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Chapt - I - TUTORIAL - PART - 1 - (B) Quantization - (SOLUTION)

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107 views3 pages

Chapt - I - TUTORIAL - PART - 1 - (B) Quantization - (SOLUTION)

Tutorials and answers

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EE321_Communications Systems

Topic_1_Pulse Modulation: TUTORIAL

PART_1_(b) QUANTIZATION: SOLUTION

1. A digital communications system is designed to carry a single voice signal using


linearly quantized pulse coded modulation (PCM).

a. What PCM bit rate will be required if an ideal anti-aliasing filter with a cut-
off frequency of 3.4 kHz is used at the transmitter and signal to quantization
noise ratio (𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅) is to be kept above 50 dB?
Solution:
- For a PCM, 𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅(𝑑𝐵) = 6.02𝑛𝑏 + 1.76 ≥ 50 ⇒ 𝑛𝑏 ≥ 9
➢ Thus, 9 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠⁄𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 are required.
- Sampling rate, 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 ⇒ 𝑓𝑠 = 2 × 3.4 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 6.8 𝑘𝐻𝑧
- PCM bit rate = 𝑓𝑠 × 𝑛 = 6.8 × 9 𝑘𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 61.2 𝑘𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐

b. Find the overall signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the reconstructed signal if
the received noise induces an error rate, on average, of one in every 106
PCM bits.
Solution:
- 106 PCM bits induce 1 error
1
- 1PCM bit induces, 𝑃𝑒 = 106 = 10−6 (1)
- For a PCM, 𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅(𝑑𝐵) = 6.02𝑛𝑏 + 1.76
= (6.02 × 9 + 1.76)𝑑𝐵 = 55.94 𝑑𝐵 = 3.926 × 105 (2)
𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅
Or for a PCM, the overall 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 1+4𝑆𝑁 (3)
𝑞 𝑅×𝑃𝑒

- Substituting the Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) into Eq. (3), yields to:
𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅 3.926×105
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 1+4𝑆𝑁 = 1+4×3.926×105×10−6 = 1.527 × 105 = 51.83 𝑑𝐵
𝑞 𝑅×𝑃𝑒

2. Design a uniform scalar quantizer for a sine signal with amplitude 1.5 V with 𝑀 =
3 quantization levels.
Analysis:
- The amplitude of the sine signal is in the range of (−1.5 𝑡𝑜 1.5)𝑉.
- The quantization levels, 𝑀 = 3.
1.5−(−1.5)
➢ The step size, ∆𝑞 = 𝑉 = 1𝑉
3

1
Elect. & Comm. Engineering Dept, PNG Unitech @ Dr. HIKMA Shabani
EE321_Communications Systems

a. Sketch the non-quantized and quantized signals


Solution:

b. Find the average power of the quantized signal


Solution:
∆2𝑞 (1)2 2
- The average power, 𝑆 = (𝑀2 − 1) ∙ 12 = (32 − 1) ∙ 12𝑉 = 3 𝑉 2

c. Find the average quantized noise power


Solution:
∆2𝑞 1
- The average quantization noise or Quantization noise power, 𝑁𝑞 = =
12 12

d. What is the signal to quantization noise ratio (𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅)?


Solution:
- The signal to quantization noise ratio, 𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅 = 𝑀2 − 1 = (3)2 − 1 = 8

3. A music signal has a bandwidth of 20 kHz. Assume that the signal’s peak-to-mean
ratio is 20dB.

a. Calculate the bit rate required to transmit this as a linearly quantized PCM
signal maintaining a signal to quantization noise ratio (𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅) of 55dB.
Solution:
- 𝛼𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑑𝐵
- The signal bandwidth, 𝐵𝑊 = 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧
- The signal to quantization noise ratio, 𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅 = 6.02𝑛𝑏 + 1.76 − 20 = 55
⇒ 𝑛𝑏 = 12.166 ≈ 13 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑛 13
- Quantization levels, 𝑀 = 2 = 2 = 8192
- Sampling rate, 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑚 ⇒ 𝑓𝑠 = 2 × 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 40 𝑘𝐻𝑧
- The required bit rate, 𝑓𝑠 × 𝑛 = 40 × 13 𝑘𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠⁄𝑠 = 520 𝑘𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠⁄𝑠

2
Elect. & Comm. Engineering Dept, PNG Unitech @ Dr. HIKMA Shabani
EE321_Communications Systems

b. What is the minimum bandwidth required?

- The minimum required bandwidth, 𝐵𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧 × 13 = 260 𝑘𝐻𝑧

4. Information is to be transmitted as a linearly quantized, 8-bit signal over a noisy


channel. What probability of error can be tolerated in the detected PCM bit stream
if the reconstructed information signal is to have an SNR of 45dB?
Solution:
𝑆𝑁𝑞 𝑅 𝑀2 −1
- The 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 10 log10 [1+4(𝑆𝑁 ] = 10 log10 [1+4(𝑀2−1)𝑃 ] = 45 (1)
𝑞 𝑅)𝑃
𝑒 𝑒

- Quantization levels, 𝑀 = 2𝑛 = 28 = 256


- Substituting the value of 𝑀 = 256, into the Eq. (1) and solve for 𝑃𝑒 , yields to:
2562 −1
10 log10 [1+4(2562−1)𝑃 ] = 45
𝑒

65536−1
⇔ 10 log10 [ ] = 45
1+262140×𝑃𝑒

65535
⇔ log10 [1+262140×𝑃 ] = 4.5
𝑒

65535
⇔ = 31622.7766
1+262140×𝑃𝑒

⇒ 262140 × 31622.7766𝑃𝑒 = 65635 − 31622.7766


65635−31622.7766
⇒ 𝑃𝑒 = 262140×31622.7766 = 4.1 × 10−6

END.

3
Elect. & Comm. Engineering Dept, PNG Unitech @ Dr. HIKMA Shabani

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