DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER

MACENAS, MELODY A.
LESSON 8. GEOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
2. SHALLOW LANDSLIDES
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD ● Debris-flow slides that occur within
● Is an extreme natural events in the the forest rooting zone, generally
crust of the Earth that pose a threat less than 10-feet deep.
to life and property. ● Sliding surface is located within the
soil mantle or weathered bedrock
(typically to a depth from few
LANDSLIDE
decimeters to some metres)
● It is a type of “mass movement” ● Sudden saturation of the ground
that moves down slope under the loosens the soil and triggers the
influence of gravity. slide.
● Landslides that occur underwater, ● Shallow slides usually follow a long
called a submarine landslide. saturation period that is punctuated
by an intense burst of precipitation
over several hours or a few days.
TWO TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
1. DEEP-SEATED LANDSLIDES
● The bulk of the slide plane lies below NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
the roots of forest trees. These 1. HEAVY RAINFALL
slides tend to be a result of change ● When sloped areas become
in the geologic and hydrologic completely saturated by heavy
processes in the area of the rainfall many times, landslides can
landslide such as seismic shaking or occur and without the aid of
increased levels of groundwater. mechanical root support, the soil
● Landslide in which the sliding simply runs off when it contains
surface is mostly deeply located too much water.
below the maximum rooting of 2. EARTHQUAKES
trees (typically to depths greater ● When earthquakes occur on areas
than 10 meters) with steep slopes, many times the
● They tend to be larger than shallow soil slips causing landslides.
landslides and form along a plane of 3. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
weakness such as a fault. ● When a volcano is about to erupt, it
● They can be visually identified by produces tremors in the
concave sharps at the top and surrounding area making the soil
steep areas at the toe. unstable that can lead to landslides.
● Once formed, deep-seated
landslides can persist for a few
years or even centuries.
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
areas of land where soluble bedrock
LANDSLIDES WARNING SIGNS van be dissolved by water.
1. Springs, seeps or saturated ground ● With cover-subsidence sinkholes,
in areas that are not usually wet. the bedrock becomes exposed and
2. New cracks or unusual bulges in the is gradually worn down overtime,
ground, street, or sidewalks. with the holes often becoming ponds
3. Soil moving away from as the water fills them in.
foundations, or the tilting or
cracking of concrete floors and
foundations. HUMAN CAUSES OF SINKHOLES
4. Sunken or down-dropped road ● Natural water-drainage patterns
beds. are changed and new
5. Rapid increase in creek water water-diversion systems are
levels, possibly accompanied by developed.
increased soil content. ● Land surface is changed (industrial
6. A sudden decrease in creek levels and runoff-storage ponds)
even though rain is still falling or just
recently stopped.
7. Unusual sounds, such as trees
SIGNS OF IMPENDING DANGERS CAUSED
cracking or boulders knocking BY NATURAL-MADE SINKHOLES
together, might indicate moving ● Gradual localized ground settlement.
debris. ● Windows and doors fail to close
properly.
● Cracks in a foundation.
SINKHOLES ● A circular pattern of ground rocks
● Is a depression or hole in the outlining the sinking area.
ground caused by some form of ● Vegetation stress due to lowered
collapse of the surface layer. table.
● Sinkholes occur in areas where the ● Turbidity in local well water due to
soil foundation is made of soft sediment washing into limestone’s
minerals and rocks such as pores.
limestones, salt beds, or any acidic
rocks.
● It could be natural sinkhole or
manmade tunnel or collapse.

NATURAL CAUSES OF SINKHOLES

● Sinkholes mainly occur in what is
known as “karst terrain”. these
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
LESSON 9. MITIGATION
STRATERGIES FOR
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD
PLANNING MEASURES AND LOCAL
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD MAP PROTECTION
● Is a map indicating the areas that 1. The use of slopes prone to
are vulnerable to hazards caused landslides must be avoided, or
by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, uses suitable modified.
and landslides. 2. Hydraulic and electrical connections
● It is a tool used by scientists and must be flexible.
local government authorities to
anticipate any hazard that a
geological event may bring.

MITIGATION STRATEGIES TO PREVENT

LOSS OF LIVES AND PROPERTIES
PERSONAL MEASURES
1. Reinforcement of floor slabs and
external walls in existing buildings.
2. Installation of drainage pipes for
rainwater, slope drainage.
3. Planting of slopes that are
vulnerable to landslides with
deep-rooted trees and shrubs.

TECHNICAL/BIOLOGICAL MEASURES
1. Drainage and/or grading of slope
profiles increase the shear
resistance.
2. Supporting structures such as
anchors and piles (pinning of the slip
plane) can restrain landslides.
3. Removal of material in the ‘driving’
section, or material deposition in the
‘braking’ section can prevent further
descent of the sliding body.
4. Protective forest.
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
LESSON 10.
HYROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARD
TYPHOON STORM SURGE
● An extremely large, powerful, and ● It is an abnormal rise of the ocean
destructive storm that occurs generated by a weather
especially in the region of the disturbance such as tropical
Philippines. cyclone, over and above the
● Tropical cyclones in the Philippines predicted high tide mark.
are called bagyo.

EL NINO
THUNDERSTORM ● A flow of unusually warm water
● Is a storm with lighting and along the western coast of South
thunder. America that causes many changes
● It is produced by a cumulonimbus, in the other places (such as lot of
usually producing gusty winds, rain in areas that are usually dry).
heavy rains, and sometimes hail.

LA NINA
FLASHFLOOD ● An irregularly recurring upwelling
● Is a rapid flooding of geomorphic of unusually cold water to the
low-lying areas: washes rivers, ocean surface along the wester
dry lakes, and basins. coast of South America.
● It is caused by narrow and steep
rivers, so they flow more quickly. BAROMETER
FLOOD ● Is a scientific measurement used to
● It is a long term event that measure atmospheric pressure,
usually last for more than 24 also called the barometric
hours. pressure.
FLASH FLOOD WIND VANE
● It is a short term event that ● It is used for indicating wind
usually lasts for 1-3 hours. direction, and is one of the oldest
meteorological instruments.
THERMOMETER
● Is an instrument for measuring and
indicating temperature.
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
LESSON 11. FIRE HAZARDS
5. DECAY
FIRE TRIANGLE ● It is characterized by a significant
decrease in oxygen of fuel, putting
an end to the fire.

CLASSES OF FIRE

OXYGEN Is all around you. It is an

important part of our atmosphere
HEAT can come from things.
FUEL is something that can catch on fire,
meaning it is flammable.

STAGES OF FIRE
CORRECT USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. INCIPIENT (IGNITION)
● This first stage begins when the
three elements, heat, oxygen, and a
fuel source combine and have a
chemical reduction resulting in fire.
2. GROWTH
● The growth stage is where
structures fire load and oxygen are
used as fuel for the fire.
3. FLASHOVER
● It is the transition between growth
and the fully developed fire stages
and is not a specific event such as
the ignition. COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
4. FULLY DEVELOPED ● Faulty electrical wiring
● This is the hottest phase of fire and ● Open flame
the most dangerous for anybody ● Smoking
trapped within. ● Fireworks, arson
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
LESSON 12. BASIC FIRE
RESPONSES
1. IF INSIDE A BURNING AREA 2. IF OUTSIDE A BURNING AREA
A. Once your hear the fire alarm, A. Do NOT attempt to go inside the
evacuate to a safe area right away. burning area.
B. If you see fires, pull the fire alarms B. Immediately contact the nearest
as you exit the area. Inform other fire station and other emergency
people present in the are of the fire response number.
that is occurring. C. Listen and follow orders of the
C. If the fire is still small and can be emergency response teams.
extinguished, use an appropriate D. Organize/Participate in a bucket
fire extinguisher. relay.
D. If the fire is already large and is
rapidly spreading (growth phase), ● If you catch fire, do the “stop, drop,
immediately find the nearest exit and roll” right away.
and exit the area. ● If you are unable to leave the area
E. Touch doors first to check if they are unscathed or you have suffered
warm before opening them. If they burns, immediately attend to them
are warm, do not attempt to open depending on the degree of burn.
and proceed to a different route.
F. Use the stairs NOT elevators.
G. Close all windows and doors that
TYPES OF BURN
you can reach as you exit. 1. FIRST DEGREE
H. If there is smoke, stay low as ● Skin is red.
possible. Also, try to cover your ● “Cool a burn” = hold burn under
nose to prevent inhalation. running cool tap water.
I. Once outside, move away from the 2. SECOND DEGREE
exists and assemble in a safe area ● Skin is red and blistery.
designated by the evacuation plan of ● “Cool a burn” and see a doctor if the
the area of by emergency response burn is large or blisters are
teams. damaged.
3. THIRD DEGREE
● Skin is gray, dry, and with no feeling.
● Do not remove clothing from burn
area.
● Go to emergency room immediately.
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
LESSON 13. PRINCIPLES OF
DRRM
1970
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND ● President Ferdinand Marcos saw the
MANAGEMENT (DRRM) need to establish a Disaster and
● It is a systematic approach to Calamities Plan prepared by an
identifying, assessing, and Inter-Departmental Planning Group
implementing strategies and on Disasters and Calamities.
plans that aim to reduce the 1978
damage caused by natural hazards. ● Through Presidential Decree (PD)
● It includes the concepts of 1566, the National Disaster
mitigating and preparing for the Coordinating Council (NDCC) was
adverse impacts of hazards, established as the highest
reducing the vulnerabilities to policy-making body and the focal
hazards, wise management of the organization for disaster
land and environment, and management in the country. The law
increasing the disaster resilience of also provided for the
communities, among others. establishment of regional,
provincial, city, municipal, and
barangay disaster coordinating
HISTORY OF DRRM IN THE PHILIPPINES councils.
1941 2009
● President Manuel L. Quezon created ● The Congress enacted the Climate
Executive Order (EO) No. 335 Change Act of 2009 and in 2010,
establishing the National RA 10121 or the Philippine
Emergency Commision and DIsaster Risk Reduction and
implementing measures to control Management (PDRRM) Act.
and coordinate civilian These twin laws on DRRM have
participation to meet serious common goals and objectives:
crises. 1. To increase the resilience of
1954 vulnerable communities and
● The National Civil Defense the country against natural
Administration (NCDA) was disasters and;
established through RA 1190. The 2. To reduce damage and loss
NCDA is tasked to report on the of loves and properties due
degree of preparedness of all to disasters.
government offices to the Office of
the President.
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
proper land use or using suitable
PRINCIPLES OF DRRM engineering design.
1. Development can either increase or MITIGATION
decrease disaster risk. ● The lessening or limitation of the
2. DRRM policies, laws, and reguations adverse impacts of hazards and
will not save lives unless related disasters. Mitigation
implemented in communities. measures involve a wide range of
3. The community is the front line of elements from engineering
disaster risk management. techniques to environmental policies
4. DRRM is not a stand-alone activity. and even public awareness.
5. The main objective of DRRM is to ADAPTATION
rebuild resilient community. ● The adjustment in natural or
human systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli or
IMPORTANCE OF DRRM
their effects, which moderates harm
1. The Philippines, by virtue of its of exploits beneficial opportunities.
geographical location, is exposed PREPAREDNESS
to numerous geological and ● The knowledge and capacities
hydrometeorological hazards. To developed by governments,
lower the risks of disasters professional response and recovery
brought by these natural hazards, it organizations, communities and
is important that a DRRM be in individuals to effectively anticipate,
place. respond to, and recover from the
2. The Philippines, being a developing impacts of likely, imminent or current
country, may not have enough hazard events or conditions.
materials and support to address
the immediate needs of disaster
victims and to recover from the ELEMENTS OF DRRM (POST-EVENT)
damage of the disaster. RESPONSE
3. DRRM is essential in building a ● Predominantly focused on
more equitable and sustainable immediate and short-term needs
future for the communities in and is sometimes called “disaster
high-risk areas for disasters. relief”.
● The recovery task of rehabilitation
and reconstruction begins soon
ELEMENTS OF DRRM (PRE-EVENT)
after the emergency phase has
PREVENTION ended, and should be based on
● Avoidance of potential adverse pre-existing strategies and policies
impacts through action taken in that facilitate clear institutional
advance. Can be in the form of responsibilities for recovery action
and enable public participation.
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
REVIEWER IN DRRR - 2ND SEM, 2ND QUARTER
MACENAS, MELODY A.
LESSON 14.
COMMUNITY-BASED
PRACTICES AND PLANS
3. SURVIVAL KITS AND MATERIALS
COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK ● These are supplies needed to be
MANAGEMENT (CBDRM) prepared before a disaster.
● Is a process that a community ● Some of the materials needed for
undergoes to derive a set of locally survival kits are water, ready-to-eat
appropriate and adapted foods that can last for 72 hours,
strategies for disaster preparedness battery-operated radios, medicines,
and management. etc.

THREE COMPONENTS OF CBDRM DRRM FRAMEWORK

1. EMERGENCY PLAN ● Disaster prevention and mitigation
● It is the basis for a community’s >> disaster preparedness >>
Standard Operating Procedures disaster response >> disaster
(SOP) or Emergency Operations recovery
Plan (EOP).
● It is important to establish who to
prioritize during a response based
THE NDRRM PLAN
on the individual’s capacity and ● Aims to provide policies, plans,
vulnerability. and programs to deal with disasters
● This helps the community to in the Philippines.
evaluate the compatibility of the ● It also serves as “the principal
disaster risk reduction plans done guide to disaster risk reduction
by the government. This also and management (DRRM) efforts
serves as a basis for to the country.
modifications for future disaster ● The framework envisions a country
risk reduction planning suited to of “safer, adaptive, and disaster
the community’s needs. resilient Filipino communities
2. EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS toward sustainable development.”
● It serves as a warning for the
community in an upcoming hazards.
● It has four main elements:
1. Knowledge
2. Monitoring
3. Dissemination
4. Knowledge and capability