DCIT428: Wireless Systems

Lecturer: Prof. F. Apietu Katsriku

Office Hours: Monday 11:00 – 14:00 Hrs
[email protected]
Computer Science Department
University of Ghana

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Mobile Radio Environment

Propagation Path Loss

Multipath Fading
Frequency-Selective Fading
Doppler Shift
Co-Channel Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference
Man-Made Noise
Urban Environment
Suburban Environment
Rural Environment

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Communication Systems
• Systems communicate in order to share
information.
• To communicate means to pass information
from one place to another.
• The role of a communication system is the
distribution of information from one location
to another
• It is more convenient to convert information
into a signal. Your concern as a
com m unication engineer is with the
transmission and reception of these signals.

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Communication Process

• Generation of message signal

– Voice, music, picture or computer data
• The description of message signal
– Electrical, aural or visual
• Coding of signal in form suitable for
transmission
• Transmission of encoded signal
• Decoding and reproduction of original signal
• Recreation of original message signal
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Components of communication System
• The basic elements of a
communication system are
– Transmitter
– Channel
– Receiver
• Block diagram of communication
system
Sourc
e
Channel
Transmitter
(distortion)
Receive
r
Destination

Noise

F Apietu 5
Katsriku/CSCD609/Sem1/2014_1
Communication Channel

• This is the medium across which

transmission takes place.
• Depending on the mode of transmission two
groups can be identified:
– Guided propagation
• Telephone, coaxial cables and optical fibres
– Free propagation
• Wireless broadcast channels, mobile radio channels
– In this course we are interested in Free
propagation

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DCIT 428: Cellular system infrastructure
Early Mobile Systems
Traditional mobile service was structured in a
fashion similar to television broadcasting
One very powerful transmitter located at the
highest spot would cover an area with a radius of
up to 50 km

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DCIT 428 : Cellular system infrastructure
Cellular concept re-structured the mobile
telephone
network in a different way:

Using low power transmitters to cover larger

area.
E.g. dividing a metropolitan region into 100
different cells 12 channels each

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Cellular system infrastructure
• MS – Mobile station BS – Base station
• BSC – Base station controller MSC – Mobile switching centre
• PSTN – Public switched telephone network
PSTN

MSC MSC

BSC BSC
BSC BSC

cell cell cell cell cell cell cell cell

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Base Station
• FCC – Forward (downlink) control channel
• RCC – Reverse (uplink) control channel
• FTC – Forward (downlink) traffic channel
• RTC – Reverse (uplink) traffic channel

FCC

RCC
FTC

RTC
BTS – Base transceiver system

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Components of a cellular system

• Mobile station/unit
• Base station
• Mobile switching center

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Generic Mobile Unit

12
Generic Base Station

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Modulation
• This is the process of transferring information signal
to a high frequency carrier.
• Why Modulate?

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Why Modulate?
Calculate the antenna length required for the reception
of an audio signal if it is known that the antenna length
is 1/4 the wavelength.

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Why Modulate?
• Ability to transmit huge amount of
information using a single carrier
frequency
• Increase the transmission length
• Multiplexing
• Shorter aerial length
• Security
• Quality of service
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Modulation
• This is the process of transferring information signal
to a high frequency carrier.
• This process may be classified into
– Continues wave modulation (cw)
– Pulse wave modulation
• In cw depending on the parameter of the high
frequency carrier that is modified the following forms
can be identified
– Amplitude modulation
– Frequency modulation
– Phase modulation

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Modulation
• Pulse modulation uses periodic sequence of
rectangular pulses. This process can either be
– Analogue or digital
• In Analogue pulse modulation the following can be
identified
– Pulse Amplitude
– Pulse Position
– Pulse duration
• The standard form of digital pulse modulation is
pulse code modulation

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Modulation
• A signal is a single valued function of time.
• Can also be expressed as a function of frequency
Signal consists of components of different
frequencies
• It can be one dimensional
– Speech
– Music or
– Computer data
• It can be two dimensional-Pictures
• It can be three dimensional -Video data
• Four dimensional
– As in volume data over time
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 Channel Capacity
• A variety of impairments can distort a signal.
• How do these impairments limit the data rate
?

• The maximum rate at which data can be

transmitted over a given communication path
or channel under specified conditions, is
known as the Channel Capacity.

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 Channel Capacity
• Data rate
– Number of bits transmitted per second. It indicates how
fast a signal can be transmitted reliably over the given
medium.
Factors affecting Data rate
1. The amount of energy put into transmitting each signal
2. Distance to be travelled
3. Noise
4. Channel Bandwidth

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 Channel Capacity
• Bandwidth
– The bandwidth of a media is the range of
frequencies that can pass through that
medium.
– The bandwidth of the signal is the range of
frequencies that signal carries.

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 Channel Capacity
• Noise
– Noise is an unwanted signal which
interferes with the original message
signal and corrupts the parameters of
the message signal.

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 Channel Capacity
• Error rate
– a measure of the degree of prediction error
of a model made with respect to the true
model.
– The bit error rate is calculated by dividing
the quantity of bits received in error by the
total number of bits transmitted within the
same time period

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Channel Capacity

• Nyquist Bandwidth (noise free)

– C = 2B log2M

• Shannon Capacity
• C = B log (1+SNR)
2

– C is the channel capacity

– B is the bandwidth of the channel in Hz
– SNR (dB) = 10 log(signal power/noise power)

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 Random Processes and Probability

• Many factors influence the performance of a wireless and

mobile networking system
– The density of MS in a cell
– Distribution of speed and direction of MS
– Frequency of calls
– Number of simultaneous calls
– Duration of calls
– Position of MS with respect to each other and BS
– Type of traffic real-time or non-real-time
– Traffic in adjacent cells and frequency of handoff

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 Random Processes and Probability

• Mathematical models
– Deterministic
– Stochastic
• Communication System the received signal
– Information bearing signal
– Interference
– Channel noise

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