Miscellaneous experiments Expt. No.- 3 1, Objective: TO DETERMINE THE MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OF A WIRE BY STATICAL METHOD USING HORIZONTAL PATTERN OF APPARATUS: 2, Apparatus: Name Resolution 3. Working Formula: M= Load of suspended D= Diameter of puiley = radius of the experimental rod ‘g= acceleration due to gravity 0.0; = angle of twist suffered by pointer | and pointer 2 respectively. -xperimental length of the wire4. TABULATION: Table 1: Determination of the twist (0) of the wire Mass | Twist for the first pointer Twist for the second Si | of Pointer No.| pan [Load Load Mean | Angle | Mean | Load Load Mean | Angle | Mean (ems) | increasing | decreasing of | a, _ | increasing | decreasing of twist | 0, Pointer | Pointer twist, | for [Pointer | Pointer 9 for reading | reading For | 1500 | reading | reading For 1500 1500 | gms 1500 gms ms, gms ul 500 {2. 1000 (3._| 1500. (4 2000. 5. 2500. 6. 3000. Table 2: Determination of the diameter of the wire Serew piteh(n)= Total no. circular division(N)= Least count of the screw gauge(nN) = ~~ em. Zero error of screw gauge = + cm. SINo. [Reading | Reading | Incorrected [Mean | Corrected | Mean along any | along a Diameter | Incorrected | Mean Radius Direction .| perpendicular | (x+yy/2 | Diameter | diameter | r= d/2 direction. cm. cm. cm. cm. 1 2 3 5. Results : Result with proper unit 6. Diseussio At least Five relevant points regarding this experimentsFew questions for v Q.1 What isa rigid body? Is there any perfectly rigid body in nature? Q.2 What purameter is used to express the level of rigidity? Q.3 Why is this method of determination of modulus rigidity called statical method? Qed What is a statical parameter or statical physical quantity? Q.5 What the unit of angle in different systems of measurement? Q.6 What is radian? Q.7 In the CGS system of measurement, the unit of angle is radian but you are measuring, the angle in degrees and using it directly in the formula, So, will your result not be ‘wrong? Q.8 What is the practical unit of measurement of an angle. Q9 In the equation of the modulus of rigidity the length and radius of the rod are involved. What change in the value of the modulus would you find when the quantizes are changed? Q.10 Does temperature have any effect on the modulus of rgi ofa rod?yt Now 1 1, Objective; DETERMINATION OF YOUNG'S MODULUS OF A BAR BY FLEXURE METHOD Resolution: 3. Working Formula: Young's modulus is given by With m= Load applied on the experimental bar {g= acceleration due to gravity. experimental length of the bar b= breadth of the bar d= depth of the bar x= depression produced on the bar4. Tabutat " ‘Table 1: Determination of breadth(b) of the bar Determination of vernier constant of vernier calipers 1 smallest division of the main scale(MSR) n of main scale | smallest division of the vernier seale(VSR)= Hence V.C =IMSR-IVSR= SINo. MSR VSR Total reading | Mean breadth (ems) (ems.) (cms.) ‘Table 2: Determination of depth(d) of the bar jon of Least Count Pitch of the screw gauge n= Total no. of circular division= Determit Least count (n/N) = R. CSR Total Mean depth (em) Reading (cm.) (em) ‘SINo.Table 3: Load depression data Determination of vernier constant of travelling microscope | smallest division of the main scale(MSR) = 1 smallest division of the vernier scale(VSR)= Hence V.C =IMSR-IVSR= division of main scale ST [Load [Reading for Load increasing | Reading for ‘Mean. | Depression No. | (gms) Load decreasing, %) (x+¥y/2 | (cms) MSR] VSR] Toul MSR] VSR] Total (ems) Reading(X) Reading(Y) (Coms,) (cms) rt [0 2 a 2. [500 & wb 3._| 1000 © ze 4 | 1500 q wd 3. | 2000 e ae 6 | 2500 7 at Plota graph between load (m along x-axis) and depression(x along y —axis) 4. Result: Value of result with proper unit 5. Few questions for viva: Q. 1 What is Young’s modulus? 22 What is longitudinal stress? 3 What is longiludinal strain? Q.4 What is elasticity? Q.5 What is elastic limit? Q6 While measuring, which quantity in the above experiment would you take utmost ccare of and why? 0.7 What is the nature of the load depression graph? Q.8 If the experiment is performed ‘with a wire what will happen to the diameter of the wire if the length increases? What is the relevant elas constant called? Q.9 What isthe unit of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio? Q.10 What is Hooke’s Law? iscussion: At least Five relevant points regarding this experimentsExpt. No.=4 1, Objective: TO DETERMINE THE MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OF A WIRE BY DYNAMICAL METHOD 2. Apparatus: Range Resolution’ Name 3. Working Formula: ‘The modulus of rigidity can be determine by with, L= Length of the wire M ss of the bob (=2800gm) R= radius of the bob ‘T =Time period of the torsional oscillation = radius of the wire4, Tabulation : ‘Table -1: Determination of the radius(r) of the suspension wire. Screw piteh (n) = Least count of the screw gauge: Least count (n/N) = Total no. of circular division (N) = Zero error of screw gauge = + om. . ST] __ Diameter ofthe wire (em.) Mean | Mean] _ Mean No.-MSR CSR] Toul) diameter | corrected |_ radius(r) (em. (em. (em) | diameter |" (em.) (em) a 2 3 l 1 smallest division of the main scale (MSR) 1 smallest division of the vernier scale (VSR)= divi Hence V.C=IMSR - 1VSR= ‘sion of main scale ST |__Diameter ofthe ¢ Mean | Radius(R) No. [MSR | VSR dameer | of the (cm) (cm) cylinder (cm) T | T 2 3 |Table-3: Determination of the period of the oscillation (1) SLNo No. of oscillation [Time taken for n ‘Time period Mean time Observedin) | oscillation Tr(see.) Period (see.) T= Tyn (sec) L Supplied Data: Mass of the eylinder = 2800gm 5. Result: Value of result with proper unit 6, Discussion: Af least Five relevant points regarding this experiments Few questions for viva: Q.1 What is modulus of rigidity? Q.2 What are shear stress and shear strain? Q.3 What is a torsional pendulum? Q.4 What is moment of inertia’ Q.5 What is a dynamical physical quantity or parameter? Q.6 Why is this method of determination of modulus of rigidity called dynamical method? Q.7 Which quantity in this experiment should be measured with greatest care? Q8 Should you take a large number of oscillations or a small number will do? Q.9 Is it necessary that the oscillations have small amplitude like a simple pendulum? If not, why? Q.10 What is the harm if the suspension wire does not coincide with the axis of the cylinder? Q.I1 Should the wire of suspension be long?ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Expt. No. -7 1, Objective: DETERMENATION OF UNKNOWN RESISTANCE BY CAREY FOSTER BRIDGE. 2. Apparatus: Name Range Resolution 3. Working Formula: Unknown resistance is given by R=S-p (-h) With, ‘S= Resistance in the fractional box = Position of null point when the copper strip/ unknown resistance is in the extreme right gap. b= Position of null point when the copper strip/ unknown resistance is in the extreme left gap. p= resistance per unit length of wire and is given by p> Si (lh)4. Tabulation: ‘Tables 1: Measurement of p (P=Q= | Ohm) m eta Position oF mull point when the thick copper strip is [Kibo] P= Mean |S Tnihe extreme right gap | Intheexreme let eap "0 | SMC HN) ohantem. | (Ohm) No.4 pore Ohm/em. | Direct | Reverse | Mean | Direct | Reverse] Mean | | Current | Current | (Iijem. | Current | Current | (Izjem | 1 01 [2 02 1 3. 03 4. 04 Table- 2: Measurement of unknown resistance(R) ‘SI No. Position of null point when the unknown resistance Ris | (i-k) | R=S-p(h-b) | Mean In the extreme Fight gap Tn the extreme lent gap | ‘"°™ a (Ohm) No.4 No.1 Ohm. oy Direct | Reverse | Mean | Direct | Reverse | Mean Current | Current_| (jem. | Current | Current | (I)om_ 1 0.1 2. 0.2 3. 03 T a 04 5. Result: Value of result with proper unit 6. Discussion: At least Five relevant points regarding this experiments "Few questions for viva Q.1 What is cha Q.2 What is Wheatstone bridge principle? Explai Onwi Q4 Why is the Wheatstone bridge not used in the laboratory? What is the advantage of with adit Q.3 What is a meter bridge? principle does it work? the meter bridge over the Wh tone bridge? Q.5 What is the disadvanta of the meter bridge? Q.6 What is the advantage of the Carey-Foster’s bridge over the meter bridge? Q.7 What is the specific resistance of matter? Q.8 Can the specific resistance (rs) of the material of the wite be found out fiom the resistance per unit length (r)? 0.9 Can this experiment be used to measure the difference between (wo resistances? Is there any condition for this? Q.10 What is the relation between rand the diameter (d) of the wire?OPTICS Expt. No.- 2 1. Objective: DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT BY NEWTON'S RING METHODE 2. Apparatus: Name of the instrument Range Resolution 3. Working formula: Wavelength 2 (mm) should be> 6 4mR where, Diameter of (m#n)™ fringe. D, = Diameter of n-th fringe. m= Order no. of the fringe. R= Radius of curvature of the Plano convex lens (=180 cm.)Determination of th crew pitch (1) Total no, of circular scale division (N) = Least count (1VN) Table-1: Determination of the diameter of the fringe Least Count of travelling microscope SI [Fringe | Reading on the left side Reading on the right side Diameter No. | nom) | Of the fringe Of the fringe ,) Di TSR [CSR] Total TSR [CSR] Total Cinem) — | fin em?) inem) =usr+ | Cinem) LSR+ (CSRxLO. (CSRLC) nem) (inem) T | 20 2 | 8 x | 10 a] 5 Plot a graph between fringe no. m (along X ~axis) and D, (along Y-axis). 6. Discussio Few questions for viva: QUI What is interference of light?” Result: Result with proper unit At least Five relevant points regarding this experiments Q.2 What are the required conditions for interference of light? 3 How are Newton’s rings formed? Q4 State the condition for which the center of the ring system be bright or dark. Q.5 What is the harm if white light is used instead of monochromatic light? Q6. On what factors does the diamet er ofthe rings depend? Q.7 Can you measure the refractive index ofa liquid by this experiment? Q.8 How can you measure the radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens? 0.9 Can you measure the radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens by Newton's ring experiment? Q.10 Why are Newton's rings eircular?