"Welcome To Ashok IT"

"Oracle Database"
Topic : SQL Functions-Session2
Date : 22/12/2022
(Session - 22)
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Important Information
*********************
>> Oracle Class Notes ::: https://github.com/ashokitschool/ORACLE_CLASS_NOTES

>> Class Recording ::: Will be available through Ashok IT Portal

>> Class Related Updates "Join In WhatsApp Group" check with Admin Team.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
SQL Functions
+++++++++++++

1) Single Row Functions

=======================
These Functions will work on every record in the Database table and return more
than one value.

******************
a) String Functions
******************
1) length(): This function is used to find the length of given characters which
include white spaces

Ex: select length('Welcome To Hyderabad') from dual;

select ename,length(ename) from emp;

2) initcap() : This function is used to convert the first letter of every word
into capital letter

Ex: select initcap('Welcome to ashok it hyderabad') from dual;

O/P: Welcome To Ashok It Hyderabad

3) chr(): This function return the high level language code from ASCII Value

Ex: select chr(122) from dual;

O/P :z

4) ascii(): This function return the ascii value form high level language code

Ex: select ascii('a') from dual

5) upper() : This function is used to convert into upper case from given case
of letters

Ex: select upper('mahesh') from dual

6) lower(): This function is used to convert into lower case from given case
of letters(uppers)
 Ex: select lower('MAHESH') form dual;

7) reverse(): This function is used to reverse of given string

Ex: select reverse('Mahesh') from dual;

8) trim(): This function removes the white spaces from both left and right hand
side of the given string

Ex: select trim(' Welcomt To Ashok IT Hyderabad ') from dual;

select length(' Welcomt To Ashok IT Hyderabad '),length(trim('

Welcomt To Ashok IT Hyderabad ')) from dual;

9) ltrim(): This function only removes the white spaces form left hand side of
given string

Ex: select ltrim(' Welcome To Ashok IT ') from dual

10) rtrim(): This function only removes the white spaces from right hand side of
given string

Ex: select rtrim(' Welcome To Ashok IT ') from dual;

11) lpad() : This function add the specificed charaters from the left hand side
of the given string

Ex: select lpad('Ashok IT',15,'*') from dual;

12) rpad() : This function add the specificed charaters from the right hand side
of the given string

Ex: select rpad('Ashok IT',15,'*') from dual;

13) translate(): This function replaces the given string with another string
with only one character

Ex: select translate('JACK','J','B') from dual; O/P: BACK

select translate('JACKJ','J','B') from dual; O/P: BACKB

select translate('JACK','J','HI') from dual; O/P : HACK

14) replace() : This function is replaces the given string with another string
and it replaces more than one character

Ex: SELECT REPLACE('This is a test', 'is', 'IS' ) FROM dual; O/P : ThIS IS
atest

select replace('Welcome To Hyd','Hyd','Hyderabad')from dual; O/P:

Welcome To Hyderabad

15) instr(): This function searches for a substring in a string and returns the
position of the substring in a string.

Ex: SELECT INSTR('This is a playlist','is') substring_location FROM dual;

O/P :: 3
 SELECT INSTR( 'This is a playlist', 'is', 1, 2 ) second_occurrence,
INSTR( 'This is a playlist', 'is', 1, 3 ) third_occurrence FROM
dual; O/P: 6 16

SELECT INSTR( 'This is a playlist', 'are' ) substring_location FROM

dual; O/P: 0

SELECT INSTR( 'This is a playlist', 'is',-1 ) substring_location FROM

dual; O/P:
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Math Functions
++++++++++++++
1) abs(): This Function converts the negative number into positive number

Ex: select abs(-19) from dual;

2) round(): This function rounds the given number into nearest integer

Ex: select round(9.5) from dual; O/P: 10

select round(9.4) from dual; O/P: 9

3) floor(): This functions rounds the given number into least integer

Ex: select floor(9.5) from dual; O/P: 9

select floor(9.6) from dual; O/P: 9

select floor(9.9) from dual; O/P: 9

4) ceil() : This function round the given number into maxmimium integer

Ex: select ceil(9.1) from dual; O/P:10

select ceil(9.95) from dual; O/P: 10

5) greatest(): This function return the maximumn value from the list of numbers

Ex: select greatest(5,7,3,2,6,1) from dual O/P:7

select greatest(10.25,25.68,89.47,25.14)as "Max" from dual; O/P:89.47

6) least(): This function return the minimium value from list of numbers

Ex: select least(5,7,3,2,6,1) from dual O/P:1

select least(10.25,25.68,89.47,25.14)as "Max" from dual; O/P:10.25

7) mod(): This function returns remainder values from the given numbers

Ex: select mod(10,2) from dual; O/P: 0

select mod(16,5) from dual; O/p :1

8) sqrt() : This function returns the square root of the given number

Ex: select sqrt(100) from dual; O/P:10

9) power() : This function returns the power of given number

Ex: select power(5,3) from dual; O/P: 125

10) log(): This function returns alogrithmic value fo the given number

Ex: select log(10,10) from dual;

11) sign(): This function returns the sign value of the given number

12) sin(): This functions return sin value of the given number.

13) cos(): This function retuns cos value of the given number.

14) tan(): This function returns tan value of the given number.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Date Functions
==============
1) add_months(): This function adds the given number of months to the given date.

Ex: select sysdate from dual;

select add_months(sysdate,12) from dual;

2) months_between(): This function counts the no of months between two dates

Ex: select months_between(sysdate,'22-DEC-23') from dual;

3) last_day(): This function returns the last day of the given date

Ex: select last_day(sysdate) from dual

4) next_day(): This function returns the next day from the given date

Ex: select next_day(sysdate,'SUNDAY') from dual;

5) extract(): This function extracts the date,month,year from the given date

Ex: select extract(year from sysdate) from dual;

select extract(day from sysdate) from dual;

select extract(month from sysdate) from dual;

Banking Domain >>>>> 01/Jan/2022 - 31/Dec/2022 >>> Hitorical data

RollForward Process
01/Jan/2023 - 31/Dec/2023 >>> Current Data

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Conversion Functions
====================
1) to_char(): This function converts the normal date into character format and the
format must be specified in single quotes

Syntax: to_char(date,'FORMAT')

Ex: select to_char(sysdate,'DD/MM/YYYY') from dual;

select to_char(sysdate,'DD-MON-YYYY') from dual;
select to_char(sysdate,'DAY') from dual;
select to_char(sysdate,'MONTH') from dual;
select to_char(sysdate,'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MM::SS') from dual;
select to_char(sysdate,'YYYY') from dual;

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++