recording devices and

cancellation of interviews were countered with careful testing of devices and scheduling

appropriate time with interviewees. The population for this study were employees of

corporations with a core focus of social development. Initial website search of

corporations was based on size and operational alignment with four qualities of social
 69
innovation as postulated by Dees, (2001), including creating new products, generating

new strategies and mechanism of production, discovering new markets, and finding new

resources and supply bases.

These four qualities were selected out of the seven by Dees, (2001) because they

align with the nature of CSR of enhancing societal growth and development. Creating

new products which are eco-friendly for instance may eliminate the social problem of

pollution. Discovering new markets for instance may lead to a better standard of living in

a community. Generating new strategies of operation by involving community members

and investing in employee well-being to enable them reach a level of self-actualization

may be important in societal development. Finding new resource bases may be critical

towards sustainability of the environment as it may lead to preservation, underscoring the

purpose of corporate social responsibility.

Purposeful sampling, a hallmark of qualitative research is used to gather rich and

in-depth data to elucidate intuitive understanding of a phenomenon (Patton, 2015).

Purposeful sampling is used in qualitative research to select a small number of

participants, compared to quantitative study. Snowball, a purposeful sampling strategy,

was chosen for this research because it aligns with a phenomenological study, as it

informs logical generalization of data from interviews, and clarifies understanding of an

implementation framework (Patton, 2015), in this case CSR.

Employees of manufacturing corporations, with experience and knowledge

relevant to CSR implementation provided information for this research. Essentially any

employee with at least five years of experience in manufacturing production and

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knowledge of CSR related activities, willing to grant an interview participated in the

study. The purpose of the research was explained verbally and in writing to participants

prior to conducting interviews. Participant anonymity and confidentiality was also

assured. An estimated time between 30 and 45 minutes was spent with each participant to

build rapport and ensure rich and in-depth information.

Data saturation occurs when further information from new participants becomes

repetitive (Mason, 2010). Data saturation ensures content validity and replicability of

study (Bowen, 2008; O’Reilly & Parker, 2012). I attained data saturation because the

same question was asked of multiple participants (Guest, Bunce, & Johnson, 2006) of

corporations with commonality of consequences of production, and purpose of CSR

implementation. Themes for analysis were dependent on meanings rather than frequency

of occurrence of information, to ensure saturation of data.

To test for data saturation, themes were developed from 12 initial responses to

interview questions. Three subsequent interviews were conducted, and themes generated.

No further themes were developed, data saturation was thus attained at 15 participant

responses to interview questions. Three additional interviews did not generate further

themes, the process was thus not continued as it was a confirmation of data saturation.

Instrumentation

The semi-structured interviews technique was used as the data collection

instrument. Instrument was developed based on the nature of the qualitative method of

understanding a phenomenon from participants’ subjective data, and the purpose of the

phenomenological transcendental design of reporting lived experiences while eliminating

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the researcher’s judgements and assumptions. Singular face-to-face interviews may be

important in building rapport and gaining rich and in-depth information and variable

opinions in comparison to a group interview, in which one’s opinion may be changed by

answers of others and result in similar responses (Patton, 2015). Interviews, focused on

the lived experiences of participants, was recorded and transcribed. Hand coding of data

begun during the interview process as a strategy to take notes.

A researcher-developed interview script (Appendix B) ensured that there were no

deviations in interview responses although follow-up questions were based on

participant’s willingness to elaborate for clarity of information. Interview questions were

based on the conceptual framework of establishing a mutual beneficial relationship

between society and corporations. Interview protocols ensured transparency of purpose,

addressed participant’s ethical concerns, and established understanding of the interview

process. A field test was conducted involving three colleagues with experience in

management consulting, to ensure that interview questions were meaningful and sought

to illuminate understanding of CSR implementation.

Interview questions were grounded in literature and based on the conceptual framework,

the purpose of study, the gap in literature, and the choice of research design;

1. What are your lived experiences \CSR implementation within your

corporation? (Wickert & de Bakkar, 2015).

2. How do you perceive the strategies used to implement CSR programs within

your corporation? This question is focused on the problem statement of

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disparity between theory and practice of CSR (Glavas, 2016) and how

corporate leaders are able to find a link.

3. What does CSR’s impact on society and employee well-being mean for you?

This question is based on the purpose of CSR of improving societal well-

being (Crifo & Forget, 2015). This question is also focused on the gap in

literature of knowing how CSR is implemented within corporations.

4. What do you assume are the most meaningful CSR programs within your

corporation? This question is centered on the specific programs of CSR

implementation within corporations because of lack of knowledge (Wickert &

de Bakker, 2015).

5. What do you believe social well-being means for growth and profitability of

your corporation? This question is based on the conceptual framework of

mutual beneficial relationship between businesses and society (Hollensbe et

al., 2014). The question is also based on strategic CSR implementation (Wang

et al., 2016)

6. What are your lived experiences with meaningful relationships that you may

have developed with members of the community? This question is focused on

the purpose of and basis for CSR implementation of improving societal well-

being (Crifo & Forget, 2015).

7. What are your lived experiences with meaningful relationships that you may

have developed with your fellow employees? This question is focused on the
 73
purpose of and basis for CSR implementation of improving societal well-

being (Crifo & Forget, 2015).

8. What does your corporations’ CSR mean to you as an employee? This

question is based on the CSR implementation programs and ways to improve

them. By asking this question I highlights managers’ interest in CSR

implementation for sustainable growth and development. This question is

based on the gap in literature of scanty knowledge about CSR implementation

within corporations (Wickert & de Bakker, 2015).

9. What does your corporations’ CSR mean to you as a member of your

community? By asking this question I highlights managers’ interest in CSR

implementation for sustainable growth and development. This question is

based on the gap in literature of scanty knowledge about CSR implementation

within corporations (Wickert & de Bakker, 2015).

10. Thank you or your time given to this interview. Any further thoughts on the

meaning of CSR to share with me?

Content validity was measured based on data saturation (Bowen, 2008) and how

the purpose of this study of illuminating understanding of CSR implementation aligned

with all the interview questions. Homogenous responses to interview questions, by

different participants signaled data saturation thus ensured validity of instrument. I

focused on participants’ lived experiences and bracketed my individual perceptions to

mitigate bias and enhance validity (Vagle, 2014).

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Procedures for Recruitment, Participation, and Data Collection

An initial assessment of corporations’ CSR programs and strategies of operation

was conducted via websites. Three manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North

Carolina, were purposefully selected based on their inclination to socially innovative

production to improve stakeholder welfare by developing new strategies of operation,

discovering new markets for products, creating new and better products, and finding

alternative resource base for production (Dees, 2001).

I did all the data collection via semi-structured interview. Semi-structured

interview allowed flexibility thus the emergence of further information by participants’ as

I probed to gain rich and meaningful insights of a topic or question, consistent with an

inductive qualitative study (Patton, 2015). Participant selection was based on the

snowball technique. I asked for referrals to corporations with innovative social programs.

Recommendations from managers to interview potential employees was sought. 12

participants or until data saturation was attained, were selected based on their positions as

managers or supervisors. Employees with at least 5 years of experience related to CSR

implementation were considered for interview.

Data were collected based on availability of participant and a consideration of

their schedules to avoid any disruption in corporate production. Electronic mode of

communication such as Skype and telephone calls were relied upon to ensure flexibility

and availability of participants. Data were collected on a daily basis over a 21 day period.

I interviewed at least four participants of one corporation daily. I spent between 30 to 45

 75
minutes with each participant, to ensure the collection of rich and in-depth data. An audio

recording device aided in the collection of data to counter for any lapses in memory.

I conducted member checking, a procedure to verify from participants the

accuracy of the conclusions drawn (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014). Each participant

was presented with a verbatim narrative of the transcript of the interview for verification,

within three days of completion of data collection. Changes were made upon participants’

request. I sought further validation and approval of reports and conclusions drawn from

participants after formal data analysis was completed.

The research question focused on the lived experiences of corporate managers

relevant to CSR implementation. The research question is based on transcendental

phenomenology design concepts of epoché, the elimination of a researcher’s previous

knowledge and preconceptions, and phenomenological data reduction, the removal of any

external influences and assumptions to attain a phenomenon’s essence (Moustakas,

1994). The concepts of epoché and phenomenological data reduction are important in

gathering subjective and unadulterated data from participants, essential to gaining

understanding of a phenomenon in a qualitative study (Moustakas, 1994). Gaining

subjective responses from participants devoid of researcher’s judgements established the

essence of the phenomenon under study (Moustakas, 1994).

I introduced myself to each participant in a friendly way to calm nerves and

establish rapport and trust needed for the free flow of information (Patton, 2015).

Participants were informed about the purpose and ethical considerations of the study

including their rights to decline interview at any time. I debriefed participants by inviting
 76
any questions and extending my appreciation for their participation in the interview. Each

participant was reminded to expect a follow-up meeting for a verification and

clarification of responses three days after being interviewed, during which I completed

data summary. Six participants decided to decline a follow-up meeting for verification

based a summary of notes presented to them to establish the essence of their lived

experiences.

Data Analysis Plan

Data analysis is a process of summarizing information collected from the field of

research and finding a narrative of its meaning (Patton, 2015). The data analysis method

utilized for this research study was the Moustakas (1994) modification of the Van Kaam

method for analyzing phenomenological data. Analysis of data was conducted manually

rather than employ the use of computer software. Linking the data to the findings was

accomplished by adhering to the stated purpose of the study to identify and report the

lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implementation in manufacturing

corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina, to illuminate understanding.

Phenomenological data analysis, according to Moustakas (1994), follows a

systematic and rigorous procedure. First, the researcher depicted his own experiences

with the phenomenon, devoid of any premature judgements and understanding (epoche).

Second, noteworthy statements in the database from participants was acknowledged and

then these statements were clustered into meaningful units and themes. Finally, I

synthesized the themes into an explanation of the experiences of the individuals (textual
 77
and structural descriptions), and then constructed a composite description of the

meanings and the essences of the experience (Moustakas, 1994).

A summary of the study’s results findings was presented that supported and in

certain cases, differentiated from findings of literature review. The research results were

related to personal outcomes, professional outcomes, and social meaning and relevance

of the phenomena under study. Finally, recommendations were developed for possible

future research and policy recommendation.

Software

NVivo is a data management software which allows a more accurate and faster

analysis of qualitative data (Zamawe, 2015). NVivo allows manual handling of data thus

subjectivity in coding which enables the researcher a better understanding of themes for

subsequent easier analysis of data, consistent with a social constructivist based research

(Sotiriadou, Brouwers, & Tuan-Anh, 2014). In this research however, I identified and

reported the lived experiences of participants while bracketing my subjective opinions.

NVivo was used on limited bases to store and manage data from interviews (Maxwell,

2013).

Coding

Codes are used in qualitative study to summarize or contract the crux of

information to single words, sentences, or phrases for easier understanding and

subsequent analysis (Saldana, 2009). I used hand-coding in this research, from one

interview to the next, to allow further reflections and understanding of data, specifically

to take control of the analysis process (Saldana, 2009). Hand-coding enabled me to pay
 78
attention to details of the interview data (Patton, 2015), and provide report based on the

emotions and nature of participants’ lived experiences, consistent with a transcendental

phenomenological study.

First cycle coding is the initial words, phrases or sentences attached to interview

responses. Second cycle coding provides a summary in the form of patterns derived from

first cycle codes (Miles et al, 2014). First cycle codes were generated based on In vivo,

emotion, and descriptive coding methods. Second cycle coding was used to identify

patterns derived from first cycle coding. Themes from pattern codes were analyzed and

reported in a narrative form.

Discrepant Cases

Discrepant cases that did not align with existing analytical findings, were grouped

under the heading alternative findings and discussed to allow a more comprehensive

analysis of data to test validity and draw meaningful conclusions (Maxwell, 2013).

Discrepant cases may lead to alternative conclusions which may be important basis for

future research (Patton, 2015). In certain cases themes were changed to accommodate

discrepant cases (Miles et al., 2014)

Issues of Trustworthiness

The importance of trustworthiness in establishing the value of a qualitative study

cannot be over-emphasized (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Trustworthiness in qualitative study

is equivalent to validity and reliability in quantitative research. Establishing

trustworthiness in qualitative study includes four criteria: credibility, transferability,

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confirmability, and dependability. Discussion about trustworthiness and ethical protocols

are categorized as subheadings for coherence and clarity of study.

Credibility

Established qualitative research methods used to collect and analyze data, were

followed to ensure credibility of study. Information was collected through interviews

from 15 participants, or until saturation was attained, to allow multiple perspectives and

varied information, a process identified as cross-information or multiple sources of

information and described in qualitative study as triangulation (Maxwell, 2013).

Member-checking was also conducted to ensure accuracy of conclusions drawn from

findings (Miles et al., 2014), to establish credibility of study. I ensured data was rich and

in-depth by spending between 30 to 45 minutes with each participant and creating a

conducive and rapport-driven interview environment.

Transferability

To ensure that readers will relate and apply findings of this study to other contexts

and participants, rich and detailed interviews of 15 employees, or until saturation was

reached, were conducted and reported (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Purposeful sampling of

different participants in multiple manufacturing corporations may ensure specificity of

information representative of an entire population. Essentially, participants’ lived

experiences of CSR implementation in different corporations were aligned with each

other to ensure the transferability of the results of the study to other contexts, time and

place (Noble & Smith, 2015).

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Dependability

To ensure replicability of study in context and with participants, the essence of

dependability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), protocols and procedures used in in qualitative

data collection such as semi-structured interviewing was conducted. Semi-structured

interview is used by qualitative researchers to ensure flexibility and subjectivity of data

of a phenomenon from participants (Patton, 2015) thus dependable. In effect, the study

can be reproduced since the data collection method and the instrumentation are accepted

by scholars and used in qualitative research.

Confirmability

The study focused on identifying and reporting lived experiences of participants

thus I bracketed my opinions and knowledge of CSR implementation processes to ensure

confirmability of study. Questions, field notes, themes from analysis, and instrument used

to collect data were posted in the appendix section to determine that the study was

focused on the participants and not my biases and opinions. The design and methodology

had previously been used in peer-reviewed journals by scholars thus conformable.

Comparison and analysis of information from different employees of a corporation to

provide understanding ensured triangulation, hence confirmability of results (Patton,

2015).

Ethical Procedures

Ensuring participants’ safety and protection from any physical and psychological

harms and retributions is important in qualitative research. The consent and

confidentiality, if necessary, of participants were ensured in this research. Other ethical

 81
protocols including the disclosure of the intent and purpose of study was ensured in this

study. I established rapport with participants to dissipate any fears of retribution, establish

confidence and fluidity of information. Patton (2015) informed that building rapport with

participants may be important in establishing ethical basis for a research.

1. Consent of participants was sought to evaluate their level of comfortability on

being involved in the research. In the event that managers and staff refused to

allow the use of their information in a research, pseudonyms were resorted to.

2. IRB permission was obtained to collect and use data as the research involved

and was applicable to social settings. The end results of the study may have a

positive impact on the social, cultural, and economic framework of the

country and other nations.

3. This research did not cause any harm to members of the society or any

employees. Employees were contacted in their natural environment and

ethical protocols were meticulously followed to avoid any harms. Information

obtained from employees was treated confidentially to protect them from any

unforeseen circumstances.

4. The research was based on CSR initiatives being undertaken by a corporation

as opposed to harms being done by corporations to society and the

environment. There were no negative legal, ethical or economic consequences

to corporations as a result of my study.

5. Data was stored on NVivo software and also on audio recording device. Notes

from interviews and observations were encrypted.

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6. There were no conflicts of interest in this study as the researcher is not

affiliated to any of the corporations in question presently or in the past, in any

way. I have no investments in any of these companies, however I may be a

consumer of some of their products as are many people from all walks of life.

Summary

The choice of transcendental phenomenology and semi-structured interviews were

informed by the research questions and purpose of study. Credibility was established by

the collection of rich and in-depth information from 15 participants, or until data

saturation was achieved, and member checking. Transferability was based on detailed

reporting of information to ensure applicability in different context. Study will be

replicable as qualitative data collection methods was used to ensure dependability.

Confirmability was attained by member checking, data saturation and bracketing of

researcher biases. Ethical issues were taken into consideration to avoid any present or

unforeseen harms to participants.

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Chapter 4: Results

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenology was to identify and

report the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implementation in

manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina. I determined the research

question based on the research problem of limited knowledge of how corporate leaders

implement CSR within their organizations. Theories and frameworks that I used to

provide support for the mutual dependence and development of business and society

indicated the need and provided a structure for CSR implementation, which included the

ecological systems theory by Bronfenbrenner, (1979), the Harrod-Domar growth model

(Domar, 1946; Harrod, 1939), stakeholder theory (Freeman et al., 2010), the Porter

hypothesis (Porter & Van der Linde, 1995), the Maslow hierarchy of needs theory

(Maslow, 2014), and the purpose of ISO 26000. These theories and frameworks are

categorized into subheadings in this study, for clarity, and can be reviewed in detail in

Chapter 2. In this chapter I present and discuss the method used to collect data from

participants and subsequent analysis techniques. I also provide evidence of

trustworthiness of study and detailed results of the study including discrepant cases.

Research Setting

The research setting was directly related to the purpose of the study and the

research question. The research setting of manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North

Carolina was significant toward providing knowledge of how CSR is implemented and

the results of which may be applicable to other settings. There are many manufacturing

corporations located in Charlotte, North Carolina, meaning that participants, employees

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of corporations with a core focus of social development, were recruited with little or no

difficulty. Initial website search of corporations for recruitment purposes was based on

size and operational alignment with four qualities of social innovation as postulated by

Dees (2001), including: creating new products, generating new strategies and mechanism

of production, discovering new markets, and finding new resources and supply bases.

Inclusion criteria for the study participants were (a) managers/employees of

manufacturing corporations, (b) with experience and knowledge relevant to CSR

implementation, (c) at least 5 years of experience in manufacturing production and

knowledge of CSR related activities, and (d) and willing to grant an interview

participated in the study. The purpose of the research was explained verbally and in

writing to participants prior to conducting interviews. Participant anonymity and

confidentiality was also assured. The experiences of these managers are relevant and

worthy of emulation by other corporate leaders to mitigate the negative consequences of

production that may be catastrophic to human existence and improve social well-being

because of societal importance to corporate growth and sustainability. As corporate

leaders seek to maximize profits to sustain their businesses there is the need to improve

their resource and consumer base, hence improve social well-being.

Qualitative researchers’ choice of the natural setting of participants is important

toward finding understanding of a phenomenon. Patton (2015) indicated that the nature of

a qualitative research is participants being in their natural setting devoid of any

manipulation for the free flow of information. My choice of manufacturing corporations

may be significant in seeking knowledge of CSR implementation because of the nature of

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production that may create pollution and water contamination and their sphere of

influence socially, politically, and economically. I conducted this study in Charlotte,

North Carolina because it is headquarters to many manufacturing corporations and close

in proximity to my present location.

Interviewees had diverse work positions—namely, community relations, affairs,

or stewardship directors and members, production team members and leaders, operations

and plant managers, value stream leader, advisor and marketing team manager, strategic

initiatives, and reporting and analytics manager. I interviewed six participants via e-mail

and three on the phone. I interviewed two participants in the gym, two in the library, one

in a bookstore and one in a coffee shop. Two participants interviewed via e-mail and one

in the coffee store were by referrals. Although the research participants had different job

descriptions, their experiences were similar. I e-mailed a summary of interview responses

to participants after three days, for verification. I also phoned four participants with

summarized responses. Six had previously declined a follow-up interview. Four did not

respond, indicating satisfaction with the interview. Five were satisfied with my summary

and did not have anything to add.

Demographics

Participants of this study were selected based on availability, stature as manager

or supervisor, and at least 5 years of experience relevant to CSR activities. All

participants interviewed were 21 years of age or above and working in a manufacturing

corporation in Charlotte, NC. I interviewed six women and nine men in all. Participants

had various job positions including reporting and analytics manager, customer relations
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and community stewardship managers, production team members and leaders, value

stream leader, plant, operations, marketing, sustainability and strategic initiative

managers. Five participants interviewed worked in the same manufacturing corporation.

Experience range of participants was between 21 and 2 years.

This study considered the ages, sex, employment status, years of experience, and

level of education of participants because these demographic issues were pertinent

variables in the defining conceptual framework. I interviewed eight managers with

bachelor’s and master’s degrees. Participants in non-managerial positions had at least 6

years of experience relevant to the implementation of CSR. The full demographics of

participants are exhibited in Table 1.

Table 1

Demographics of Participants
Participant Age Sex Employment Status Years of experience Education

Participant 1 30s Female Customer relations specialist 8 Bachelor’s

Participant 2 40s Female Production Team member 15 High School
Participant 3 54 Male Operations Manager 7 Bachelor’s
Participant 4 40s Female Strategic Initiative Manager 8 Master’s
Participant 5 50s Male Plant Manager 22 Bachelor’s
Participant 6 20s Female Community relations member 6 Bachelor’s
Participant 7 61 Male Value Stream Manager 15 Master’s
Participant 8 40s Male Production Team Member 18 2-year diploma
Participant 9 43 Female Marketing Team Manager 5 Master’s
Participant 10 52 Male Group Production leader 12 Bachelor’s
Participant 11 30s Male Sustainability department head 2 Master’s
Participant 12 45 Male Reporting and Analysis Manager 10 Master’s

Data Collection

I tested themes for similar meanings to verify for data saturation after

interviewing 12 participants. Data saturation occurs when further information from new
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participants becomes repetitive (Mason, 2010). Data saturation ensures content validity

and replicability of study (Bowen, 2008; O’Reilly & Parker, 2012). I attained data

saturation because the same question were asked of multiple participants (Guest, Bunce,

& Johnson, 2006) of corporations with commonality of consequences of production, and

purpose of CSR implementation. After 12 interviews I realized similarities in responses

but conducted three additional interviews to confirm data saturation. After a total of 15

interviews there were no new answers thus no further themes.

I conducted semi structured interviews using open-ended questions (Appendix C)

to allow participants to elaborate on responses. I asked follow-up questions relative to

responses of participants. There were numerous occasions where I had to interject and

ask the next interview question to mitigate deviations. I spent an average of 30 minutes

with each interviewee. I wrote down notes, and I also audio-recorded two interviews and

transcribed. Some participants did not want to be recorded, citing confidentiality

agreement. I did the interviews between March 24th and April 13th, as I received IRB

approval on March 23rd, 2018. I received referrals using the snowball technique to three

participants.

I did not discuss any employment history of my past positions or involvement in

corporate social responsibility, so little or no bias was introduced into the study. The

focus of the interview was on information gathered from the participants in accordance

with the interview questions (Appendix C). All data collected during the interviews was

entered into N Vivo which I used on limited bases to store and manage data from

interviews (see Maxwell, 2013), and then hand-coded to allow for data analysis.
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Data Analysis

I used Van Kaam’s phenomenological analysis strategy as explained by

Moustakas (1994). First, I depicted my experience with the phenomenon of how to

implement CSR while avoiding any premature judgments and knowledge of the

phenomenon in a concept called epoché. The collected data were analyzed to generate

individual textural and structural descriptions, a composite structural description, a

composite textural description, and a synthesis of textural and structural meanings and

descriptions. I approached every interviewee with a clear mind and listened with rapt

attention to their lived experiences while taking notes and audio-recording responses. I

had six e-mail responses, which were more precise and concise compared to phone and

face-to-face interviews. Three interviews were conducted on the phone with community

relations or stewardship managers and staff and a sustainability manager. Six interviews

were conducted in person.

Preliminary Coding or Horizonalization

All data collected were important and all the words by participants were taken

into consideration. I coded every word by hand according to their significance to the

lived experiences of the phenomenon of CSR implementation within corporations. I

formed codes from direct quotes of participants relative to the research question. A list of

every quote relevant to the phenomenon of CSR implementation includes:

Relevant quotes of Participant 1:

• “We clean up trash and debris at children’s and veteran hospitals.

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• “We clean beds, rooms, parks, we communicate with the patients and they

feel good just to have someone to talk to.”

• “We get some rewards from the manager for taking part, maybe a gift

certificate, but its good if you take part because it gives you a good look as an

employee; managers love you.”

• “We clean-up lakes and surrounding areas, it’s very interesting.”

• “We are reliant on water in our operation so it’s important that we clean-up

weeds and algae from lakes. Let’s say we do a lot of water management.”

• “I participate in making-strides-against- breast-cancer-walk; it’s an event to

raise awareness and funds for breast cancer.”

• “My community and co-workers are more than friends; we are family.”

• “What we do outside of work is extracurricular, it could be good for our

profit, I can’t say no.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 2:

• “I help cook to raise funds for children’s home and people who have been

displaced by floods and hurricanes……I and colleagues volunteer at children

hospitals to assist the nurses and staff with inventory and whatever they need

done.”

• “Children’s home are part of our family of community and employees.”

• “Community loves what we do and they appreciate our business, and that is

good for growth and profitability.”

• “They (corporate leaders) care about us and that is good for growth.”
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• “To me, CSR is doing God’s work because I help people.”

• “We help each other because we know each other well outside of the

corporation. We care for each other.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 3:

• “We recycle our products to reduce waste and carbon footprints…..Our

products are made of recycled materials.”

• “Donation to disaster relief efforts…..I donated all my tools and equipment to

help rebuild houses after the hurricane hit.”

• “I volunteer to build and repair houses and ramps for injured veterans.”

• “We ensure the health and safety of community and employees by making

production environment safe and reducing carbon footprints in our products.”

• “Our packaging is innovative to prevent food from decomposing early, that

way, food is not wasted.”

• “We are a customer-focused organization……We get name recognition or

good reputation in the community.”

• “We provide free transportation/courtesy rides to workers who may need it.”

• “We are a profit-making organization and our CSR is core to our production,

vision, and mission…..What we do embodies CSR.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 4:

• “Alternative sources of power to reduce carbon emissions”.

• “We plant trees to conserve our forest. We support wild-life preservation.”

• “Walk to raise funds to cure breast cancer.”

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• “We focus on water quality and support aquatic life.”

• “Support employee and their children’s education through scholarships. “We

care about the future of our children that’s why we engage in CSR or

sustainability initiatives to save our planet.”

• “We donate blood through our blood-drive initiative, where we also collect

pints of blood from the public, to the red-cross and encourage other

community members to do so, to save lives…..The community is our

partners.”

• “As a community member CSR means healthy life. Social well-being/CSR is

profitable.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 5:

• “Employees, their children, and members of the community are given

scholarship for school.”

• “There’s an employee donation funds for our employees who may be in need;

maybe fire destroyed their house, or death in the family, tragic events.”

• “Employee safety is always a priority, they are dressed properly, and we’ve

been accident-free for the past 241 days and counting.”

• “We contribute to non-profit organizations such as United Way and

Samaritan’s purse.”

• “Customers come back because of the quality of our products and because we

do right in the community, so that’s good for profit.”

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• “Recycling; it’s very important these days; it’s part of our going green

initiative.”

• “We invest in renewable energy sources.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 6:

• “I take part in reading for the kids program, in kindergarten.”

• “I and my co-workers took part in hurricane disaster relief efforts by donating

bottled water to families in Houston.”

• “They give employees free healthcare, including dental, and tuition fees for

school…..Community members can apply if they meet certain criteria for

educational assistance.”

• “Our customers are loyal because we stand by our products and we support

the community so that’s’ good for profit.”

• “We recycle, which is quite efficient cost-wise….We recycle to reduce waste,

our products are made of recycled materials.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 7:

• “We support our men and women in uniform; we make donations to veteran’s

affairs, Vietnam Veterans of America, Disabled American Veterans.”

• “Our water management and farming practices. Our farmers use organic

fertilizer to grow fruits, sugar cane, coffee, and tea…..Yes, sustainable

agriculture to reduce hunger/poverty in the world.”

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• “Our CSR program is good for customer retention and reduction in employee

turnover. CSR promotes communication which is good for employee

teamwork, and teamwork is good for production.”

• “CSR is obviously good for business.”

• “For me it’s just when people see me and say hello or thank you.”

• “We are a smoke-free environment and we have a cafeteria where we serve

healthy foods, and we have discounted local gym membership.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 8:

• “I’m happy to be part an organization that cares about me and my

community.”

• “The experience that I’m excited about is our lemonade stand for school

children to raise money for back-to-school items and grants.”

• “I have 75% scholarship to go to college.”

• “They give us good benefits, pension, and health care.”

• “We support all ethical and environment laws. “I love nature, so I’m happy to

be part of an organization that cares about conserving it…..We help to save

the environment, because we eliminate anything that causes harm to the

environment.”

• “I and my family could not do without this organization. My parents used to

work here; my children may work here too.”

• “CSR is good for sales and profitability.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 9:

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• “We donate clothing, coats, hats, and mittens to children’s hospitals and

volunteer for read-for-kids programs, and fun activities with the kids.”

• “We supported flood relief effort in South Carolina by donating money, water,

and what have you?”

• “I volunteered for fill-the-bag for children going back to school.”

• “CSR is inspirational as it promotes employee and community teamwork.”

• “As employees we have understanding because we are friends and we

communicate, most of us have been here (working) for a longtime.”

• “Our community relations initiatives make my job easier. You know, it’s good

for marketing. It affects our sales positively.”

• “Employee health and safety is of utmost importance. It translates to increased

production and profitability.”

Relevant quotes of Participants 10:

• “We are supported by our consumers in the community, they buy our stuff, so

we have to help in every which way to solve community problems.”

• “We make donations to Red-cross, foodbank, homeless shelter, shelter for

women.”

• “We organize events to raise awareness to women’s health.”

• “We are encouraged to take part in community meetings to talk about school

and infrastructural development, which is worsening every day.”

• “We support neighborhood watch task force.”

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• “All CSR strategies benefit us and the community, we are partners in growth

and healthy living.”

• “Community appreciates us and so are loyal to us.”

• “Our employees receive skill improvement through our training programs and

this is good for quality improvement, sales, and profit.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 11:

• “I have experienced recycling and quality of production for our customers; we

recycle to avoid toxic landfills…..We use recycled materials in our products.”

“It means avoiding filth and chocked gutters through proper disposal of

waste.”

• “I have been involved in programs to educate the public on proper disposal of

bottles into recycling bins.”

• “We produce for bottling companies to improve safety, protection, taste, and

best of date of drinks by reducing carbon foot prints in our production cycle.”

“Our bottles are light-weight because we use less raw materials so less carbon

footprints.”

• “We produce for pharmaceutical companies to provide quality health care

products; they depend on us to safeguard the potency and longevity of their

products.”

• “Our CSR strategies are award-winning. There’s sustainability in our supply

chain; it means environmental sustainability…..Customers in the community

are dependent on the safety of our products for their well-being.”

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• “We focus on co-worker relationship; our roles intersect.”

• “Our financial health or position and how well we treat customers and

community (our CSR program), cannot be separated.”

Relevant quotes of Participant 12:

• “I experienced over 1100 managers and leaders providing civic duties during

or spring sales rally.”

• “I became a member of the board of a charter school for underprivileged

students and helped raise funds.”

• “To have my company strive to support and invest in people in the community

motivates me and makes me work harder each day…..It is a great way to serve

as well as bond and build relationships other than our daily task.”

• “CSR programs that encourage consumers to lead healthy active lifestyles.”

• “Community giving: Our goal is to assist non-profits and ministries by

providing resources that enable them to serve the diverse needs of others.”

• “Our investments in the community make consumers purchase and repurchase

our products.”

• “The company’s CSR is one of the factors that keeps me there (with the

company).”

• I believe that the company’s social well-being is critical to growth and

profitability.”
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Phenomenological Reduction and Elimination

I eliminated quotes that did not depict, and could not be reduced to meaningful

statements in relation to individuals’ lived experience (Moustakas, 1994), to arrive at the

essence of the phenomenon of CSR implementation. I also eliminated expressions that

could not be labeled, relative to CSR implementation. Quotes that could not be developed

to relevant statement and were deemed not to be important to CSR implementation

included; “I give my best at work for the organization to stay in business, I can’t say I

work hard all the time.” “We support arts and culture diversity programs in the

community.” “It (CSR) means everything; you name it, it means it.” “We take customer

complaints and grievances seriously.” “We deserve a Nobel prize because we don’t cause

any harm to society.” “Our company’s CSR is bold and rare.”

Themes Formation

I created individual textural description for each individual’s responses. I captured

verbatim the words used by participants to describe CSR implementation. Invariant

themes formed from the direct quotes of participants included, volunteerism, donations,

family/teamwork, recycling, increased sales/profit, education, health and safety, poverty

reduction, and nature preservation. Certain teams such as alternative sources of power,

reduction in carbon footprint, reduction in toxic gas emissions, water management,

renewable energy, community care, and sustainability, were grouped under health and

safety or nature preservation. Employee skill improvement were grouped under

education. Natural disaster relief were grouped under volunteerism or donation.

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Textural Description

Textural descriptions are descriptions of participants’ perceptions of their lived

experiences of a phenomenon relative to context (Moustakas, 1994). According to Patton

(2015) textural description is about what participants experienced as opposed to the

essence of their experiences. I provided a verbatim report from representative quotes of

participants’ lived experiences of CSR implementation based on the themes formed.

Textural description of participant one. CSR implementation for participant

one involves volunteering, “we clean up children’s and veterans’ hospitals,” making

donations to reduce hunger, “we donate to the foodbank,” and treat the community as a

family “my community and employees are like a family to me.” The results of CSR

implementation are healthy living, “I participate in making-strides-against-breast-cancer-

walk, it’s an event to raise funds and awareness for breast cancer”, and increased profit,

“what we do outside of work is extra curricula, it could be good for our profits, I can’t

say no.”

Textural description of participant two. Cooking, “I help cook to raise funds

for children’s home, and people who have been displaced by floods and hurricanes”, for

the well-being of community members, was participant two’s lived experience of CSR

implementation. According to participant two, “I and colleagues volunteer at children’s

hospitals to assist the nurses and staff with supplies and whatever they need done.” There

is teamwork, “we help each other because we know each other well outside of the

corporation” and growth of corporations and community because of CSR implementation

programs. Participant two assessed that “Community loves what we do and they
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appreciate our business, and that is good for growth and profitability.” “They (corporate

leaders) care about us and that is good for growth.”

Textural description of participant three. A summary of participant three’s

lived experience of CSR implementation is: Recycling, “we recycle our products to

reduce carbon footprints” of products to improve the health of society and employees

“we ensure the health and safety of community and employees by making production

environment safe and reducing carbon footprints.” Making donations “we donate to

disaster relief efforts”, improving the quality of production to mitigate poverty “our

packaging is innovative to prevent food from decomposing early, by that food is not

wasted,” are important CSR implementation strategies to participant three. “We are

customer-focused” as “what we do embodies CSR”. “We are a profit-making

organization and our CSR is core to our production, vision, and mission.”

Textural description of participant four. Finding “alternative sources of power

to reduce carbon emissions”, promoting healthy lifestyles and supporting education “we

support employee and their children’s education through scholarships”, constitute CSR

implementation experience of participant four. Nature preservation “we plant trees to

conserve our forest and support wild-life preservation”, volunteering, and making

donations to improve well-being “I took part in walks/march to raise funds for breast

cancer; take part in blood drive initiatives” are lived experiences of participant four, that

increases sales and profit “social well-being/CSR is profitable.”

Textural description of participant five. Employee safety, “employee safety is

always a priority, they are dressed properly, and we’ve been accident-free for the past
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241 days and counting” and making donations “we contribute to non-profit organizations

such as United Way”, were important CSR implementation initiatives to participant five.

Improving health and preserving natural resources “investment in renewable energy

sources” through recycling of products “recycling, it’s very important these days; it’s part

of our going green initiative” epitomize participant five’s lived experience of CSR

implementation, as he believed it may lead to increased sales and profit “Customers come

back because of the quality of our products and we do right in the community.”

Textural description of participant six. Volunteering and donating to hurricane

relief efforts, and focusing on education “they give employees free healthcare, including

dental, and tuition fees for school”, are participant six’s experiences of CSR

implementation. As participant six highlighted, “I take part in reading for the kids

program, in kindergarten.” “I and my co-workers took part in hurricane disaster relief

efforts by donating water to families in Houston.” Participant six identified that

leadership focus on recycling, “we recycle which is efficient cost-wise,” and that there is

Increased sales thus profit as; “our customers are loyal because we stand by our products

and we support the community so that’s’ good for profits.”

Textural description of participant seven. Donating to military veterans,

adopting a smoke-free policy, healthy eating, exercising and encouraging communication

among employees are the lived experiences of participant seven. As participant seven

concluded, “We support our men and women in uniform.” “We donate to veteran’s

affairs.” According to participant seven there is a teamwork atmosphere “Our CSR

program is good for customer retention and reduction in employee turnover.

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Communication is good for employee teamwork, and teamwork is good for production”.

Participant seven praised the health and safety measures of the corporation, “we are a

smoke-free environment”, and a commitment to reduce hunger, “sustainable agriculture

to reduce hunger.” Participant seven appraised that, “CSR is good for business.”

Textural description of participant eight. The educational program of paying

75% of employees’ tuition fees is worthy of emulation. “I have 75% scholarship to go to

college.” Employee well-being, “they give us good benefits, and health care” was very

important to participant eight. Nature preservation “we help save the environment “ was a

priority for sustainability of business “I and my family could not do without this

organization, my parents used to work here, my children may work here too.” Participant

eight described donations and volunteerism initiatives “the experience that I’m excited

about is our lemonade stand for school children to raise money for back to school items

and grants.” According to participant eight, “CSR is good for sales and profit.”

Textural description of participant nine. Making donations and volunteering

“we donate to children’s home and volunteer for read-for-kids program,” for children’s

education and hurricane relief efforts “we supported flood relief efforts in South Carolina

by donating money and stuff” are important to participant nine. According to participant

nine, health and safety, and community relations lead to increased production. “Employee

health and safety is of utmost importance, it translates to increases production and profit”.

“Our community relations initiatives affect our sales positively. Participant nine

emphasized that CSR is good a good marketing strategy. “Our community relations

initiatives make my job easier; it’s good for marketing, it affects sales positively.”
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Textural description of participant ten. Participant ten took part in health

awareness programs, “we organize events to raise awareness to women’s health”, and

donations programs to reduce hunger in the community “we donate to the Red-Cross,

foodbank, homeless shelter, and shelter for women.” Participant ten recognized the

importance of community “we are supported by our consumers in the community, they

buy our stuff, so we have to help in every which way to solve community problems,” and

that “all CSR strategies benefit us and the community, we are partners in growth and

heathy living.” Education was also assessed as an important CSR implementation

initiative “our employees receive skill improvement through our training programs and

this is good for quality improvement, sales, and profit.”

Textural description of participant eleven. This participant emphasized on

recycling and relationship building among employees; “we focus on co-worker

relationships; our roles intersect.” Recycling “we recycle to avoid toxic landfills”,

improving health, and reducing poverty were important for participant eleven. “We

produce for bottling companies to improve safety, protection, taste, and best of date of

drinks by reducing carbon footprints in our production cycle.” “We produce for

pharmaceutical companies to provide quality health care products.” Participant ten touted

nature preservation “Our bottles are lightweight because we use less raw materials, so

less carbon foot print.” “There is sustainability in our supply chain.” He assessed that,

“our CSR strategies are award-winning”, and more importantly “our financial health or

position and how well we treat customers and community (CSR programs), cannot be

separated.”
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Textural description of participant twelve. Promoting a healthy lifestyle in the

community and making donations to assist non-profit organizations and ministries

epitomized CSR implementation for participant twelve. According to participant twelve,

“through our stewardship program I became a member of the board of a charter school

for underprivileged students and helped raise funds for the students.” This participant

assessed that CSR, “is a great way to serve as well as bond and build relationships”, and

elaborated that, “CSR keeps us honest and humble and always engaged in helping

others.” Participant twelve identified that “I believe that the company’s social well-being

is critical to growth and profitability.”

Composite textural description. At this stage, I provided a table of all the

themes formed from participants responses. Common and recurring themes included

volunteerism, donations, health and safety, teamwork and family, nature preservation,

education, recycling, increased profit/sales. Certain themes such as alternative sources of

power, reduction in carbon footprint, reduction in toxic gas emissions, water

management, planting trees, and renewable energy were grouped under health and safety

or nature preservation. Employee skill improvement were grouped under education.

Natural disaster relief were grouped under volunteerism or donation.

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Table 2

Themes from Participants’ Responses

Participant Themes
Participant 1 Volunteer, communicate, family, donation, increased profit, health/safety,
water management
Participant 2 Volunteer/care, family, growth, poverty reduction, increased profit, donation,
love
Participant 3 Recycle, donations, health and safety, food care/poverty reduction, increased
profit, customer-focus, customer, recognition
Participant 4 Alternative power/nature preservation, volunteer, education, water-
management, increased profit, donations, health/safety, partner/team
Participant 5 Education, alternative power/nature preservation, donations, volunteer,
recycle, increased sales/profit, customer loyalty
Participant 6 Donations, volunteer, health/safety, increased profit, recycle, customer loyalty
Participant 7 Military support/donation, customer retention, teamwork, communication,
health/safety, recycling, farming/poverty reduction, healthy eating, water
management
Participant 8 Ethical production, health/safety, environment/nature preservation, family,
education, increased sales/profit, volunteer, donations
Participant 9 Increased sales/profit, teamwork, education, health and safety, volunteer,
donations, alternate power/nature preservation
Participant 10 Poverty reduction, health and safety, education, increased sales/profit,
community, development, partner/team
Participant 11 Recycle, less raw materials, sustainability/nature preservation, profit,
teamwork/relationship, drinks /poverty reduction, health/safety, public
education
Participant 12 Healthy lifestyles, fund-raising, motivation, serve/bond, profit, civic duty,
purchase/sales, volunteer

Bracketing, Imaginative Variation and Constructing Meaning

Through the process of bracketing, imaginative variation, and constructing

meanings of the participants’ experiences as expressed through the data collection, I

integrated textual and structural descriptions. I conducted bracketing to separate pure and

authentic data from symbolic representation (Moustakas, 1994) as I eliminated quotes of

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participants’ lived experiences that were not relevant to CSR implementation. I

performed imaginative variation to assess the meanings of the variable quotes of

individuals and grouped them into broader and enhanced forms of similar themes

(Moustakas, 1994). I identified invariant themes, varied meanings, engaged in

contradictions, and addressed the phenomenon of CSR implementation from variable

standpoints to capture the essence of the lived experiences of participants’ quotes. I

provided a structural description based on the meanings of individual responses to the

well-being of society.

Individual structural descriptions. I used imaginative variation to describe the

perceptional, emotional, social, and cultural connections of information provided by

individual participants. The cultural association were grouped as the position and

experience of participants in their corporations. Social grouping were by virtue of the

corporations that individuals worked. The perceptions and emotions of participants were

mainly based on the health and safety concerns, disaster relief initiatives and poverty

reduction.

Structural description of participant one. The quotes by participant one, a

customer relations improvement specialist, depict an emotional orientation and a family-

like disposition of her lived experience of CSR implementation. Participant one focused

on her volunteering, donations, and health promotion activities in CSR implementation to

improve societal well-being. Donating to the food bank will reduce hunger and poverty.

Fostering a family-like atmosphere among employees and community members may

increase sales and profit. Engaging in cleanup activities means promoting a healthy living
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atmosphere within the community. Participant one identified that community relations

activity make her happy, as her corporation gains the recognition significant for sales

improvement.

Structural description of participant two. The lived experience of participant

two, a production team member, depict CSR implementation initiatives to reduce hunger

and raise funds for the well-being of children and people displaced by natural disasters.

Participant one views community members and employees as a family and promotes

mutual care and help atmosphere, which she admitted is good for business growth and

profit. The cooking activities to raise funds for children in foster care and people

displaced by natural disaster align with the purpose of CSR to improve the well-being of

society.

Structural description of participant three. The lived experience of participant

three, an operations manager, revealed initiatives relevant to CSR implementation to

reduce poverty, improve health and safety standards of individuals and help people

through difficult moments such as hurricane. Recycling of products means efficient use

of natural resources to improve sustainability. As emphasized by participant three,

packaging food to improve quality and shelf life may improve food distribution thus

reduce hunger and poverty. Reducing carbon footprint in products and keeping workplace

safe means improving the health of employees and community members, the purpose of

CSR.

Structural description of participant four. The lived experience of participant

four, a strategic initiative manager, indicated a concern for the health of the environment
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as alternative sources of power to reduce carbon emissions were resorted to. Participant

four appraised natural resource preservation programs of support for wild-life and aquatic

life. Volunteering for making-strides-against-breast-cancer walk to raise awareness and

funds for breast cancer means promoting healthy living in the community. A concern for

the future of children in the community means an improvement in CSR activities to help

sustain natural resources for business sustainability, and of education and skills for

increased production.

Structural description of participant five. The lived experience of participant

five, a plant manager, indicated a concern for the well-being of the environment and a

support of community and employee growth and development through scholarship

programs and charitable giving. He emphasized on employee safety and health for

sustainable production, and recycling to reduce waste, which means preserving natural

resources. He valued donations to charity to help the needy may ingratiate corporations’

with community to improve sales. Investment in renewable energy sources may be cost

efficient, healthy and sustainable for the environment and societal members.

Structural description of participant six. The CSR implementation initiatives of

participant six, a community relations manager, are based on a concern for the education

of children. Educating children many lead to improvement in skills needed for continuous

and efficient production. Participant six took part in hurricane relief efforts in Houston,

which may improve community relations and translate to customer loyalty thus increased

sales. Enhancing workplace safety and health of employees may translate to increased

and quality production.

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Structural description of participant seven. The lived experience of participant

seven, a value stream leader responsible for coordinating performance improvement

among various departments was meaningful, humanitarian, and aligned with the purpose

of CSR, to improve the well-being of society. Participant seven who himself is a military

veteran recounted donations, and volunteering activities to improve the well-being of

veterans. As interpreted by participant seven, “Our CSR program is good for customer

retention and reduction in employee turnover. Communication is good for employee

teamwork, and teamwork is good for production.” There was no question that participant

seven had genuine interest for his fellow veterans and viewed CSR as an opportunity to

improve veterans’ well-being, enhance the health of employees to promote business

growth.

Structural description of participant eight. The lived experiences of participant

eight, a production team member, of CSR implementation focused on education,

environmental and employee health, nature preservation, and employee compensation.

Participant eight expressed happiness about the care of corporate leadership towards the

well-being of employees. Happiness as expressed by participant eight leads to job

commitment, and hard work. The elements of employee healthcare, improved

compensation and benefits, commitment and hard work means improved production thus

profitability.

Structural description of participant nine. As shared by participant nine, a

marketing team manager, CSR implementation promotes friendship and communication

among employees, important for understanding thus production. Participant nine’s

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volunteering and donating activities mainly to promote children’s education and help

victims of natural disaster embodies the purpose of CSR. The community initiatives

activities of participant nine improves sales thus profit of the corporation, because of

recognition and appreciation by community members. Improvement of health of

employees may translate to increased production thus profit.

Structural description of participant ten. The group production leader shared his

experiences by justifying CSR implementation activities in the areas of donation,

education, poverty reduction, and health and safety. Participant ten assessed that CSR

implementation programs or as he preferred to name it, the community care program

leads to increased profit as community members become loyal to the corporation.

Community care programs were specifically financial and food donations to homeless

shelters and children’s home to reduce poverty and improve education and health of

community members. Improving education and skills of employees may translate into

skills for increased and efficient production needed to generate profit and business

growth.

Structural description of participant eleven. The sustainability department head

focused on the mission of their corporation to recycle products, and improve the safety

and life cycle of drink and pharmaceutical products. Participant eleven shared his lived

experience of CSR implementation of sustainable production in the supply chain of

organization to efficiently manage natural resources and improve the health of

employees. Participant eleven appraised his corporation’s CSR program as award-

winning thus worthy of emulation. Participant eleven justified the CSR implementation
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activities of his corporation by evaluating that the well-being of customers and employees

is directly related to the financial position of businesses.

Structural description of participant twelve. The reporting and analytical

manager, shared his perception of CSR as being positive and impactful for the company.

He was very passionate about serving and bonding with community members and raising

funds for underprivileged students of a charter school. He believed that CSR leads to

increased purchase of goods as customers identify with his corporation. He valued

healthy living in the community and pointed out the civic duties performed by managers

of his corporation. Participant twelve described his engagement in CSR implementation

activities as humbling, motivating, and an important opportunity to serve the less

privileged. He assessed that improving social well-being is critical to growth and

profitability.

Composite structural description. At this stage I identified emotional, social

and cultural implications of participants’ shared lived experiences of the phenomenon of

CSR implementation. Participants especially in non-leadership positions were interested

in volunteer activities and donations to promote health, educational, poverty reduction

programs. Most shared their experiences in cleanup programs, and sporting activities to

raise funds to alleviate breast cancer. Participants were happy about “helping to save the

environment”, care for their well-being provided by leadership, and the prospect of them

retiring, enjoy their pensions, and ensuring jobs for their children. Non-leadership

position employees were also enthusiastic about cost-saving efforts as they may boost

sales and increase their bonuses.

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Employees in leadership positions such as operations managers, CSR directors,

and community relations managers focused more on donations to schools, hurricane relief

efforts, health care improvements and scholarship programs. Managers touted their

sustainability activities such as recycling of products to avoid landfills and carbon

footprints, efficient management of water, improved packaging for food safety, quality,

and preservation of natural resources.

Synthesis of textural and structural descriptions. CSR to employees mean

volunteering to cleanup healthcare centers, retirement centers, engage in sporting

activities to raise funds for non-profit organizations, and taking part in disaster relief

efforts including supplying water, removing debris, and building houses. CSR also means

donating to the foodbank and children’s home, and working in a healthy environment,

enhancing healthy communication and team formation among employees to improve

production and increase sales for the sustainability of the business and the community.

Recognizing the community as a family or part of the organization and helping to save

the environment and human lives are important.

Leadership of organizations understand CSR as a sustainability or nature

preservation initiative. There were actions taken to reduce carbon gas emissions through

alternative sources of power and recycling of products. There was a focus on efficient

water management and natural resource preservation to improve societal well-being.

Leadership also recognizes poverty reduction, education and health improvement as CSR

initiatives. Employee safety, health, and level of commitment were also prioritized in

CSR implementation. To leadership CSR manifests in their entire and core production
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chain as innovative and sustainable initiatives to stay in business, improve the financial

health of their corporations, and the well-being of society.

Evidence of Trustworthiness

I provided evidence of trustworthiness to establish the results from data analysis

and to prove that the study is consistent with the protocols of the qualitative method of

research. Evidence of trustworthiness establishes the value of a qualitative study (Lincoln

& Guba, 1985). I discussed evidence of trustworthiness based on the categories of

credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. I provided a brief

introduction before aligning each category with results of analysis from my research.

Credibility

Credibility refers to the coherent and organized presentation of findings of a study

in a rich and detailed way to exude or convey clear meaning to readers (Miles et al.,

2014). I followed a step by step approach of Van Kaam’s phenomenological data analysis

strategy as explained by Moustakas (1994) to establish credibility of findings. I followed

established qualitative ethical procedures by articulating verbally and in writing the risks

and benefits of taking part in the study. I explained to participants the purpose of this

study and the procedures involved. I provided background information, and highlighted

the voluntary nature of taking part in the interview process. I ensured the privacy of

participants by keeping information confidential.

I ensured that I gained rich and in-depth data from participants as I asked follow-

up questions to establish understanding and objectivity of information. I spent an average

of 30 minutes with each participant and created a conducive and rapport-driven

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environment to ensure accurate and rich information. I forwarded my reports to

participants for verification of accuracy. Four participants reached back to express

satisfaction. Six had declined a follow-up meeting. Five did not reach back, indicating

satisfaction. I provided rich and detailed description of the results of the study and

interpreted the findings meaningfully to establish credibility (Patton, 2015).

Transferability

Transferability refers to the relatedness of the conclusion of a study to other

contexts and settings (Miles et al., 2014). The essence of transferability of study that

readers identify, relate, and apply findings of this study to other specific environment and

contexts (Patton, 2015). I followed qualitative study criteria of ensuring that 15

participants, provided, rich and detailed information to attain data saturation and ensure a

strengthening of transferability. Purposeful sampling of different participants in multiple

manufacturing corporations ensured specificity of information representative of an entire

population, consistent with qualitative study criteria thus transferability. Essentially,

participants’ lived experiences of CSR implementation in different corporations, rather

than in one location, increasing the possibility of revealing unique observations or

variances. Such variances in the study results strengthens transferability of the results of

the study to other contexts, time and place (Noble & Smith, 2015).

Dependability

Dependability refers to the stability and reliability of the methodology used in the

study over time, and across researchers, and techniques to ensure reproduction (Miles et

al., 2014). To ensure the dependability of a qualitative study, one examines whether a
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researcher has been careless or made mistakes in conceptualizing the study, collecting the

data, interpreting the findings and reporting results (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Together

with my committee, Dr. Richard Schuttler and Dr. Daphne Halkias a thorough check for

accuracy, was conducted on data collection procedures and interpretation of findings. I

stated in this study the logic used to select participants which was based on their

employee status or position and years of experience relevant to the implementation of

CSR. The research question which aligns with the study design, was used to determine

the setting for the recruiting of participants.

Dependability can be assessed using the dependability audit whereby an

independent auditor analyzes the activities of the researcher (as recorded in an audit trail

in field notes, archives, and reports) to ensure a conformance to standards of credibility

and transferability of a qualitative study. It was important to maintain an audit trail, to

allow the dependability and trustworthiness of the study to be assessed. The audit process

has five stages: pre-entry, determinations of auditability, formal agreement, determination

of trustworthiness (dependability and confirmability), and closure (Lincoln & Guba,

1985). Methodology expert and my committee member, Dr. Daphne Halkias, served as

an external auditor for this study.

Confirmability

Confirmability refers to the retaining of detailed records of the study, including

methods of data collection and analysis to allow an outside auditor to examine the logic

and consistency of the research findings, interpretations and recommendations (Lincoln

& Guba, 1985). The methodology used herein was provided in details and coherently to
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ensure replicability of study (Miles et al., 2014). Methodology expert and committee

member Dr. Daphne Halkias was the external auditor of this study. Instruments used to

collect data, interview questions, data analysis techniques including verbatim quotes of

participants were presented in this study to allow auditing by Dr. Halkias and drawing of

other conclusions. Comparison and analysis of information from different employees of

corporations to provide understanding ensured triangulation, hence confirmability of

results (Patton, 2015).

Study Results

I determined the research question based on the purpose of study, the research

problem, and the study design. The problem in literature is that there is scant knowledge

in the extant literature about how corporate leaders implement CSR within their

corporations (Wickert & de Bakker, 2015). The purpose of this qualitative transcendental

phenomenology was to identify and report the lived experiences of managers relevant to

CSR implementation, in manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina. The

research question was: What are the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR

implementation in manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina? Responses

to the research question were themed as exhibited in Table 3.

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Table 3

Themes Formulation Based on Participants’ Quotes

Themes (number of Participant quotes

occurrence)
Volunteerism (9) “We cleanup trash and debris at children’s and veterans’ hospitals.”
“I volunteer to build and repair houses and ramps for injured
veterans.” “I volunteer to read to children in kindergarten.”
Donations (10) “We donate to hurricane relief efforts.” “We donate to charity to
help improve healthcare and education.” “I donated all my tools and
equipment to help rebuild houses after the hurricane.”
Family/Teamwork (6) “My community and co-workers are like a family to me.” “We are
worker-focused, the health and safety of our workers is a priority at
all times.”
Recycling (6) “We recycle our products to reduce waste and carbon footprint; our
products are made of recycled materials.” “Recycling; it’s very
important these days; it’s part of our going green initiative.”
Sales/Profit (10) “Our financial health or position and how well we treat customers
and community cannot be separated.” “Our community relations
initiatives affect our sales positively.”
Education (5) “I have 75% scholarship to go to college” (75% of college tuition
fees.” “We sponsor school research programs.” “Through our
stewardship program, I became a member of the board of a charter
school for the underprivileged students and helped raised funds for
the students.”
Health & Safety (10) “Employee health and safety is of utmost importance. It translates to
increased production and profit”. “We are co-worker focused, health
and safety of our workers is our priority at all times”
Poverty Reduction (5) “We donate to the foodbank”. “I cook to raise funds for children’s
home.” “Our packaging is innovative to prevent food from
decomposing early, that way, food is not wasted.”
Nature preservation (6) “We ensure sustainability in our supply chain”. “We support wildlife
preservation and aquatic life”. “We are helping to save the
environment.” “There’s sustainability in our supply chain; it means
environmental sustainability.”
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Table 4

Themes Formed Relative to Participants’ Responses to Interview Questions

Interview Questions Themes Formed

1. What are your lived experiences \CSR Donation. Volunteerism. Nature preservation.
implementation within your Recycling.
corporation?
2. How do you perceive the strategies Nature preservation. Education. Health and
used to implement CSR programs safety. Recycling.
within your corporation? (Name the
strategies)
3. What does CSR’s impact on society Health and safety. Poverty reduction. Increased
and employee well-being mean to you? sales/profit. Education.
(How do you benefit?)
4. What do you assume are the most Recycling. Education. Health and safety.
meaningful CSR programs within your Donations. Volunteerism. Nature preservation.
corporation? Poverty reduction.
5. What do you believe social well-being Increased sales/profit.
means for growth and profitability of
your corporation? (Is it good for sales,
profit, and growth?)
6. What are your lived experiences with Family/Teamwork. Increased sales/profit.
meaningful relationships that you may Poverty reduction. Health and safety. Education.
have developed with members of the
community? (How would you describe
your relationship with members of the
community due to CSR activities?)
7. What are your lived experiences with Family/Teamwork. Increased sales/profit.
meaningful relationships that you have
developed with your fellow
employees? (Because of your CSR
activities)
8. What does your corporations’ CSR Health and safety. Education. Increased
mean to you as an employee? sales/profit.
9. What does your corporations’ CSR Health and safety. Education. Nature
mean to you as a member of your preservation. Teamwork/Family. Poverty
community? reduction.
10. Thank you or your time to this (I recommend the book “democracy in chain by
interview. Any further thoughts on the Nancy MacLean. Please find time to read.”) (I’m
meaning of CSR to share with me? particularly proud of my company even more as I
have had to answer these questions)(Good luck)
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Thematic Outcomes

Volunteerism. This theme was formed based on participants’ response to

interview question one: What are the lived experiences \CSR implementation within your

corporations? Participants shared their lived experiences of CSR by indicating they

volunteer to clean-up hospitals, lakes, and retirement homes. There were activities such

as “making-strides-against breast-cancer-walk” where participants engaged in walking

miles to raise awareness and raise funds for the cure of breast cancer. A participant

stated, “we clean up trash and debris at children’s and veterans hospitals.” To these

participants, their lived experience of CSR implementation is volunteering in various

health and community care initiatives. Volunteerism was deemed by participants as a

meaningful CSR program, and a strategy to improve corporate community relations.

Donations. I formed this theme based on responses to interview questions one,

two, and four. The subject of donations was discussed by participants, in part as a

strategy, a meaningful program to enhance community and employee relationship, and as

a lived experience of CSR implementation within corporations. As identified by a

participant, “we donate to charity to help improve healthcare and education.” Giving back

to the community through charitable organizations and support of educations, arts, and

culture were described. Donations of water for hurricane relief efforts, and food to the

foodbank, children home, and homeless shelters were also discussed.

Family/Teamwork. I formed this theme based on responses to interview

questions six and seven: Participants described their understanding of CSR as members

of the community and employees as fostering a family and teamwork atmosphere. A

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participant assessed that, “my community and co-workers are like a family to me.”

Participants expressed that CSR means corporate leadership care about their well-being

within and outside of the corporation. According to a participant, her parents worked in

the same corporation and she was sure that her children would do the same. Oher

participants expressed motivation due to partnering and bonding with community

members in their CSR activities. CSR may thus also mean lower turnover and higher

employee commitment.

Recycling. One of the strategies and most meaningful CSR programs mentioned

was recycling of waste products and water to avoid waste and reduce carbon footprint, as

well as preserve natural resources. Recycling is cost-effective and reduces greenhouse

gas emission thus improving environment and health of community members. Recycling

may also be an effective sustainability initiative to reduce the use of natural resources. To

these participants CSR is recycling to avoid natural resource waste and improve

environmental health. As summarized by a participant, “we recycle our products to

reduce waste and carbon footprint; our products are made of recycled materials.” I

formed this theme based on interview questions one, four, and nine.

Increased Sales/Profit. Participants’ response to question five; what do you

believe social well-being means to the growth and profitability of their corporation

mainly focused on increased employee production and sales. Employees’ participation in

CSR activities such clean-up and donations for hurricane relief may also be a form of

good publicity and community ingratiation thus may result in increased sales. Production

may also be increased as employees’ health, safety, education, and skills are improved by
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corporate leadership. CSR implementation to participants may thus mean improved

production, sales, and profit. Improved sales means poverty reduction as more customers

buy goods. A participant concluded that, “our financial health or position and how well

we treat customers and community cannot be separated.”

Education. CSR programs centered on improving the education of employees

and their children. Employees’ were given 75% of their college tuition to improve their

skills and abilities. There are also skills improvement training for employees. Some

corporate leaders allow community members to apply for scholarships for schools. To the

question of what corporations’ CSR meant to employees, education was one of the

recurring responses. Participants also identified that education was the most meaningful

CSR program of their corporation. According to participant 12, “through our stewardship

program, I became a member of the board of a charter school for the underprivileged

students and helped raised funds.”

Health and safety. The most meaningful CSR program as indicated by all 12

participants in various deviations was the health and safety of employees and community

members. Measures such as free healthcare programs, rewards for accident-free

production, engaging in volunteer and donations programs in the community to raise

awareness and funds to cure diseases such as breast cancer, are important CSR

implementation strategies. As a participant assessed, healthy employees increase

productivity and profitability. “We are customer-focused, health and safety of our

workers is our priority at all times.” Recycling of products and finding alternative energy
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sources to reduce carbon gas emissions are health and safety initiatives to save the

environment.

Poverty reduction. I themed various experiences as poverty reduction.

Participants described their lived experiences of CSR implementation by virtue of their

volunteer and donations of food and water to the foodbanks, homeless shelters, and

children’s homes. A participant stated that, “we donate to the foodbank.” Corporate

leaders have also improved the packaging of their foods and drinks to improve quality,

safety, and extend the date of expiration, to reach people living in poverty and for

customers to also save money by avoiding food wastage. The most meaningful CSR

implementation program may be poverty reduction in the community.

Nature preservation. I themed, alternative sources of power, water management,

toxic gas reduction, supply chain sustainability, infrastructural development, carbon

footprint reduction, planting trees, supporting aquatic and wildlife, as nature preservation.

Participants volunteer to plant trees, report illegal logging, clean-up algae in lakes to

support aquatic life, donate to support wildlife, innovate alternative sources of power to

reduce toxic gas emissions. Nature preservation was also termed as sustainability and

often defined as CSR. The impact of corporate production on society and employee well-

being may the summed as efforts to preserve nature. Participants also described nature

preservation as a meaningful CSR implementation program to help save the environment.

As a participant evaluated, “there’s sustainability in our supply chain; it means

environmental sustainability.”
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Discrepant Case

There were people who did not want to take part in the interview because they did

not favor the concept of CSR. In one incident a not-so-happy employee who just wanted

to hear my questions commented that “CSR is politically motivated and supported by

scientists who believe in climate change. Climate change is a hoax. I hope they don’t take

part of my pension to save the environment and community, I need every dime”. “I work

long hours on the job, tired to engage in community building, not part of my job

description”. I asked only two questions and decided to stop the interview because the

participant was getting irritated.

There was a participant with an interesting perspective as I explained to him the

purpose of my study and all the jargons, as he claimed, in my interview questions. “It’s

up to the employees to participate in community activities, if they want to, that’s fine

with me. I have seen a lot of plant closures in my days, because we are not innovative

enough to produce quality for cheap. Giving community/consumers quality products for

cheap is what everybody wants and that is our responsibility as manufacturers. You talk

about CSR meaning well-being, well quality production is good for the well-being of

consumers. I understand CSR, don’t get me wrong, quality is CSR, right?” “Yes! CSR is

quality production.”

Summary

Data collection for this study was determined by the research question: What are

the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implementation in Charlotte, North

Carolina? Reviewing participants’ responses I identified that CSR is a constituent of the

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core production apparatus of corporations, manifested through volunteer, donations and

sustainability initiatives. Corporate leaders’ sustainability or nature preservation

initiatives directly aligned with their specific area of expertise or production. Example, a

CSR program of the leadership of a paper manufacturing corporation was based on

planting trees and supporting laws against illegal logging, in alignment with their core

production structure, as opposed to a genuine concern for the well-being of the

environment or the need to implement CSR. Corporate leaders resort to alternative

sources of power and recycling to reduce cost and improve the sustainability of their

businesses, which consequentially aligns with the purpose of CSR.

Corporate leaders improve the health, safety, and skills of employees to enhance

the financial performance of their corporations. Corporate leaders and subordinates are

cognizant that community well-being and financial performance are inseparable thus

CSR implementation as most participants revealed, is focused on volunteer and donations

initiatives such as disaster relief efforts, educational support, and fundraising. Employees

are members of the community, concerned about the well-being of society hence dedicate

their time and money for volunteer and fund-raising activities. The nature preservation,

volunteerism, donations, and health and safety programs of corporations constitute CSR

implementation programs of manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina. In

Chapter 5, I discussed the interpretations of findings from participants’ data, implications,

and recommendations for further studies.

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Chapter 5: Discussions, Conclusions, and Recommendations

CSR has evolved from its introduction in the 1950s when scholars and corporate

leaders viewed it as a philanthropic and employee safety initiative (Carroll, 2015) to a

strategic framework to enhance simultaneous business and societal growth (Wang et al.,

2016). There is limited knowledge of how CSR is implemented within corporations

(Wickert & de Bakker, 2015), although Henderson (2018) assessed that many corporate

leaders are committing to sustainable production to enhance societal well-being. The

purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenology was to identify and report the

lived experiences of corporate managers to illuminate understanding of the

implementation of CSR that may result in positive social changes by mitigating the

negative consequences of production.

I collected data over a period of 23 days. I suspended my previous knowledge and

theoretical findings of the phenomenon of CSR implementation, in line with the nature of

a transcendental phenomenological study, to receive raw and unadulterated data from

participants’ lived experiences. Participants described their volunteer and donation

activities to improve the well-being of community. Employee health and safety and the

need for nature preservation for the sustainability of corporations were recurrent themes.

I discovered that corporate leaders considered CSR programs as financially efficient.

Interpretation of Findings

Carroll (2015) observed that CSR initiatives started as mainly philanthropic in

nature from the early 1800s as companies donated to charities. Findings confirmed that

CSR is still viewed as a philanthropic program by corporations as participants

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interviewed described their lived experiences of CSR as mainly volunteering for

community projects such as cleaning up debris and trash and donating to charities to aid

in disaster relief efforts, poverty reduction, and improve health.

Findings of this study align with the sustainability nature of CSR. Popa (2015)

assessed that CSR emphasized the importance of sustainable production to ensure

preservation of, and availability of, natural resources in the future. Participants of this

study described nature preservation initiatives of their corporations, which included tree

planting, recycling of products to minimize waste, effective water management, and

using alternative sources of energy to mitigate toxic fumes. Corporate managers

interviewed attributed the advent and improvement in technology to their nature

preservation or sustainability initiatives. The use of technology constitutes a core strategy

of corporations for sustainability, a constituent of CSR.

A participant identified that “Our financial health and how well we treat

customers and community [CSR] cannot be separated.” Chaing et al. (2015) estimated

high quality financial reporting when firms engage in CSR. Krisnawati et al. (2014) also

affirmed that CSR may lead to profitability if well managed. Participants of this study

reported increase in sales and profit because of their CSR initiatives.

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Table 5

Comparison of Themes to Conceptual Framework and Theories of Study

Conceptual Themes Alignment with conceptual

framework/Theories framework/theories
Harrod-Domar Growth model Poverty Reduction. With increased employee
(Domar, 1946; Harrod, 1939). Nature compensation, spending in the
Mutual benefit between preservation. community rises leading to high
business and society. As Recycling. demand of goods and services to
employees, who are also Increased mitigate poverty, and increase company
consumers, compensation sales/profit. profit.
rises, demand increases to The increase in spending in the
boost sales. community may be sustained if there is
a reduction in carbon footprint due to
recycled production and nature
preservation.
Maslow Hierarchy of needs Health and safety. The theme “increased profit/sales”,
theory (Maslow, 2014). Increased improved “health and safety”, and
Providing employee needs sales/profit. “education”, align with Maslow’s
leads to skills and increase in Education. growth model which focuses on
productivity thus sales. employee needs to improve innovation
thus production. Improving the health
and safety, and education and skills, of
employees may lead to increased
productivity, sales and profit.
The Porter Hypothesis (Porter Nature As the Porter hypothesis states, CSR
& Linde, 1995). Strict preservation. may lead to improvement in
environmental regulations Recycling. environmental health as corporate
(CSR) may lead to socially Health and safety. leaders resort to recycling to reduce
efficient and cost-saving waste and carbon footprint and reduce
production. greenhouse gases.
Ecological Systems Theory Volunteerism. Corporate leaders understand the
(Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Donation. influence and importance of community
Mutual relationship between Family/Teamwork. thus volunteer to cleanup, make
individuals and society. donations, and regard community
members as family or team.
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Comparison of Findings to Conceptual Framework

The four comparative frameworks that this study was structured on were the

Maslow hierarchy of need model (Maslow, 2014), the ecological systems theory

(Bronfenbrenner, 1979), the Harrod-Domar growth model (Domar, 1946; Harrod, 1939),

and the Porter hypothesis (Porter & Linde, 1995). These theories help expand on the

mutual dependence of society and corporations. CSR is a framework to mitigate the

negative consequences of production and improve the well-being of society (Crifo &

Forget, 2015). Hollensbe et al. (2014) posited that the profitability of a business is

connected to the development of society. Corporate leaders revealed in this research that

they implement CSR to improve societal well-being and the financial position of their

corporations.

The hierarchy of needs model. According to the hierarchy of needs theory,

employees reach a level of innovation and creativity needed for increased productivity,

when they can obtain all the basic needs, security needs, self-esteem needs, and love

needs in a progressive order (Maslow, 2014). Participants identified that improving their

health and safety, education, and skills constituted an important part of CSR

implementation, that lead to improvement in teamwork, productivity, sales and

profitability of corporations. Employees also reported being motivated and having the

desire to work harder due to their love of community well-being. Improved production

and profitability, as some participants expressed, resulted in higher compensations and

benefits.
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The Harrod-Domar growth model. Participants identified that CSR improved

the productivity, sales, and profitability of their corporations. In the view of some

participants, increased corporate profit leads to an improvement in employee

compensation, bonuses, and benefits. As evaluated by Domar (1946) and Harrod (1939)

in their growth model, increased employee compensation leads to increments in savings

and spending in the economy. Savings result in investments into existing and new

businesses. Increased spending may lead to higher corporate productivity, growth, and

investment into sustainability programs in alignment with CSR implementation.

According to participants of this study, donations constituted an important part of CSR

implementation. Improved compensation may lead to increased donations to charities for

the well-being of society, the purpose of CSR.

The ecological systems theory. Participants recounted their volunteering and

donating activities in CSR implementation. Some of the reasons participants gave for

volunteering and donating in the community was to improve community relations and

gain the recognition of consumers to improve sales and well-being. Participants described

the nature of their relationships with the community as a family or team. The recognition

by participants of the importance of community to their corporations aligns the ecological

systems theory of Bronfenbrenner (1979) that justifies the inherent relationship between

humans and their environment.

The Porter hypothesis. Participants acted on sustainability initiatives such as

recycling, water management, reforestation, and using alternative sources of power to

reduce toxic gas emissions, based on the need to reduce cost and stay in business in the
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long-run. The sustainability initiatives of corporate leaders may not be due to the results

of strict environmental rules, as posited by Porter and Linde (1995), but rather a long-

term business strategy as confirmed by individuals. Participants expressed the need to

abide by environmental laws and ethical codes of conduct but did not identify or focus on

them as a catalyst for implementing CSR. Technological advancement may be a factor in

corporate leaders’ decision to engage in CSR or sustainability. I could not infer from

responses of participants that strict environmental laws led to CSR implementation.

Limitations of the Study

Qualitative study protocols were followed to avoid any factors that may limit the

reliability and transferability of this study (Patton, 2015). I limited this study to the city of

Charlotte, NC, because of time and fund constraints. Other neighboring cities such as

Winston Salem is headquarters to a tobacco company, which may have added more

substance to this study due to the nature of their production and the harmful effects of its

byproduct to the well-being of individuals. Hanes Brand, manufacturers of apparels, is

also headquartered in a neighboring city in North Carolina.

In as much as I limited this study to manufacturing corporations, other sectors of

the economy such as service corporations including Amazon, Facebook, and Apple

control market power and are influential in societies. Leaders of these corporations may

be more successful in efforts toward CSR implementation for positive societal changes.

Expanding this study to include other sectors of the economy such as distribution,

service, and agricultural may be more substantive.

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No CEOs were interviewed for this study. The input of CEOs may have been

substantive because of their power, influence, and nature of decision making. CSR and

other implementation programs is supported or approved by the leadership of a

corporation thus the input of CEOs would have been important; however, I limited this

study to department managers and other employees with at least 5 years of experience

relevant to CSR implementation.

I did not conduct this study on sites of any corporations upon agreement with IRB

and because of accessibility issues as security at manufacturing facilities would not have

permitted or delayed entry. I had the flexibility of contacting managers and other

employees via social media sites such as LinkedIn and Facebook. I was able to e-mail 50

employees and make 25 phone calls. I also met some participants in the gym, book store,

library, and coffee shop.

Participants touted their community relations contrary to my expectations that

they may withhold information in solidarity with their corporations. Identifying

participants by their corporation may have led to such a high degree of loyalty or bias

even though I contacted employees as private individuals and not in their official capacity

of a given corporation. The limitation of employee bias could have been mitigated if

participants were considered members of the community and have the liberty to express

their perception without indicating ties to their corporation, which may have resulted in

bias because of a probable hidden fear or favor.

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Recommendations

I recommend further research on the strategies used by corporate leaders to

implement CSR. Responses to question two, centered more on superlatives than a

description of strategies. I had to ask follow-up question for participants to provide a list

of CSR implementation programs such as recycling and water management. Further

studies may be conducted on how CSR programs such as water management are

specifically conducted or implemented. I recommend a case study approach to research

of corporations’ CSR implementation programs and other specific corporations. I believe

certain CSR implementation programs of corporations need to be studied in more details

and as an entity and over time because the programs are revolutionary and worthy of

emulation.

My research of CSR literature revealed a problem of difference between CSR

abstraction and its practicality (Glavas, 2016). CSR has evolved since its introduction in

the 1950s (Carroll, 2015); however, its implementation is a problem (Szegedi et al.,

2016). Further research may be conducted to find out how business scholars may want

CSR implemented. As Dees recommended social entrepreneurship should be included in

business schools’ curriculum (Worsham, 2012). Students should be taught to view the

problems of society such as poverty and pollution as business and innovative

opportunities. More importantly school teachers should focus more on the external

environment of corporations. Further research may be conducted to illuminate

understanding about whether school teachers focus on the external environment of

corporations.
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Future studies should focus on the effects of CSR on towns and cities. This

research was biased in favor of corporation. As a member of the community I am

oblivious to many of the statements made by participants. I recommend further studies on

sites of corporation and interviews conducted in a focus group setting to allow

corroboration of responses and suggestion for improvement of CSR implementation

programs. In this study there was no question for participants’ recommendation or

suggestions to improve CSR implementation. I recommend a study in small towns to

assess the impact of CSR activities, because I pass through one occasionally and although

there is a huge internationally recognized plant in the town, development is poor. There

are dilapidated structures, high level of unemployment and poor quality of life.

I recommend future studies on production, sales, and profitability within

corporations as a result of CSR. In my study I asked only one question with regards to the

profit entailed in CSR implementation. Participants’ responses were that CSR is good for

business growth. As participants alluded to, community members recognize corporate

employees that engage in CSR activities thus become loyal leading to increased sales. I

believe further studies on customer loyalty due to organizations’ CSR programs should

be conducted. How well customers receive CSR programs, and committed employees

become to their corporations, should be known. As this study revealed, the Harrod-

Domar growth model (Domar, 1946; Harrod, 1939) align with CSR. Further and more

detailed studies should be conducted on Harrod-Domar growth model and its alignment

with the purpose of CSR.

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I recommend further studies on the effect of technological advancement on CSR

or sustainability programs in corporations. In my interview of corporate managers, I

interpreted that CSR programs of recycling, usage of alternative sources of energy, and

improvement in food care were a consequences of technological advancement and not

necessarily the results of interest in CSR per se. A research into how technological

advancement has affected sustainable production would be very significant.

In my study I realized participants were more comfortable with the words

“community relations, community stewardship, or sustainability program, as opposed to

CSR. I believe the word “responsibility” has legal implication or overture thus corporate

leaders’ apparent averseness of it. CSR could mean corporate social relations, which is

more endearing and align with. As the word responsibility may imply, corporate leaders

are not obligated to engage in social responsibility initiatives although there are laws to

prevent pollution and consequences of production that may harm society.

I recommend that corporate leaders give access to research students so long as it

does not involve production secrets. Educational researches are conducted to benefit

society and businesses. Educational institutions should partner with corporations to allow

students easy access to employees for a research study. There are certain organizations

that partner with Universities for research studies. This should be encouraged across the

board so that individual students would not bear the agony of struggling for access to

corporations and their employees.

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Implications of Study

Positive Social Change

Findings from this study may improve knowledge to create positive social change

by addressing problems of society such as poverty, health and safety concerns, and air

pollution. Government inefficiency (DeBettignes & Robinson, 2015) and corporations’

disregard for societal development (Byrne, 2009) may have caused societal problems.

CSR, a framework created to focus corporate attention onto societal development (Wang

et al., 2016), has inherent problem of implementation due to the disparity between its

concepts and real-life practice (Glavas, 2016). Understanding the implementation of CSR

may lead to the creation of eco-friendly products and other innovative means of

production to enhance positive social changes.

Conducting this study was invigorating as I learned about the efforts being made

by corporations to create positive social changes. CSR implementation initiatives such as

employee health benefits, alternative sources of energy to reduce toxic gas emission,

school scholarship, improved technology for food safety and quality, are being focused

on by manufacturing corporate managers in Charlotte, N.C., to improve societal well-

being. Participants of this study understand the importance of societal well-being to the

growth and development of their businesses. Knowledge of CSR implementation by

virtue of this study, may increase corporate leaders’ focus on business sustainability thus

mitigate negative consequences of production to preserve and improve societal well-

being.
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Stephan et al. (2016) analyzed that implementing a social change framework,

such as CSR entails a transformation of ideas and behaviors by individuals and

institutions. The external environment of businesses is equally important as the internal.

There is recognition and acceptance of CSR by corporate leaders, as a tool to enhance

sustainable production to create positive social change (Henderson, 2018), however little

is known about how corporate leaders implement CSR within their organizations

(Wickert & de Bakker, 2015) to illuminate understanding. This research may initiate and

illuminate understanding about CSR implementation by students, scholars, corporate

managers, and community leaders to create positive social changes by focusing on long-

term sustainable production as opposed to short-term profit only maximization

orientation currently adopted.

In this study, corporate leaders’ identified CSR implementation programs focused

on employee well-being including health, safety, education and skills improvement to

increase production thus sales and profit. Findings from this study may support further

research into Maslow’s theory and CSR programs. Further research may also be

conducted on the relationship between social and economic growth. Further research may

be conducted on viewing social problems as profitable opportunities for corporations.

Methodological Implications

This qualitative transcendental approach to study aligns with the need to

understand the phenomenon of how CSR is implemented within corporations. Studies

have been conducted using the qualitative method. Khan and Lund-Thomsen used the

qualitative phenomenology to interpret meanings that local manufacturers in developing

 136
countries attached to CSR policies. Loo and Nasruddin (2015) used the qualitative

transcendental phenomenology to describe the lived experiences of purchasing-managers

related to labor, health, and safety in the electronics industry. Previous qualitative studies

are not comprehensive and may not be applicable CSR implementation framework, hence

the need for this study to illuminate understanding.

The quantitative approach has been used to measure various aspects of CSR such

as; CSR and financial improvement, and corporate social performance. Chiang et al.

(2015) used quantitative multiple regression to assess the correlation between CSR and

the quality of financial reporting. The problem is not the justification of CSR, but an

understanding of its implementation (Szegedi et al., 2016). This study was conducted to

report the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implications to create

understanding needed to improve societal well-being. The lived experiences of managers

of CSR implementation included the use of alternative sources of energy to reduce

pollution, recycling to reduce waste and carbon footprints, donating and volunteering to

support education, reduce poverty, and improve healthcare.

Theoretical Implications

There is paucity of knowledge about how corporations implement CSR (Wickert

& de Bakker, 2015). The debate about the profitability of using corporate resources to

serve the interest of society (Glavas et al., 2016) may have contributed to the problem of

CSR implementation. By implementing CSR, business leaders may refocus attention on

societal growth and development. Business leaders may view the problems of society as

opportunities for profitability and growth thus implementing CSR as a core strategy.
 137
Understanding an implementation framework of CSR may lead to a change in

business school’s approach to teaching, as a business-like framework of efficient use of

societal resources to generate profits, may be adopted. Implementing CSR may also lead

to a system change as corporate leaders, scholars, community members may view society

as intertwined with their well-being and sustainability thus are willing to work with or

hold corporations accountable for social preservation and improvement.

Despite its justification (Szegedi et al., 2016), there is a disparity between the

abstraction and practice of CSR as corporate leaders strive to implement it (Glavas,

2016). The gap of CSR implementation may be bridged by scholars as an understanding

will be created by this study. Scholarly literature may focus on CSR implementation

methods and strategies based on an initial understanding of this study. Further studies

may be done by scholars to create a CSR implementation strategy for various businesses

based on the findings of this study.

Practical Implications

Wickert and de Bakker (2015) highlighted a paucity of knowledge about how

CSR is implemented within particular corporations. This study to identify and report

lived experiences of corporate managers may illuminate understanding of CSR

implementation. I discovered in this study that corporate managers’ CSR program

included the use of alternative sources of power such as nuclear, solar, natural gas, and

hydro energy to mitigate pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuel. Many participants

described recycling to preserve natural resources, donating, and volunteering to improve

health and reduce poverty, as strategic CSR implementation initiatives. Understanding

 138
the implementation of CSR in other corporations may lead to a strategic change of its

application to ensure the growth and development of both corporations and society.

A positive social change framework requires a total transformation of behaviors

and approaches (Stephan et al., 2016) towards societal well-being starting from business

schools. Business school scholars’ transformation of curriculum to a consideration of

society from a business-like perspective is required and warrants further research. As I

summarized in this research, CSR constituted an important part of corporate production

manifested in sustainability, donation and volunteering activities. This study may thus be

important towards the transformation of business schools’ curriculum.

The advent of technology and for that matter social media, may have enlightened

focus on the societal effects of corporate production. The scrutiny of organizations by

social media activists may have inspired attention to CSR as employees donate and

volunteer in society to promote the reputation of their corporations, although I evaluated

that such actions were because of concern for community by employees. As I identified

in this study corporate leaders’ resort to alternative sources of power, recycling methods,

and innovative mechanisms of production as sustainability or CSR initiatives, may be

because of the availability of advanced and cost-effective technology. Technology may

have improved corporate production to mitigate negative consequences of production.

The CSR implementation initiatives reported in this study may illuminate understanding

and improve societal well-being.

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Conclusion

Corporations and for that matter businesses depend on society for resources of

production and consumption of goods and services. The resources of society are valuable

and essential to the profitability and growth of businesses. Preserving the resources of

society is a business strategy for competitive advantage and sustainable production.

Corporations cannot be separated from society. The growth of corporations is dependent

on the well-being of its resources including humans. Whether CSR means corporate

social responsibility, corporate social relations, philanthropy, community stewardship, or

sustainability it is in the best interest of corporate leaders to preserve and improve the

well-being of society to grow their businesses.

 140
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Appendix A: Interview Questions

Interview questions are meant to illuminate understanding of CSR

implementation within corporations. The lived experiences that individuals have of their

corporations’ CSR implementation programs are important towards illuminating

understanding. The interview questions will focus on participants’ beliefs, assumptions,

and perceptions about implementing CSR programs within their corporations. Interview

questions reflect on leadership roles and focus on customers and employee well-being.

Evidence-based impact of CSR implementation on society, benefits of CSR to

corporations, and improvement in production processes in CSR implementation are also

highlighted in the interview questions.

Research Question

What are the lived experiences of managers relevant to CSR implementation, in

manufacturing corporations in Charlotte, North Carolina?

Interview Questions

1. What are your lived experiences \CSR implementation within your corporation?
2. How do you perceive the strategies used to implement CSR programs within your
corporation?
3. What does CSR’s impact on society and employee well-being mean for you?
4. What do you assume are the most meaningful CSR programs within your corporation?
5. What do you believe social well-being means for growth and profitability of your
corporation?
6. What are your lived experiences with meaningful relationships that you may have
developed with members of the community?
7. What are your lived experiences with meaningful relationships that you may have
developed with your fellow employees?
8. What does your corporations’ CSR mean to you as an employee?
9. What does your corporations’ CSR mean to you as a member of your community?
10. Thank you or your time given to this interview. Any further thoughts on the meaning
of CSR to share with me?
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Appendix B: Interview Script

Hello Sir/Madam

My name is Samuel Bonsu. I am a PhD student in Business Management at Walden

University. I am conducting a research to report the lived experiences of managers and
subordinates of CSR implementation. I believe reporting lived experiences will
illuminate understanding of CSR implementation to enhance positive social changes.

The purpose of my interview is to fulfill academic requirements and to highlight the

positive contributions that organizations are making in our society. Your confidentiality
is assured. Your name will remain anonymous if you wish. Information that you may
provide will not be held against you in any way shape or form. No harm will be done to
you in this interview process. Your organization was chosen based on information on
your website about corporate social responsibility.

I will appear in person to conduct the interview. I will conduct a follow-up interview with
you to verify my conclusions that I draw from your responses to ensure accuracy. If you
agree to be interviewed, you will answer the following questions;

1. What are your lived experiences \CSR implementation within your corporation?
2. How do you perceive the strategies used to implement CSR programs within your
corporation?
3. What does CSR’s impact on society and employee well-being mean for you?
4. What do you assume are the most meaningful CSR programs within your corporation?
5. What do you believe social well-being means for growth and profitability of your
corporation?
6. What are your lived experiences with meaningful relationships that you may have
developed with members of the community?
7. What are your lived experiences with meaningful relationships that you may have
developed with your fellow employees?
8. What does your corporations’ CSR mean to you as an employee?
9. What does your corporations’ CSR mean to you as a member of your community?
10. Thank you or your time given to this interview. Any further thoughts on the meaning
of CSR to share with me?

I appreciate your contribution towards positive changes in our community.

The approval number for this study is 03-23-18-0295143 and it expires on March 22nd,
2019

Thanks immensely for your co-operation.

Respectfully
Samuel Bonsu