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Most Asked Interview Question

TopperWorld. in
 Why is Java a platform independent
Q. 1 language?

Ans.

Java language was developed so that it does not depend on

any hardware or software because the compiler compiles the

code and then converts it to platform-independent byte code

which can be run on multiple systems.

The only condition to run that byte code is for the machine to

have a runtime environment (JRE) installed in it.

TopperWorld. in
 Write a Java program to create and
Q. 2 throw custom exceptions.

Ans.
class InterviewBit {

public static void main(String args[]) throws

CustomException {

throw new CustomException(" This is my custom Exception

");

//Creating Custom Exception Class

class CustomException extends Exception{

//Defining Constructor to throw exception message

public CustomException(String message){

super(message);

TopperWorld. in
 Difference between Heap and Stack
Q. 3 Memory in java. And how java utilizes
this.
Ans.

Stack memory is the portion of memory that was assigned to

every individual program. And it was fixed. On the other hand,

Heap memory is the portion that was not allocated to the java

program but it will be available for use by the java program

when it is required, mostly during the runtime of the program.

Java Utilizes this memory as -

When we write a java program then all the variables,

methods, etc are stored in the stack memory.

And when we create any object in the java program then

that object was created in the heap memory. And it was

referenced from the stack memory.

TopperWorld. in
 Can java be said to be the complete
Q. 4 object-oriented programing language?

Ans.
It is not wrong if we claim that Java is the complete object-

oriented programming language because everything in Java is

under the classes and we can access them by creating the

objects.

But we can even say that Java is not a completely object-

oriented programming language because it has the support of

primitive data types like int, float, char, boolean, double, etc.

Now for the question: Is Java a completely object-oriented

programming language? We can say that - Java is not a pure

object-oriented programming language, because it has direct

access to primitive data types. And these primitive data types

don't directly belong to the Integer classes.

TopperWorld. in
Q. 5 How is Java different from C++?

Ans.

C++ is only a compiled language, whereas Java is compiled

as well as an interpreted language.

Java programs are machine-independent whereas a c++

program can run only in the machine in which it is compiled.

C++ allows users to use pointers in the program. Whereas

java doesn’t allow it. Java internally uses pointers.

C++ supports the concept of Multiple inheritances whereas

Java doesn't support this. And it is due to avoiding the

complexity of name ambiguity that causes the diamond

problem.

TopperWorld. in
 Pointers are used in C/ C++. Why does
Q. 6
Java not make use of pointers?

Ans.

Pointers are quite complicated and unsafe to use by beginner

programmers. Java focuses on code simplicity, and the usage

of pointers can make it challenging. Pointer utilization can also

cause potential errors. Moreover, security is also compromised if

pointers are used because the users can directly access

memory with the help of pointers.

Thus, a certain level of abstraction is furnished by not including

pointers in Java. Moreover, the usage of pointers can make the

procedure of garbage collection quite slow and erroneous. Java

makes use of references as these cannot be manipulated,

unlike pointers.

TopperWorld. in
 What do you understand by an
Q. 7 instance variable and a local
variable?
Ans.

Instance variables are those variables that are accessible by

all the methods in the class. They are declared outside the

methods and inside the class. These variables describe the

properties of an object and remain bound to it at any cost.

Local variables are those variables present within a block,

function, or constructor and can be accessed only inside them.

The utilization of the variable is restricted to the block scope.

Whenever a local variable is declared inside a method, the

other class methods don’t have any knowledge about the local

variable.

TopperWorld. in
 What are the default values assigned
Q. 8
to variables and instances in java?

Ans.

There are no default values assigned to the variables in java.

We need to initialize the value before using it. Otherwise, it

will throw a compilation error of (Variable might not be

initialized).

But for instance, if we create the object, then the default

value will be initialized by the default constructor depending

on the data type.

If it is a reference, then it will be assigned to null.

If it is numeric, then it will assign to 0.

If it is a boolean, then it will be assigned to false. Etc.

TopperWorld. in
 What do you mean by data
Q. 9
encapsulation?

Ans.

Data Encapsulation is an Object-Oriented Programming

concept of hiding the data attributes and their behaviours in a

single unit. It helps developers to follow modularity while

developing software by ensuring that each object is

independent of other objects by having its own methods,

attributes, and functionalities. It is used for the security of the

private properties of an object and hence serves the purpose of

data hiding.

TopperWorld. in
Q. 10 Tell us something about JIT compiler.

Ans.

JIT stands for Just-In-Time and it is used for improving the

performance during run time. It does the task of compiling

parts of byte code having similar functionality at the same

time thereby reducing the amount of compilation time for

the code to run. The compiler is nothing but a translator of

source code to machine-executable code.

TopperWorld. in
 Can you tell the difference between
Q. 11 equals() method and equality
operator (==) in Java?
Ans.

equals() ==

This is a method defined in the

It is a binary operator in Java.
Object class.

The .equals() Method is present

in the Object class, so we can
It cannot be modified. They
override our custom .equals()
always compare the HashCode.
method in the custom class, for
objects comparison.

This operator is used for

This method is used for checking
comparing addresses (or
the equality of contents between
references), i.e checks if both
two objects as per the specified
the objects are pointing to the
business logic.
same memory location.

TopperWorld. in
 How is an infinite loop declared in
Q. 12
Java?

Ans.
Using For Loop:

for (;;)

// Any break logic

Using while loop:

while(true)

// Any break logic

Using do-while loop:

do{

// Any break logic

}while(true);

TopperWorld. in
 Briefly explain the concept of
Q. 13
constructor overloading

Ans.

Constructor overloading is the process of creating multiple

constructors in the class consisting of the same name with a

difference in the constructor parameters. Depending upon the

number of parameters and their corresponding types,

distinguishing of the different types of constructors is done by

the compiler.

TopperWorld. in
Q. 14 Define Copy constructor in java.

Ans.

Copy Constructor is the constructor used when we want to

initialize the value to the new object from the old object of the

same class.

Example:

class InterviewBit{

String department;

String service;

InterviewBit(InterviewBit ib){

this.departments = ib.departments;

this.services = ib.services;

TopperWorld. in
Q. 15 Can the main method be Overloaded?

Ans.

Yes, It is possible to overload the main method. We can create

as many overloaded main methods we want. However, JVM has

a predefined calling method that JVM will only call the main

method with the definition of -

public static void main(string[] args)

TopperWorld. in
 Comment on method overloading and
Q. 16 overriding by citing relevant
examples.
Ans.

In Java, method overloading is made possible by introducing

different methods in the same class consisting of the same

name. Still, all the functions differ in the number or type of

parameters. It takes place inside a class and enhances

program readability. The only difference in the return type of the

method does not promote method overloading. The following

example will furnish you with a clear picture of it.

TopperWorld. in
Method overriding is the concept in which two methods having

the same method signature are present in two different classes

in which an inheritance relationship is present. A particular

method implementation (already present in the base class) is

possible for the derived class by using method overriding.

TopperWorld. in
 A single try block and multiple catch
Q. 17 blocks can co-exist in a Java Program.
Explain.
Ans.

Yes, multiple catch blocks can exist but specific approaches

should come prior to the general approach because only the

first catch block satisfying the catch condition is executed.

public class MultipleCatchExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

System.out.println(new int[]{1, 2, 3}[5]);

System.out.println(10 / 0);

} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {

System.out.println("Array index out of bounds!");

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Arithmetic error!");

TopperWorld. in
 Explain the use of final keyword in
Q. 18
variable, method and class.

Ans.
final variable:

When a variable is declared as final in Java, the value can’t be

modified once it has been assigned. If any value has not been

assigned to that variable, then it can be assigned only by the

constructor of the class.

final method:

A method declared as final cannot be overridden by its

children's classes. A constructor cannot be marked as final

because whenever a class is inherited, the constructors are not

inherited.

TopperWorld. in
final class:

No classes can be inherited from the class declared as final. But

that final class can extend other classes for its usage.

TopperWorld. in
 Do final, finally and finalize keywords
Q. 19
have the same function?

Ans.

Final: If any restriction is required for classes, variables, or

methods, the final keyword comes in handy. Inheritance of a

final class and overriding of a final method is restricted by the

use of the final keyword. The variable value becomes fixed after

incorporating the final keyword.

Finally: It is the block present in a program where all the codes

written inside it get executed irrespective of handling of

exceptions.

Finalize: Prior to the garbage collection of an object, the finalize

method is called so that the clean-up activity is implemented.

TopperWorld. in
 Write a Java Program to find the
Q. 20 factorial of a given number.

Ans.

public class FindFactorial {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = 10;

long factorialResult = 1l;

for(int i = 1; i <= num; ++i)

factorialResult *= i;

System.out.println("Factorial: "+factorialResult);

TopperWorld. in
Q. 21 When can you use super keyword?

Ans.

The super keyword is used to access hidden fields and

overridden methods or attributes of the parent class.

Following are the cases when this keyword can be used:

Accessing data members of parent class when the

member names of the class and its child subclasses are

same.

To call the default and parameterized constructor of the

parent class inside the child class.

Accessing the parent class methods when the child

classes have overridden them.

TopperWorld. in
 Why is the main method static in
Q. 22 Java?

Ans.

The main method is always static because static members are

those methods that belong to the classes, not to an individual

object. So if the main method will not be static then for every

object, It is available. And that is not acceptable by JVM. JVM

calls the main method based on the class name itself. Not by

creating the object.

Because there must be only 1 main method in the java program

as the execution starts from the main method. So for this reason

the main method is static.

TopperWorld. in
 Can the static methods be
Q. 23 overridden?

Ans.

No! Declaration of static methods having the same

signature can be done in the subclass but run time

polymorphism can not take place in such cases.

Overriding or dynamic polymorphism occurs during the

runtime, but the static methods are loaded and looked up at

the compile time statically. Hence, these methods cant be

overridden.

TopperWorld. in
 Difference between static methods,
Q. 24 static variables, and static classes in
java.
Ans.
Static Methods and Static variables are those methods and

variables that belong to the class of the java program, not to

the object of the class. This gets memory where the class is

loaded. And these can directly be called with the help of class

names.

For example - We have used mathematical functions in the

java program like - max(), min(), sqrt(), pow(), etc. And if we

notice that, then we will find that we call it directly with the class

name. Like - Math.max(), Math.min(), etc.

Static classes - A class in the java program cannot be static

except if it is the inner class. If it is an inner static class, then it

exactly works like other static members of the class

TopperWorld. in
Q. 25 What is a ClassLoader?

Ans.

Java Classloader is the program that belongs to JRE (Java

Runtime Environment). The task of ClassLoader is to load the

required classes and interfaces to the JVM when required.

Example- To get input from the console, we require the scanner

class. And the Scanner class is loaded by the ClassLoader.

TopperWorld. in
 Using relevant properties highlight
Q. 26 the differences between interfaces
and abstract classes.
Ans.

Availability of methods: Only abstract methods are available in

interfaces, whereas non-abstract methods can be present

along with abstract methods in abstract classes.

Variable types: Static and final variables can only be declared

in the case of interfaces, whereas abstract classes can also

have non-static and non-final variables.

Inheritance: Multiple inheritances are facilitated by interfaces,

whereas abstract classes do not promote multiple inheritances.

Data member accessibility: By default, the class data members

of interfaces are of the public- type. Conversely, the class

members for an abstract class can be protected or private also.

TopperWorld. in
Q. 27 What is a Comparator in java?

Ans.

Consider the example where we have an ArrayList of employees

like( EId, Ename, Salary), etc. Now if we want to sort this list of

employees based on the names of employees. Then that is not

possible to sort using the Collections.sort() method. We need to

provide something to the sort() function depending on what

values we have to perform sorting. Then in that case a

comparator is used.

Comparator is the interface in java that contains the compare

method. And by overloading the compare method, we can

define that on what basis we need to compare the values.

TopperWorld. in
Q. 28 What do we get in the JDK file?

Ans.

JDK- For making java programs, we need some tools that are

provided by JDK (Java Development Kit). JDK is the package

that contains various tools, Compiler, Java Runtime

Environment, etc.

JRE - To execute the java program we need an environment.

(Java Runtime Environment) JRE contains a library of Java

classes + JVM. What are JAVA Classes? It contains some

predefined methods that help Java programs to use that

feature, build and execute. For example - there is a system class

in java that contains the print-stream method, and with the

help of this, we can print something on the console.

TopperWorld. in
JVM - (Java Virtual Machine) JVM is a part of JRE that executes

the Java program at the end. Actually, it is part of JRE, but it is

software that converts bytecode into machine-executable code

to execute on hardware.

TopperWorld. in
 What are the differences between
Q. 29 HashMap and HashTable in Java?

Ans.

HashMap HashTable

HashMap is not synchronized thereby

HashTable is synchronized and hence it
making it better for non-threaded
is suitable for threaded applications.
applications.

Allows only one null key but any number This does not allow null in both keys or
of null in the values. values.

Supports order of insertion by making Order of insertion is not guaranteed in

use of its subclass LinkedHashMap. HashTable.

TopperWorld. in
 What are the different types of
Q. 30 Thread Priorities in Java? And what is
the default priority of a thread
assigned by JVM?

Ans.

There are a total of 3 different types of priority available in Java.

MIN_PRIORITY: It has an integer value assigned with 1.

MAX_PRIORITY: It has an integer value assigned with 10.

NORM_PRIORITY: It has an integer value assigned with 5.

In Java, Thread with MAX_PRIORITY gets the first chance to

execute. But the default priority for any thread is NORM_PRIORITY

assigned by JVM.

TopperWorld. in
 Can you call a constructor of a class
Q. 31 inside the another constructor?

Ans.

Yes, the concept can be termed as constructor chaining and

can be achieved using this().

TopperWorld. in
 How is the ‘new’ operator different
Q. 32 from the ‘newInstance()’ operator in
java?

Ans.

Both ‘new’ and ‘newInstance()’ operators are used to creating

objects. The difference is- that when we already know the class

name for which we have to create the object then we use a new

operator. But suppose we don’t know the class name for which

we need to create the object, Or we get the class name from the

command line argument, or the database, or the file. Then in

that case we use the ‘newInstance()’ operator.

The ‘newInstance()’ keyword throws an exception that we need

to handle. It is because there are chances that the class

definition doesn’t exist, and we get the class name from

runtime. So it will throw an exception.

TopperWorld. in
Q. 33 Define System.out.println().

Ans.

System.out.println() is used to print the message on the

console. System - It is a class present in java.lang package. Out

is the static variable of type PrintStream class present in the

System class. println() is the method present in the PrintStream

class.

So if we justify the statement, then we can say that if we want to

print anything on the console then we need to call the println()

method that was present in PrintStream class. And we can call

this using the output object that is present in the System class.

TopperWorld. in
 What is the best way to inject
Q. 34 dependency? Also, state the reason.

Ans.

There is no boundation for using a particular dependency

injection. But the recommended approach is -

Setters are mostly recommended for optional dependencies

injection, and constructor arguments are recommended for

mandatory ones. This is because constructor injection enables

the injection of values into immutable fields and enables

reading them more easily.

TopperWorld. in
 How we can set the spring bean scope.
Q. 35 And what supported scopes does it
have?
Ans.

A scope can be set by an annotation such as the @Scope

annotation or the "scope" attribute in an XML configuration file.

Spring Bean supports the following five scopes:

Singleton

Prototype

Request

Session

Global-session

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