Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Chapter 3

System of linear equations

Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

System of linear equations

1 The Cramer rule of system of linear equations

2 The nature of the solution of system of linear equations

3 The structure and solving methods of system of homogeneous linear equations

4 The structure and solving methods of system of nonhomogeneous linear equations

Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Chapter 3
System of linear equations

Section 1
The Cramer rule
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752). Portrait by Robert Gardelle, year unknown.

Born 31 July 1704
Geneva, Republic of Geneva
Died 4 January 1752 (age 47)
Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
Residence Switzerland
Nationality Swiss
Fields Mathematics and physics
Institutions University of Geneva
Alma mater University of Geneva
Known for Cramer's rule
Cramer's theorem for algebraic curves
Cramer's paradox
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

1. Cramer Rules

n  variables linear equations：

 a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1 ,
 a 21 x1  a 22 x 2    a 2 n x n  b2 ,
 

a n1 x1  a n 2 x 2    a nn x n  bn .
b1 , b2 ,L , bn are not complete zero : System of nonhomogeneous linear equations

Ax  b Matrix multiplication form of inhomogeneous equations

b1  b2    bn  0 : System of homogeneous linear equations

Ax  0 Matrix multiplication form of homogeneous equations

Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

[Crammer rule of a system of 2 linear equations in 2 unknowns]

2  variables a11 x1  a12 x2  b1 ,


linear equations： a21 x1  a22 x2  b2 .

b1a22  a12b2 a11 a12

x1  D , [Determinant of coefficient ]
a11a22  a12a21 a21 a22

a11 x1  a12 x2  b1 ,

a21 x1  a22 x2  b2 .

a11 a12 b1 a12 D1

D  D1  , x1 
a21 a22 b2 a22 D
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

a11 x1  a12 x2  b1 ,

a21 x1  a22 x2  b2 .

a11 a12 b1 a12 D1

D  D1  , x1 
a21 a22 b2 a22 D

a11 x1  a12 x2  b1 , a11 b2  b1 a21

 x2  .
a21 x1  a22 x2  b2 . a11a22  a12a21

a11 a12 a11 b1 D2

D  D2  . x2 
a21 a22 a21 b2 D
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

[Crammer rule of a system of 2 linear equations in 2 unknowns]

2  variables a11 x1  a12 x2  b1 ,


linear equations： a21 x1  a22 x2  b2 .
when D  a11a22  a12 a21  0 , The system has a unique solution :

b1a22  a12b2 D1
 x1  a a  a a  D ,
 11 22 12 21

 a11b2  b1a21 D2
 x2   ,
a11a22  a12a21 D
a11 a12 b1 a12 a11 b1
and D = ,D1 = ,D2 =
a21 a22 b2 a22 a21 b2
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

[Crammer rule of a system of 2 linear equations in 2 unknowns]

2  variables a11 x1  a12 x2  b1 ,


linear equations： a21 x1  a22 x2  b2 .
when D  a11a22  a12 a21  0 , The system has a unique solution :

Di
xi  , i  1, 2,
D
a11 a12 b1 a12 a11 b1
and D = ,D1 = ,D2 =
a21 a22 b2 a22 a21 b2
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

[Crammer rule of a system of 2 linear equations in 2 unknowns]

2  variables a11 x1  a12 x2  b1 ,


linear equations： a21 x1  a22 x2  b2 .
when D  a11a22  a12 a21  0 , The system has a unique solution :

D1 D2
x1  , x2  ,
D D
a11 a12 b1 a12 a11 b1
and D = ,D1 = ,D2 =
a21 a22 b2 a22 a21 b2
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Exercise 1. Ask solution of a system of 2 linear equations in 2 unknowns.

 3 x1  2 x2  12,
 2 x  x  1.
 1 2

Solve
3 2 12  2 3 12
D  7  0, D1   14, D2   21,
2 1 1 1 2 1
then
D1 14 D2  21
x1    2, x2    3.
D 7 D 7
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

[Crammer rule of a system of 3 linear equations in 2 unknowns]

 a11 x1  a12 x2  a13 x3  b1 ,

If a21 x1  a22 x2  a23 x3  b2 , Coefficient of
 a31 x1  a32 x2  a33 x3  b3 determinant

a11 a12 a13

D  a21 a22 a23  0,
a31 a32 a33
Then the solution of this system is :
Di
xi  ( i  1, 2, 3 ) ,
among D

b1 a12 a13 a11 b1 a13 a11 a12 b1

D1  b2 a22 a23 , D2  a21 b2 a23 , D3  a21 a22 b2 .
b3 a32 a33 a31 b3 a33 a31 a32 b3
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

[Theorem1] (Cramer Rule)

n  variables linear equations：
 a11 x1  a12 x2    a1n xn  b1 ,
 a21 x1  a22 x2    a2 n xn  b2 ,
  (1)

an1 x1  an 2 x2    ann xn  bn ,
If the determinant of the coefficient of (1) : D  0
Dj
There is a unique solution : xj  , j  1, 2,L , n,
D
among
a11 L a1, j 1 b1 a1, j 1 L a1n
Dj  L L L L L L L L L L L .
an1 L an , j 1 bn an , j 1 L ann
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Prove
Because A  0, so, A is reversible.
Left multiplication A1 both the side of Ax  b :

A1 Ax  A1b

x  A1 b
Notice matrix inverse is uniqueness :

The solution of Ax  b is uniqueness.

Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Prove
1 *
x  A1 b  Ab
A
 x1   A11 A21  An1   b1 
     
 A12 A22  An 2 
x   x2  b  2
A 
* b
    
   
   A1n A2 n  Ann   
 xn   bn 
 x1   b1 A11  b2 A21    bn An1 
   
 x2   1  b1 A12  b2 A22    bn An 2 
  
  A  
   b1 A1n  b2 A2 n    bn Ann 
 xn 
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Prove D  a1 j A1 j  a2 j A2 j    anj Anj ( j  1,2, , n)

 x1   b1 A11  b2 A21    bn An1 

   
 x2   1  b1 A12  b2 A22    bn An 2 
  A  
 
  b A 
 1 1n 2 2 n
b A    bn nn 
A
 n
x
1
i.e. xj  (b1 A1 j  b2 A2 j    bn Anj ) ( j  1,2, , n)
A
Dj Dj
xj   ( j  1,2, , n)
A D
a11 a12  a1n
a11 L b1 L a1n
   
a21 L b2 L a 2 n ( j  1,2, , n)
D  A  a i1 a i 2  ain Dj 
L L L L L
   
an1 L bn L ann
an1 an 2  ann
j
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

n  variables system of nonhomogeneous linear equations

 a11 x1  a12 x2    a1n xn  0,

 a21 x1  a22 x2    a2 n xn  0,
 ( 2)

an1 x1  an 2 x2    ann xn  0.
[Theorem 2] If determinant of coefficient of ( 2) D  0,
the system of ( 2) has zero solution only .
If the system of ( 2) has nonzero solution ,
determinant of coefficient of ( 2) D  0.

[Theorem3]If the system of ( 2) has nonzero solution  D  0

Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

［Exercise1］Solve this system using Crammer Rule

 2 x1  x2  5 x3  x4  8,
 x  3 x  6 x  9,
 1 2 4

 2 x2  x3  2 x4  5,
 x1  4 x2  7 x3  6 x4  0.
Solve
2 1 5 1 0 7 5 13
1 3 0 6 r1  2r2 1 3 0 6
D
0 2 1 2 r4  r2 0 2 1 2
1 4 7 6 0 7 7 12
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

7  5 13 c1  2c2 3 5 3
 2 1 2  0 1 0
c3  2c2
7  7 12 7 7 2

3 3
  27,
7 2

8 1 5 1 2 8 5 1
9 3 0 6 1 9 0 6
D1  D2 
5 2 1 2 0 5 1 2
0 4 7 6 1 0 7 6

 81,  108,
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

2 1 8 1 2 1 5 8
1 3 9 6 1 3 0 9
D3  D4 
0 2 5 2 0 2 1  5
1 4 0 6 1 4 7 0

 27,  27,

D 81 D2  108
 x1  1   3, x2    4,
D 27 D 27

D3  27 D4 27
x3    1, x4    1.
D 27 D 27
Chapter 3 System of linear equations Section 1 Crammer rule

Exercise2，Linear euqations has nonzero solution when  meet what condition

 (1   ) x1  2 x2  4 x3  0,

 2 x1  (3   ) x 2  x3  0,
 x1  x 2  (1   ) x3  0,


Solve 1  2 4 1   3  4
D 2 3  1  2 1  1
1 1 1  1 0 1 
 (1   )3  (  3)  4(1   )  2(1   )(3   )
 1     21       3,
3 2

Let D  0     0,   2,   3,
then , this system has nonzero soluton when   0,   2,   3 .