Because much of the existing transmission and distribution systems still uses older ictal communication and control technology, advanced communication 4 distribution automation, such as Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) and pment as well as innovative tools and software that ices in the home. the measure, monitor, and control in real time in the zy plays an essential role in the functioning of the ‘cyber security, and interoperability requires zing the standards and protocols for the secure ly sensitive information within the proposedData communication systems are essential in any modern power system and their importance will only increase as the Smart Grid develops. As a simple example, a data communication system can be used to send status information from an Intelligent workstation (human-machine interface) for display. Fig. oint communication system: ey used. Communication requirements for commonly used power systems applications are given in Table? Tablel: Examples of the physical devices in a power | —— i othe physical devices in a pow system communication system, communication technology Dedicated point-to-point links Circuit switching and packet sitDedicated and shared communication channels: n ppplications require the transmission of data from one point to another re uire the transmission of data from one point to multiple When a secure communication channel is , a dedicated link is used exclusively by the communication. In contrast, when a shared communication Source is received by all the devices ide ess field within the message specifies forFigure 2 shows a typical communication network used inside a substation. * Each bay has a controller which takes the local measurements (e.g. from current and voltage transformers) and contains the software required for protection and control ofthe bay primary equipment (eg. transformers and circuit breakers). fare connected {0 substation control and monitoring ter, RTUs) through a star or ring connection as shown 2b. In the star connection (Figure 2a), each bay controller has station computer. on (Figure 2b), the bay controllers and the station computer shared medium to form a Local Area Network (LAN).to transmit a signal Corresponding to the ts (they are added using a summation another for comparison with si lar signal at rential Protection scheme a Pilot wire Say be used. A bit Stream from the | with a carrier. The modulation techniques Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift KeyingCommunication within the substation using a multi-drop cable stream + In Figure 4,the substation computer sends messages addressed to one oF more TEDs; each IED takes its turn to ‘communicate with the substation computer to avoid conflicts that could arise due to simultaneous access to the shared sments from the CT are first digitised using an used method of digitising is Pulse Code logue signal is sampled at regular intervals to pulses are then quantised by assigning @ to a binary number that results in a bit encoding depending upon the transmissionsuag’TeP cable stream sin tis topology, only one line is stared by all nodes. Whenever. any itSwitching techniques ‘Switching techniques are used to establish a link between @ Source and a Destination ‘and to transmit data across a shared ‘medium communication channel. This is often a network consisting of nodes and links as shown in Figure 1. ,, a Switch, or a Router. i data or acting as a gateway between two different to exchange information between them through the and scalable as the number of Hosts grows and and packet switching are commonly used between Source and Destination.1 Circuit switching In circuit Switching, a dedicated ysical connection is set up for the exclusive Phy use of Source and Destination during the communication Session. Nodes and links allocated for 4 “communication session cannot be used any vi ‘ommunication session. Source/Destination other than the two involved in the This makes circuit swit efficient if the data transmission Pattern is intermittent, lds a Message to anode, A message could be nsor or a contro} function. The node stores Message has been delivered to node, it id then sends the data to this node, ioe le vered to the Destinatio Owing to its3. Packet switching Packet switching dominates in today’s data communication networks for reasons of economy and reliability. is See after breaking it into suitably sized blocks, called ., Switches, Routers and other network resulting in variable delay andCommunication channels Communication channels run through physical media between a Source and a Destination. In the case of dedicated channels, a single medium, as shown in Figure 5, is SPORTAL Weta incre ‘may involve more than one medium, depending on the roms: se oamumunieation channel may be provided through guided media such as copper cable or optic h ‘Unguided medium such as a radio link. munication channel is mainly described by the following‘Attenuation: As a signal propagates along a communication channel its amplitude decreases. Jifiers (for analogue signals) and repeaters (for digital to boost attenuated signals jn copper cables, repeaters are required signal without significant ‘attenuation over sise is an inherent problem. When digital smnetimes noise is sufficient to change the hat of logic “1” or vice versa. Noise level is ifjo (SNK) and measured in decibels (CP). = delay that it takes for a signal to propaens ppagation delay. In a communi ed to amplify and ‘Grid. applications require realti Sr ap nsider the propagation delay of7" "0001101090110 2 0001‘1.Wired communication: ‘Open wire: Early telephone circuits used two open wire lines and this technology is still d “countries, With an open wire circuit, care should be taken {0 avoid cross- Pp F Is with adjacent circuits. pair (UTP) cables are used extensively in ; consist of two twisted copper cables, each pending on the data rate (which is influenced ‘connectors), UTP cables are categorised into is used both inside substations and for long- are often embedded in the stranded ‘overhead lines. These cables are known as sal fibres may be wrapped around the phase ble, an all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS)Advantages and disadvantages: Optical fibre optic cables have a much greater bandwidth, Y are less. susceptible to signal degradation than copper wire and their Jess than a Copper cable. copper wires, light signals from one fibre do not of other fibres in the same cable, ission is immune to external electromagnetic \portant in power system appl H lications since data ctrically hostile area of: a substation is required.touted and far from the control (Gaston bre optics is costly. Radio nication, tweet he oiwidth offered by Soy canmiot provide the bandwidth offere ication Caf unin costs of radio networks have ‘years, making it an attractive option. joint or ai pint, O] 1s picalh Rie) presents, an attractive choice for applications flow and where the communication end-points at frequencies above 3 GHz, offeri Tates. Microwave radio is commonly and towers at the Source to send a beam to ‘tens of kilometres away. Microwave radio \dreds of Mbps.4. Cellular mobile communication: Cellular mobile technology offers communication between moving objects. To make this possible vice at i i divided into small regions called cells, Each © this possi ll contains. “ontolled by a Mobile Telephone Switching * O ensures the Continuation of communication one cell to another, munication Networks and Data Acquisition (SCADA) can be considered aS a microwaveLayered architecture and protocols of rules, re otoc a data communication proce work together to support data communication led a protocol stack. be viewed as decomposing the complex ler sub-tasks that are mostly independent ed or modified without affecting the other on task or other protocols in the stack.can be viewed as consisting of three AAs shown in Figure 7 the seven layers in this model en terface to the user. They are ‘Application orientated and d ivered to Applications. data transmi defined in the Lower Layers. Upper Layers from transmission- sroups of proven! sets.1 The physical layer: The Physical layer is Tesponsible for transmittin; form of bits) from one node to the Ig ann ignal over a transmission ch; 2. The data link ie in frames fg n for4-The transport lnyer:The Transport layer accepts data from the Session layer and Meer ee'ransport across the network. Generally, the Transport layet responsible for making sure that the data is delivered error-free and in the proper sion layer establishes, manages, and terminates n sessions consist of service requests and fons located in different network devices. nated by protocols such as the Session ted at the Session layer. on layer provides a variety of coding and pplication layer data. These functions ensure er of one system would be readable by the yer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, ayer and the user interact directly with the s that implement a communicationThe Network layer uses an Destination addressing Scheme for Ource to Destination across mult enable the delivery of; the delivery of Packets fron, Itiple networks, The, Of pack Se addresses of Source and ‘ets over networks, is‘Technologies for wired and wireless communications: 0 ‘Switching (MPLS): ions networks for data transmission between /e Access (WiMax): gy for point to multipoint data transmission cal fiber, mesh, and multipoint spread spectrum‘The five characteristics * of smart grid communications technology are: |. High bandwidthTCPAP. ‘The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) or TCP/IP is the most pad) used evel architecture today. ‘Advanced Research Projects Agency Network e Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in in the Internet evolved out of ARPANET. defined in the TCP/IP architecture. Internet layer, Transport layer and Application /IP is identical to that of the Physical layer in with the specifications of electrical and transmission fonda. It is also responsible. for rate and the synchronisation of bits.6, of IP addressing currently in use. IP version 4 ‘by the Transmission Control Protocol ‘P). TCP urce to Destination and is Tesponsible for sense © 4 combination of Session, Presentation and n layer of TCPAP are:Local Area Network : LAN consists of two or more components and high — capacity disk storage (file servers), which allow each computer in a network to access a ‘common set of rules. LAN has operating system software which interprets input, instructs network devices, and allows users to communicate with eacl inter, and so on) on a LAN is a node. graphical spread of | — 10 km. tap into Wide Area Networks. which act as transfer points, s which convert data as it passes between m that all of the attached devices share a ch as coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optics cable. Interface Card (NIC), connects to the communication between stations on the| Home Access Network: _ HAN isa LAN confined to an individual home. The HAN is the local communications network in the house to communicate among the various demand management devices, such as in-home displays, home energy rammable communicating thermostats, and smart junicate with the electric utility. digital devices and appliances throughout the and Web - based monitoring can be integrated e the means for electric utilities to communicate to residential consumers) in support of demand wi ‘obvious choice for the communications interface eans of communications to the customer premise nmercial wireless networks.use PLC and Wireless solutions ver the home electric) low-cost energy management and home less expensive hardware Modulation Sacrificin; -S0existence with the high-speed Seem alle ean a network, trang id applicati. ae eee oe call ery automation through the of does nor coexist ie SEP 1.4)shbourhood area network (NAN) primary function of the Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN) is (0 transfer ‘consumption readings from smart meters. he NA facilit nostic messages, firmware upgrades and real-time system support. WAN is based on the volume of data a data transfer rate of 250 kb/s is used, ation link only a fraction of a second perNeighborhood Area Network (NAN) is a wireless community currently used for Wireless local distribution applications, "deally, it will cover an area larger than a LAN, Some architectural structures wil] focus on the integration and i h have s lity of the ns Consist of groups of buildings, ‘imilar communications characteristics llers, data collectors, and Seneration and 6, ti through h the distribution domain t"S erations and customers through Field Areacustomer equipment, metering, Energy Management Systems e, appliances, PHEVs, and so on and third party providers which handle billing n interacts with operations and customers ‘Access Management System (WAMS), and ed into ISO/RTO, transmission, and distribution tors, and other market participantsvAMS) of optimal capacity of the transmission grid and to ‘on stability and operat for the prevention ing safety margins, WAMS ‘and mitigation of system - 1 in conjunction with GPS ‘of measure jon system. = with the communication network. nology that is a component of most smart gridCybersecurity for Wireless Networks: In 2008, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved eight n: Critical infrastructure enction (CIP) reliability standards designed to protect the nation’s bulk power system against Potential disruptions from, cybersecurity breaches, The cight cybersecurity standards address the following areas: Friel cyber asset identification, * security managementters in WWANS is through defined access point names vy of implementing these eleetronic security perim fandards for security in mobility networks UsingEncompassing Security: In order to address security components, utilities must consider xposures and liabiliti Supporting smart grid infrastructures that include intran Tequirements of smart grid ies within network domains and iets (premise domains), Internet and wireless connectivity, curity: Because of the potential large number of network components Associated with the smart grid, utilities must deploy and centralized security Jement and control systems. road encompassing situational comectivity, fixed communications links,security: Utilities must also be very aggressive in the care es dedicated for the protection of smart grid network elements. ‘must take the initiative in complying and exceeding plementing knowledge-based and artificial ‘to detect network security events before e / event occurs, the damage is already incident, utilities must deal with a opposed to a security event. business sense for electric utilities to aggressive measures that will seeADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE (AMD) a term coined in 2002 ing; today, AMI is Synonymous with a Smart meter - a tee e82 owsan js: AMI lis a technology that involves not only a meter but also an infrastr Software applications, and interfaces n the electric y; ity, the meter, the Some cases, AMI stands for advanced metering infrastructure (AMD, in a California PUC (cPuc) | Proceediy i theare defined by their functionality. A typical set of smart meter as follows: intervals of 15 or 60 mini icati Is and sar neetwork headend monitors, controls, and manages the communications protoco SRchange of data on the communications network, including the provisioning of the meters and HAN devices on the communications network. The headend eni t 2. The MDMS remotely collects metering data from the meters in the AMI network and Performs long-term data storage and ‘management for the vast quantities of meter data. id with the utility’s ClS(center for internet security) and dpoint meter data, via an integration platform, to the orm VEE on the data before: making it available for location, service, asset, and financial information c of endpoint identification with the CIS, as does applications, oures system of record for meteri er online web ‘content, GoeadBenefits of AMT: _ A major benefit of AMI is reduction in costs related to ‘connection and disconnectic __ Yaluable outage detection ‘manual meter reading and the manual ion of customers. Other benefits include the following: data that can be integrated with outage management systems, it programs. ty: The meter data that continuously stream in 19 the an be used to make real-time i ‘isions, as ‘and maintenance. be used for other services to the customer, such as ‘AMI communications system for other utility on automation.Limitation of AMI: * Less of privacy since more detailed energy usage information is available from each customer meter or remote accessAMI Security Threats AMI systems are imp both wired and wirel lemented over a wide variety of i less communicatiAMI Needs in the Smart Grid aggregate data collected from the meters and provide the means to communicate ‘Smart meters and AMI data to the customer.Power line communication TEEE P1901 Under the sponsorship of the IEEE Communication Society, the IEEE P1901 working group was formed in 2005 with the remit to develop a standard for high speed © 100 Mbps at the physical layer) communication devices via electric power lines, the so. called agen eves Line (BPL) devices, This project is devoted to producing a standard for ean and access protocol under IEEE P1901 will (OPA MAC layer and Physical layers that use orthogonal frequency multiplexingHomePlug HomePlug is a non-standardized broadband technology specified by the HomePlug Pow Alliance, whose members are major companies in communication equipment ring and in the power industry. rline Alliance d the following standards: n homes (1-10 Mbps). HDTV and VoIP in the home ~ 200 Mbps (AV) and to complement other functions. sp addressing last-mile broadband (IEEE P1901).these are displayed as a sequence of 4 octets6 addreses more readable, ineenes ct octets decimal notation is commonly used to classful and classless addressing. initially and is still in use widely. i the mid-1990s and is expected to supersede‘as IP Next Generation (IPng) is a 128-bit addressing scheme: Jes a much bigger address space ‘compared to that of IPv4. The main ‘by IPv6 include: ‘Security ([Psec) is mandatory for IPv6. It is a protocol suite for Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP ‘a communication session. ‘which ean be as large as 4, 294, 967, 295 (27 ~ 1) octets. In up to 65, 535 (2° 1) octets. : called hexadecimal colon notation.