Learn
through these
Most Asked Interview Question
TopperWorld. in
Why is Java a platform independent
Q. 1 language?
Ans.
Java language was developed so that it does not depend on
any hardware or software because the compiler compiles the
code and then converts it to platform-independent byte code
which can be run on multiple systems.
The only condition to run that byte code is for the machine to
have a runtime environment (JRE) installed in it.
TopperWorld. in
Write a Java program to create and
Q. 2 throw custom exceptions.
Ans.
class InterviewBit {
public static void main(String args[]) throws
CustomException {
throw new CustomException(" This is my custom Exception
");
//Creating Custom Exception Class
class CustomException extends Exception{
//Defining Constructor to throw exception message
public CustomException(String message){
super(message);
TopperWorld. in
Difference between Heap and Stack
Q. 3 Memory in java. And how java utilizes
this.
Ans.
Stack memory is the portion of memory that was assigned to
every individual program. And it was fixed. On the other hand,
Heap memory is the portion that was not allocated to the java
program but it will be available for use by the java program
when it is required, mostly during the runtime of the program.
Java Utilizes this memory as -
When we write a java program then all the variables,
methods, etc are stored in the stack memory.
And when we create any object in the java program then
that object was created in the heap memory. And it was
referenced from the stack memory.
TopperWorld. in
Can java be said to be the complete
Q. 4 object-oriented programing language?
Ans.
It is not wrong if we claim that Java is the complete object-
oriented programming language because everything in Java is
under the classes and we can access them by creating the
objects.
But we can even say that Java is not a completely object-
oriented programming language because it has the support of
primitive data types like int, float, char, boolean, double, etc.
Now for the question: Is Java a completely object-oriented
programming language? We can say that - Java is not a pure
object-oriented programming language, because it has direct
access to primitive data types. And these primitive data types
don't directly belong to the Integer classes.
TopperWorld. in
Q. 5 How is Java different from C++?
Ans.
C++ is only a compiled language, whereas Java is compiled
as well as an interpreted language.
Java programs are machine-independent whereas a c++
program can run only in the machine in which it is compiled.
C++ allows users to use pointers in the program. Whereas
java doesn’t allow it. Java internally uses pointers.
C++ supports the concept of Multiple inheritances whereas
Java doesn't support this. And it is due to avoiding the
complexity of name ambiguity that causes the diamond
problem.
TopperWorld. in
Pointers are used in C/ C++. Why does
Q. 6
Java not make use of pointers?
Ans.
Pointers are quite complicated and unsafe to use by beginner
programmers. Java focuses on code simplicity, and the usage
of pointers can make it challenging. Pointer utilization can also
cause potential errors. Moreover, security is also compromised if
pointers are used because the users can directly access
memory with the help of pointers.
Thus, a certain level of abstraction is furnished by not including
pointers in Java. Moreover, the usage of pointers can make the
procedure of garbage collection quite slow and erroneous. Java
makes use of references as these cannot be manipulated,
unlike pointers.
TopperWorld. in
What do you understand by an
Q. 7 instance variable and a local
variable?
Ans.
Instance variables are those variables that are accessible by
all the methods in the class. They are declared outside the
methods and inside the class. These variables describe the
properties of an object and remain bound to it at any cost.
Local variables are those variables present within a block,
function, or constructor and can be accessed only inside them.
The utilization of the variable is restricted to the block scope.
Whenever a local variable is declared inside a method, the
other class methods don’t have any knowledge about the local
variable.
TopperWorld. in
What are the default values assigned
Q. 8
to variables and instances in java?
Ans.
There are no default values assigned to the variables in java.
We need to initialize the value before using it. Otherwise, it
will throw a compilation error of (Variable might not be
initialized).
But for instance, if we create the object, then the default
value will be initialized by the default constructor depending
on the data type.
If it is a reference, then it will be assigned to null.
If it is numeric, then it will assign to 0.
If it is a boolean, then it will be assigned to false. Etc.
TopperWorld. in
What do you mean by data
Q. 9
encapsulation?
Ans.
Data Encapsulation is an Object-Oriented Programming
concept of hiding the data attributes and their behaviours in a
single unit. It helps developers to follow modularity while
developing software by ensuring that each object is
independent of other objects by having its own methods,
attributes, and functionalities. It is used for the security of the
private properties of an object and hence serves the purpose of
data hiding.
TopperWorld. in
Q. 10 Tell us something about JIT compiler.
Ans.
JIT stands for Just-In-Time and it is used for improving the
performance during run time. It does the task of compiling
parts of byte code having similar functionality at the same
time thereby reducing the amount of compilation time for
the code to run. The compiler is nothing but a translator of
source code to machine-executable code.
TopperWorld. in
Can you tell the difference between
Q. 11 equals() method and equality
operator (==) in Java?
Ans.
equals() ==
This is a method defined in the
It is a binary operator in Java.
Object class.
The .equals() Method is present
in the Object class, so we can
It cannot be modified. They
override our custom .equals()
always compare the HashCode.
method in the custom class, for
objects comparison.
This operator is used for
This method is used for checking
comparing addresses (or
the equality of contents between
references), i.e checks if both
two objects as per the specified
the objects are pointing to the
business logic.
same memory location.
TopperWorld. in
How is an infinite loop declared in
Q. 12
Java?
Ans.
Using For Loop:
for (;;)
// Any break logic
Using while loop:
while(true)
// Any break logic
Using do-while loop:
do{
// Any break logic
}while(true);
TopperWorld. in
Briefly explain the concept of
Q. 13
constructor overloading
Ans.
Constructor overloading is the process of creating multiple
constructors in the class consisting of the same name with a
difference in the constructor parameters. Depending upon the
number of parameters and their corresponding types,
distinguishing of the different types of constructors is done by
the compiler.
TopperWorld. in
Q. 14 Define Copy constructor in java.
Ans.
Copy Constructor is the constructor used when we want to
initialize the value to the new object from the old object of the
same class.
Example:
class InterviewBit{
String department;
String service;
InterviewBit(InterviewBit ib){
this.departments = ib.departments;
this.services = ib.services;
TopperWorld. in
Q. 15 Can the main method be Overloaded?
Ans.
Yes, It is possible to overload the main method. We can create
as many overloaded main methods we want. However, JVM has
a predefined calling method that JVM will only call the main
method with the definition of -
public static void main(string[] args)
TopperWorld. in
Comment on method overloading and
Q. 16 overriding by citing relevant
examples.
Ans.
In Java, method overloading is made possible by introducing
different methods in the same class consisting of the same
name. Still, all the functions differ in the number or type of
parameters. It takes place inside a class and enhances
program readability. The only difference in the return type of the
method does not promote method overloading. The following
example will furnish you with a clear picture of it.
TopperWorld. in
Method overriding is the concept in which two methods having
the same method signature are present in two different classes
in which an inheritance relationship is present. A particular
method implementation (already present in the base class) is
possible for the derived class by using method overriding.
TopperWorld. in
A single try block and multiple catch
Q. 17 blocks can co-exist in a Java Program.
Explain.
Ans.
Yes, multiple catch blocks can exist but specific approaches
should come prior to the general approach because only the
first catch block satisfying the catch condition is executed.
public class MultipleCatchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
System.out.println(new int[]{1, 2, 3}[5]);
System.out.println(10 / 0);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Array index out of bounds!");
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Arithmetic error!");
TopperWorld. in
Explain the use of final keyword in
Q. 18
variable, method and class.
Ans.
final variable:
When a variable is declared as final in Java, the value can’t be
modified once it has been assigned. If any value has not been
assigned to that variable, then it can be assigned only by the
constructor of the class.
final method:
A method declared as final cannot be overridden by its
children's classes. A constructor cannot be marked as final
because whenever a class is inherited, the constructors are not
inherited.
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final class:
No classes can be inherited from the class declared as final. But
that final class can extend other classes for its usage.
TopperWorld. in
Do final, finally and finalize keywords
Q. 19
have the same function?
Ans.
Final: If any restriction is required for classes, variables, or
methods, the final keyword comes in handy. Inheritance of a
final class and overriding of a final method is restricted by the
use of the final keyword. The variable value becomes fixed after
incorporating the final keyword.
Finally: It is the block present in a program where all the codes
written inside it get executed irrespective of handling of
exceptions.
Finalize: Prior to the garbage collection of an object, the finalize
method is called so that the clean-up activity is implemented.
TopperWorld. in
Write a Java Program to find the
Q. 20 factorial of a given number.
Ans.
public class FindFactorial {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 10;
long factorialResult = 1l;
for(int i = 1; i <= num; ++i)
factorialResult *= i;
System.out.println("Factorial: "+factorialResult);
TopperWorld. in
Q. 21 When can you use super keyword?
Ans.
The super keyword is used to access hidden fields and
overridden methods or attributes of the parent class.
Following are the cases when this keyword can be used:
Accessing data members of parent class when the
member names of the class and its child subclasses are
same.
To call the default and parameterized constructor of the
parent class inside the child class.
Accessing the parent class methods when the child
classes have overridden them.
TopperWorld. in
Why is the main method static in
Q. 22 Java?
Ans.
The main method is always static because static members are
those methods that belong to the classes, not to an individual
object. So if the main method will not be static then for every
object, It is available. And that is not acceptable by JVM. JVM
calls the main method based on the class name itself. Not by
creating the object.
Because there must be only 1 main method in the java program
as the execution starts from the main method. So for this reason
the main method is static.
TopperWorld. in
Can the static methods be
Q. 23 overridden?
Ans.
No! Declaration of static methods having the same
signature can be done in the subclass but run time
polymorphism can not take place in such cases.
Overriding or dynamic polymorphism occurs during the
runtime, but the static methods are loaded and looked up at
the compile time statically. Hence, these methods cant be
overridden.
TopperWorld. in
Difference between static methods,
Q. 24 static variables, and static classes in
java.
Ans.
Static Methods and Static variables are those methods and
variables that belong to the class of the java program, not to
the object of the class. This gets memory where the class is
loaded. And these can directly be called with the help of class
names.
For example - We have used mathematical functions in the
java program like - max(), min(), sqrt(), pow(), etc. And if we
notice that, then we will find that we call it directly with the class
name. Like - Math.max(), Math.min(), etc.
Static classes - A class in the java program cannot be static
except if it is the inner class. If it is an inner static class, then it
exactly works like other static members of the class
TopperWorld. in
Q. 25 What is a ClassLoader?
Ans.
Java Classloader is the program that belongs to JRE (Java
Runtime Environment). The task of ClassLoader is to load the
required classes and interfaces to the JVM when required.
Example- To get input from the console, we require the scanner
class. And the Scanner class is loaded by the ClassLoader.
TopperWorld. in
Using relevant properties highlight
Q. 26 the differences between interfaces
and abstract classes.
Ans.
Availability of methods: Only abstract methods are available in
interfaces, whereas non-abstract methods can be present
along with abstract methods in abstract classes.
Variable types: Static and final variables can only be declared
in the case of interfaces, whereas abstract classes can also
have non-static and non-final variables.
Inheritance: Multiple inheritances are facilitated by interfaces,
whereas abstract classes do not promote multiple inheritances.
Data member accessibility: By default, the class data members
of interfaces are of the public- type. Conversely, the class
members for an abstract class can be protected or private also.
TopperWorld. in
Q. 27 What is a Comparator in java?
Ans.
Consider the example where we have an ArrayList of employees
like( EId, Ename, Salary), etc. Now if we want to sort this list of
employees based on the names of employees. Then that is not
possible to sort using the Collections.sort() method. We need to
provide something to the sort() function depending on what
values we have to perform sorting. Then in that case a
comparator is used.
Comparator is the interface in java that contains the compare
method. And by overloading the compare method, we can
define that on what basis we need to compare the values.
TopperWorld. in
Q. 28 What do we get in the JDK file?
Ans.
JDK- For making java programs, we need some tools that are
provided by JDK (Java Development Kit). JDK is the package
that contains various tools, Compiler, Java Runtime
Environment, etc.
JRE - To execute the java program we need an environment.
(Java Runtime Environment) JRE contains a library of Java
classes + JVM. What are JAVA Classes? It contains some
predefined methods that help Java programs to use that
feature, build and execute. For example - there is a system class
in java that contains the print-stream method, and with the
help of this, we can print something on the console.
TopperWorld. in
JVM - (Java Virtual Machine) JVM is a part of JRE that executes
the Java program at the end. Actually, it is part of JRE, but it is
software that converts bytecode into machine-executable code
to execute on hardware.
TopperWorld. in
What are the differences between
Q. 29 HashMap and HashTable in Java?
Ans.
HashMap HashTable
HashMap is not synchronized thereby
HashTable is synchronized and hence it
making it better for non-threaded
is suitable for threaded applications.
applications.
Allows only one null key but any number This does not allow null in both keys or
of null in the values. values.
Supports order of insertion by making Order of insertion is not guaranteed in
use of its subclass LinkedHashMap. HashTable.
TopperWorld. in
What are the different types of
Q. 30 Thread Priorities in Java? And what is
the default priority of a thread
assigned by JVM?
Ans.
There are a total of 3 different types of priority available in Java.
MIN_PRIORITY: It has an integer value assigned with 1.
MAX_PRIORITY: It has an integer value assigned with 10.
NORM_PRIORITY: It has an integer value assigned with 5.
In Java, Thread with MAX_PRIORITY gets the first chance to
execute. But the default priority for any thread is NORM_PRIORITY
assigned by JVM.
TopperWorld. in
Can you call a constructor of a class
Q. 31 inside the another constructor?
Ans.
Yes, the concept can be termed as constructor chaining and
can be achieved using this().
TopperWorld. in
How is the ‘new’ operator different
Q. 32 from the ‘newInstance()’ operator in
java?
Ans.
Both ‘new’ and ‘newInstance()’ operators are used to creating
objects. The difference is- that when we already know the class
name for which we have to create the object then we use a new
operator. But suppose we don’t know the class name for which
we need to create the object, Or we get the class name from the
command line argument, or the database, or the file. Then in
that case we use the ‘newInstance()’ operator.
The ‘newInstance()’ keyword throws an exception that we need
to handle. It is because there are chances that the class
definition doesn’t exist, and we get the class name from
runtime. So it will throw an exception.
TopperWorld. in
Q. 33 Define System.out.println().
Ans.
System.out.println() is used to print the message on the
console. System - It is a class present in java.lang package. Out
is the static variable of type PrintStream class present in the
System class. println() is the method present in the PrintStream
class.
So if we justify the statement, then we can say that if we want to
print anything on the console then we need to call the println()
method that was present in PrintStream class. And we can call
this using the output object that is present in the System class.
TopperWorld. in
What is the best way to inject
Q. 34 dependency? Also, state the reason.
Ans.
There is no boundation for using a particular dependency
injection. But the recommended approach is -
Setters are mostly recommended for optional dependencies
injection, and constructor arguments are recommended for
mandatory ones. This is because constructor injection enables
the injection of values into immutable fields and enables
reading them more easily.
TopperWorld. in
How we can set the spring bean scope.
Q. 35 And what supported scopes does it
have?
Ans.
A scope can be set by an annotation such as the @Scope
annotation or the "scope" attribute in an XML configuration file.
Spring Bean supports the following five scopes:
Singleton
Prototype
Request
Session
Global-session
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