Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

College of Engineering and Architecture

CONCEPT OF A
FORCE

JOHN CHRISTIAN REY F CELIZ , ME , RMP, CPM

 OUTLINE
1. Introduction
OBJECTIVES
2. Forces and Components
✓ Understand the concepts of the
3. Resultant of Three or More Concurrent
resultant of a force and its
Forces
components
4. Moment of a Force
✓ Resolve 2D force vector into
5. The Principle of Moments (Varignon’s components
Theorem)
✓ Illustrate completely the
6. Resultant of Parallel Forces characteristics of a resultant for a
7. Couples given concurrent force system
8. Resolution of a Force into a Force and ✓ Calculate the moment of a force
a Couple
9. Resultant of Non-Concurrent Force
Systems
2
INTRODUCTION
Resultant
➢ the single effect where two or more forces are added.
➢ the single force obtained by combining a system of forces acting on a rigid body.
➢ The value of the resultant determines the motion of the body.
➢ If the resultant is zero, the body will be in equilibrium and will not change its original
state of motion.

FORCES AND COMPONENTS

➢ Forces acting at some angle from the coordinate axes can be resolved into mutually
perpendicular forces called components.
➢ The component of a force parallel to the x-axis is called the x-component, parallel to
y-axis the y-component, and so on.

3
FORCES AND COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS OF A FORCE IN XY PLANE
▪ The relations between the force 𝐹 and its components 𝐹𝑥
and 𝐹𝑦 are determined using the basic definitions of sine
and cosine of the angle 𝜃𝑥 .
▪ From the definition of the sine and cosine functions,
𝐹𝑦 𝐹
sin 𝜃𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑥 = 𝑥
𝐹 𝐹
𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒙 𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒙
Rectangular components
▪ From Pythagorean Theorem of the right triangles formed
by force 𝐹 and the components 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 ,
𝐹
𝐹𝑦 𝑭= (𝑭𝒙 )𝟐 +(𝑭𝒚 )𝟐
𝜃𝑥
𝑭𝒚
𝐹𝑥 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝒙 =
𝑭𝒙

▪ Given the slope of the line of action of the forces as 𝑣/ℎ

𝒓= 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒉
𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭
𝒓
𝒗 4
𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭
𝒓
FORCES AND COMPONENTS
Sign of 𝐹𝑥 Sign of 𝐹𝑦 Direction of 𝐹 with Diagram
respect to origin 𝑂

𝑦
𝐹
𝐹𝑦
+ + Up to right
𝜃𝑥
𝑂 𝑥
𝐹𝑥

𝑂
𝜃𝑥 𝑥
𝐹𝑥
+ - Down to right 𝐹𝑦

𝑦 𝐹
𝑦
𝐹
𝐹𝑦
- + Up to left
𝜃𝑥
𝑥 𝑂
𝐹𝑥
𝐹𝑥
𝑂
𝑥 𝜃𝑥
- - Down to left 𝐹𝑦
𝐹 𝑦 5
Illustrative Problems
Problem 1: A force of 200 N is directed as shown. Determine the X and Y components of the forces.
𝑦
200 𝑁
𝐹𝑦

30°
𝑥
𝐹𝑥 𝑂

Solution: By projecting the force upon the axes, we discover that the sign 𝐹𝑥 is negative and of 𝐹𝑦 is positive.
Then, using the relation of sine and cosine functions, we get:

[𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 ] 𝐹𝑥 = −200 cos 30 ° = −𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟐 𝒍𝒃 200 𝑁

[𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑥 ] 𝐹𝑦 = 200 sin 30 ° = +𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝐹𝑦
30°
𝐹𝑥
6
Illustrative Problems
𝑂 𝐹𝑥
𝑥
Problem 2: Determine the components of the 300-lb force
directed down to the right at a slope of 2 to 3 as shown.
2
𝐹𝑦 3
300 𝑙𝑏
𝑦
Solution: Given the slope of the force, we can compute for its hypotenuse, then find for the 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 by
similar triangle:
Solving for the hypotenuse: 𝑟 = ℎ2 + 𝑣 2 = (3)2 +(2)2 = 3.61 𝐹𝑥
ℎ 3
Component at x-axis: 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 = 300
𝑟 3.61
(𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, +) 𝑭𝒙 = +𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝒍𝒃 2 𝐹𝑦
𝑣 2
Component at y-axis: 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 = −300 3
𝑟 3.61
(𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, −) 𝑭𝒚 = −𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒍𝒃 300 𝑙𝑏

7
Illustrative Problems

𝑂 𝐹𝑥 = 300 𝑙𝑏
Problem 3: The components of a certain force are defined 𝑥
by 𝐹𝑥 = 300 𝑙𝑏 and 𝐹𝑦 = −200 𝑙𝑏. Determine the
magnitude, inclination with the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and pointing of
the force.
𝐹𝑦 = 200 lb
𝐹
𝑦
Solution: The magnitude of the force is found by applying the Pythagorean theorem.
Solving for the resultant:
F= 𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 = (300)2 +(200)2
𝐅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝒍𝒃
𝐹𝑦
The inclination with the 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is determined by the formula tan 𝜃𝑥 = :
𝐹𝑥
𝐹𝑦 200
tan 𝜃𝑥 = = = 0.667
𝐹𝑥 300
𝜽𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕°

8
Illustrative Problems
Problem 4: The triangular block shown is subjected to the
loads 𝑃 = 1600 𝑙𝑏 and 𝐹 = 600 𝑙𝑏. If 𝐴𝐵 = 8 𝑖𝑛 And 𝐵𝐶 =
6 𝑖𝑛, resolve each load into components normal and
tangential to 𝐴𝐶.

Solution: Solving for the components of forces F and P

normal and tangent to AC.

For components of force 𝐹:

𝐹𝑡 3
𝐹𝑛
𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 600 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃
5
𝜃 4
𝐹 = 600 𝑙𝑏 𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 600 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝒍𝒃
5

For components of force 𝑃:

𝜃 4
𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃 cos 𝜃 = 1600 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒍𝒃
5
𝑃 = 1600 𝑙𝑏 3
𝑃𝑡 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 1600 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃
5

𝑃𝑡
9
SEATWORK NO 2:
Determine the 𝑋 and 𝑌 components of each of the forces shown.

𝐹 = 390 𝑙𝑏 𝑦 𝑇 = 722 𝑁 𝑦
𝑃 = 200 𝑁
12 3
5 2 60°
40° 30° 𝑥 𝑥
1
2
T = 400 lb 𝑃 = 300 𝑙𝑏 F = 448 N

Problem 1 Problem 2

Problem 3: The triangular block shown is subjected to the loads

𝑃 = 1600 𝑙𝑏 and 𝐹 = 600 𝑙𝑏. If 𝜃 = 60°, resolve each load into
𝜃 components normal and tangential to 𝐴𝐶.

10
SEATWORK NO 2:
Problem 4: The horizontal and vertical components of several forces are:
𝑎 𝑃ℎ = −200 𝑙𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑣 = 100 𝑙𝑏
𝑏 𝐹ℎ = 300 𝑙𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑣 = −200 𝑙𝑏
𝑐 𝑇ℎ = −50 𝑙𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑣 = −90 𝑙𝑏
Determine each force. 𝑦
𝑃
𝑃𝑦
Problem 5: The 𝑋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 of the force 𝑃 is 140 𝑙𝑏 to the left as shown. 4
Determine 𝑃 and its 𝑌 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡.
7
𝑥
𝑃𝑥 = 140 𝑙𝑏 𝑂

Problem 6: The body on the 30° incline in Fig. P-009 is acted upon by a force P
inclined at 20° with the horizontal. If P is resolved into components parallel
and perpendicular to incline and the value of the parallel component is 1800
N, compute the value of the perpendicular component and that of P.

11
RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT FORCES
The determination of the resultant of three or more concurrent forces that are not
collinear requires determining the sum of three or more vectors.

Graphically. Two vectors can be added to give a resultant; this resultant in turn can be
added to a third vector, etc., until all the vectors have been added together to give an
overall resultant. These vectors can be added in any order.
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑃
𝐹 𝐹 𝑄
𝑅1 𝐹 𝑅1
𝑃 𝑃
𝑅 𝑅
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑂 𝑂 𝑂

𝑄 𝑄
Resultant determined by parallelogram law Resultant determined by triangle law 12
RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT FORCES
Analytically. The vectors can be resolved into components that coincide with arbitrary
chosen axes. The components of each vector with respect to these axes can be added
algebraically, and the resulting additions will be the components of the overall resultant
vector.
𝑦 Denoting such algebraic summations of
the components of the forces by σ 𝑋 and
𝑃 σ 𝑌 respectively, we have,
𝑃𝑦 𝑄
𝑄𝑦 𝑹𝒙 = σ 𝑿
𝐹 𝑅1 𝑹𝒚 = σ 𝒀
𝐹𝑦
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝑌 We can now determine the magnitude and
𝑅
𝑥 inclination using the formulas:
𝑹 = σ𝑿 𝟐 + σ𝒀 𝟐
𝑂 𝐹𝑥 𝑃𝑥 𝑄𝑥 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝒙 = σ 𝒀/σ 𝑿
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝑋
The pointing of 𝑅 is determined by the
Rectangular components of resultant
signs of its rectangular components σ 𝑋
and σ 𝑌. 13
Illustrative Problems 300 𝑙𝑏
𝑦
Problem 1: Determine completely the resultant of the concurrent
force system shown. 200 𝑙𝑏
400 𝑙𝑏 60° 30°
45° 𝑥
50 𝑙𝑏
Solution: 100 𝑙𝑏
Solving for the 𝑋 and 𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 of all the forces using the
formula 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑥 .
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝑋 Solving for the magnitude and inclination of 𝑅:
𝑅𝑥 = 200 cos 30 ° + 100 cos 45 ° − 300 cos 60 ° − 400 cos 0 ° 𝑅 = σ𝑋 2 + σ𝑌 2
𝑅𝑥 = 173.21 + 70.71 − 150 − 400
𝑅 = 306.1 2 + 239.1 2
𝑅𝑥 = −306.1 𝑙𝑏
𝑹 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟏 𝒍𝒃 (𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)
𝑅𝑥 = 306.1 𝑙𝑏
tan 𝜃𝑥 = σ 𝑌/σ 𝑋
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝑌 239.1
𝑅𝑦 = 200 sin 30 ° + 300 sin 60 ° − 100 sin 45 ° − 50 sin 90 ° tan 𝜃𝑥 =
306.1
𝑅𝑦 = 100 + 259.81 − 70.71 − 50 𝜽𝒙 = 𝟑𝟖°
𝑅𝑦 = +239.1 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑦 = 239.1 𝑙𝑏 Resultant is directed up to the left at an angle
of 𝟑𝟖° from the 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔. 14
 𝑦
Illustrative Problems
𝑇 𝑅𝑦 = 480 𝑁
Problem 2: The resultant of a certain system of forces has the 𝑋 and
𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 shown. Determine the components of this resultant 𝑁
with respect to 𝑁 and 𝑇 axes rotated 30° counterclockwise relative 30°
to 𝑋 and 𝑌 axes.
30°
𝑅𝑥 = 300 𝑁
Solution: 𝑥
𝑦
Solving for the magnitude and inclination of 𝑅:
𝑅𝑦 = 480 𝑁 𝑅 𝑅 = σ𝑋 2 + σ𝑌 2 tan 𝜃𝑥 = σ 𝑌/σ 𝑋
𝑇
480
30° 𝑁 𝑅 = 300 2 + 480 2 tan 𝜃𝑥 =
28° 300
𝑅 = 566.04 𝑁 𝜃 = 58°
𝑥
30° 𝑅𝑥 = 300 𝑁
𝑥 Resultant is directed up to the right at an angle of 5𝟖° from
the 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.

Solving for components of 𝑅 at 𝑁 and 𝑇 axes:

𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃𝑁 = 566.04 cos 28°
𝑅 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵
28°
𝑁 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑁 = 566.04 sin 28°
𝑅𝑁 𝑹𝑻 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 𝑵 15
Illustrative Problems
Problem 3: The resultant of the concurrent forces shown is 300 𝑙𝑏 pointing up along 𝑦
the 𝑌 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Compute the values of 𝐹 and 𝜃 required to give this resultant. 𝐹
Solution:
Using the formula 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑥 , solve for the magnitude and 500 𝑙𝑏 𝜃
inclination of 𝐹: 𝑥
30°
Since the resultant points upward along 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, thus its components are:
𝑅𝑦 = 300 𝑙𝑏 and 𝑅𝑥 = 0 𝑙𝑏 240 𝑙𝑏
𝑦
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝑋
0 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 + 240 cos 30 ° − 500 cos 0 ° 𝑅 = 300 𝑙𝑏
𝐹 cos 𝜃 = −240 cos 30 ° + 500 cos 0 ° = −207.85 + 500
𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 292.15 → equation 1
𝐹
𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝑌
300 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − 240 sin 30 °
𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 300 + 240 sin 30 ° = 300 + 120 500 𝑙𝑏 𝜃
𝑥
𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 420 → equation 2 30°
Solving for force 𝐹 using equations 1 or 2:
Solving for angle 𝜃, divide eq. 2 by 1: 𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 292.15 240 𝑙𝑏
𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 420 𝐹 cos 55.18° = 292.15
=
𝐹 cos 𝜃 292.15 292.15
tan 𝜃 = 1.44 … 𝐹=
cos 55.18° 16
𝜽 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟖° 𝑭 = 𝟓𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 𝒍𝒃
SEATWORK NO 3:
Determine the resultant of the concurrent forces shown.
𝑦 𝑦
400 𝑁
4000 𝑙𝑏 2000 𝑙𝑏
300 𝑁

Problem 1 60° 45° 30° Problem 2

𝑥 𝑥
30° 30°
3 3000 𝑙𝑏
200 𝑁 4 1000 𝑙𝑏
5000 𝑙𝑏

𝑦 448 𝑙𝑏 𝑦 600 𝑙𝑏
300 𝑙𝑏
2
3 1 3
4 4
Problem 3 𝑥 𝑥 Problem 4
5
2
2 12 3
1 12 260 𝑙𝑏
361 𝑙𝑏
5 17
224 𝑙𝑏 390 𝑙𝑏
SEATWORK NO 3: 𝑦
𝐹

Problem 5: The resultant of the concurrent forces shown is 400 𝑙𝑏 down 500 𝑙𝑏 𝜃
to the right at 60° with the 𝑋 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Compute the values of 𝐹 and 𝜃 𝑥
30°
required to give this resultant.
240 𝑙𝑏

Problem 6: The block shown is acted upon by its weight 𝑊 = 200 𝑘𝑁, a
horizontal force 𝑄 = 600 𝑘𝑁, and the pressure 𝑃 exerted by the inclined
plane. The resultant 𝑅 is these forces is up and parallel to the incline
thereby sliding the block up it. Determine 𝑃 and 𝑅.
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.

18