EXPERIMENT fam To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between + and +, u iy I APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED ‘An optical bench, three uprights with clamps, two sharp-edged needles, convex lens of ‘Seal Iength less than 20 cm, index needle/knitting needle and a half-metre scale. f THEORY/WORKING FORMULA 1. If an object needle is placed between f and 2 'f of a convex lens, its real, inverted magnified image is formed beyond 2f on the other side of the lens. By placing eS needle, called image needle there, we can locate the image of the first needle by temoy x the parallax between the image and the second needle itself ne 2. The relation between the object distance 1, image distance v and focal length f of a convey lens is given by the thin lens formula, w 1/11 >| _ .« fv# uo ‘According to new Cartesian sign convention, == ing of 0 wis negative and vis positive when a convex ens forms a real image. Also, f is positive for a convex lens. Ray DIAGRAM See Fig. 9.11 Object needle O Image needle! Fig. 9.11 Ray diagram for finding the focal length of a convex lens.got Chopter 9 : SPHERICAL LENSES pure ef ‘po find rough focal length of the convex lens To locate the image formed by convex lens 3, Place the optical bench horizontall 4, Mount the convex lens Lin the cla ly on the working table, remaining uprights. Make the pic mp of central upright and the two needles O and I in the of the lens L verti it inch is allel to the | ; ertical so that its principal axis becomes ey ue ic oF en bench. Adjust the tips of the two heedles and the optical needle O. '¢ height. Fix a small piece of white paper on the tip of the object Mark points F and 2F with a chalk piece on the both sides of the lens, at distances equal to rough focal length and twice the rough focal length from the lens 1, respectively. Place the object needle O between F and 2F but closer to2F on one side of the lens L. It will form a real, inverted and Magnified image on the other side of the lens. Adjust the height of the needle / till its tip coincides with the tip of the image needle O. Moving the needle I forward or backward, remove the parallax between the image of needle O and the needle I itself. Note the positions of the three uprights on the scale of the optical bench. 7. Now move the object needle 2 cm closer to the lens Land locate the new position of the image. Moving the object needle closer to the lens Leach time, take three or four such sets of readings. Check that the object needle always remains between F and 2F. : Note that the image moves away from the lens as the object needle moves closer to the lens and vice versa. 8. Record all these observations in a tabular form. Find u and v in each case. 9. Write the observations at serial numbers 4-6 by just interchanging the values of u and v in OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS ex lens =__—— Rough focal length of the conv’ observations at serial numbers 1-3. This makes use of the property of conjugate foci. omLap MANUAL PHYSICS-XIE rection for object distance ¥= 61 ~- cm .ge distance 0=6) = cm v and f for the convex lens : Determination of u, bserved | corrected distances | 3 bau’ | Lev’ ucu'te|vev+ o | Mem) | (em) |) I apt] 2 Mean value of f =. on fees van Determination of f by Graphical Methods 1. Focal length from graph between wand %es from the graph between > znd ae — il goes intercept, OA on X-axis and OB on Y-axis, gives a value ve for [See Fig. 9. 4) {i Intercept on X-axis i fale : ca" (ii) Intercept on Y-axis 4 =0B = f-4 Mean value of f =____cm [resuer ' 1. Focal length of the convex lens calculated from w and v values as fI PRECAUTIONS SOURCES OF ERROR LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-X!! 4. The principal axis ofthe lens should be horizontal and parallel to the length of the op lhe 2. The uprights should be rigid and vertical. 3. The tips of the object and image needles and the optical centre of the convex lens mst | adjusted at the same height. 4. To locate the position of the image, the eye must be held at a distance of about 30 cm bjng the image needle. | 5. Parallax must be removed tip to tip. | 6. Index corrections for « and v must be carefully determined and correctly applied. 7. The object needle should not be placed between the focus and the optical centre ofthe ey because it produces only a virtual image. 8. The object needle should be distinguished from the image needle by fixing a small piece white paper over it. 9, The object and image needles should not be interchanged during the course of the experimen, The values of wand v should not differ much. This minimises the error in the determination 10. of f. 1. The uprights may not be vertical. 2. Parallax might not have been removed completely. 3. is 4 i a ee ool nent rent re top of the optical bench is not horizontal and if the tips “horizontal level eedles and the optical centré of the convex lens are not at the sam r« YY r«