Revision Notes

Section A: Multiple Choice

Biomes 1.1 and 1.4

-A biome is an area classified according to the species in that location. Temperature

range, soil type, and the amount of light and water are unique to a particular place and
form the niches for specific species allowing scientists to define the biome.
-Everything in Earth's system can be placed into one of four major subsystems: land,
water, living things, or air. These four subsystems are called "spheres."
-There are five major types of biomes that geographers divide earth into aquatic,
grassland, forest, desert, and tundra
-Earth's biome varies in many ways, climate and soil are two main distinctive features of
a biome.
-Soil type also varies depending on the location and it can also be affected by the
climate, soil is a non-renewable source.
-Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis, the process where plants use carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water to make sugar – food for the plants that later become food for animals

The Holocaust, lesson 4 and 5

-The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1933
and 1945.
-Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews
across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.
-The Holocaust began in Germany after Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor in
January 1933
-The persecution of Jews took a variety of forms: Legal discrimination in the form of
antisemitic laws, and various forms of public identification and exclusion. organized
violence, physical displacement, forced labour, and internment widespread theft, and
plunder.

Food Security 2.4 and 2.5

-Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable,
nutritious food.
-According to the World Food Summit, food security exists when all people, at all times,
have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets
their dietary needs and food preferences.
-Food insecurity may be long-term or temporary. It may be influenced by several factors,
including income, employment, race/ethnicity, and disability.

Sustainable tourism 4.8

-In 1980, A geographer researcher Richard W. Butler proposed a six-stage model to

describe the impact that tourism can have on a location.
-Tourist destinations initially benefit from an increase in tourism but must manage
ongoing tourism to avoid stagnation.
-Once a location reaches stagnation it may undergo rejuvenation through new
government or business funding, or continue to decline to the point that tourists no
longer wish to visit that place.

Consumerism 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4

-Consumerism can be defined as our desire to own products that exceed our human
needs.
-Consumerism is widely understood to contribute to the destruction of traditional values
and ways of life.
-The Fairtrade mark on some products that you buy means that the product has been
made by small-scale companies that meet the Fairtrade Australian and New Zealand
standards.
-Many people who work in LEDCs earn below the minimum wage. In some cases, even
children are forced to work.
-According got World Vision, there are 73 million child labourers around the world.
-Trade connects us with different regions of the world. Australia's main trading partners
include East Asia and Europe.
-Migration is the movement of people into and out of a country.
Four Factors of Production 2.9 and 2.11

-Natural resources: Materials drawn from the natural world that are used to produce
goods and services.
-Labour resources: Any human input required for making a good or providing a service.
-Capital resources: Human-made resources such as machinery, buildings, equipment,
and technology used to produce other goods and services.
-Entrepreneurship: The ability to organize the other factors of production and transform
them into a business.
-There are not enough resources to meet all our needs and wants. Economists refer to
this situation as scarcity.
-The global positioning system, Google Maps, and satellites are all examples of spatial
technologies. Spatial technologies allow geographers and everyday users to visualize
patterns on various scales.

Wants vs Needs, Lesson 1

-A need is something that is needed to survive. A want is something that an individual

desires, but would be able to live without.
-A primary distinguishing feature of a need is that it is necessary to sustain life.
-Needs, point out something you must have for survival. On the other hand, wants
refers to something good to have, but not essential for survival.
-Needs represent necessity while wants represent desire.
-Non-fulfillment of needs may result in the onset of disease or even death while
non-fulfillment of wants may result in disappointment.

Section B: Short Answer

→ Genocide

Challenges to Social Cohesion, Lesson 7

-Inequality: Social class, race, gender, ethnicity, and other forms of inequality can create
social exclusion, and marginalization and lead to social conflict.
-Migration: Rapid movement of populations, often out of economic necessity, can
change social dynamics and strain on social resources, leading to conflicts and
tensions.
-Technology: The rise of social media and digital connectivity has changed how people
interact and communicate. While it can bring people together, it can also create new
problems, such as the spread of misinformation and extremism.
-Globalization: Globalization has led to a more interconnected world, where people from
different cultures and backgrounds interact and intermingle. This can lead to conflict if
there are misunderstandings about culture, religion, and values.
-Climate change: Climate change can lead to resource shortages, natural disasters, and
population movements, all of which can create social tensions.

Motivations for Genocide, Lesson 1

-Hate and prejudice: The desire to eliminate a group that is perceived as inferior or
unworthy due to racial, ethnic, religious, or other differences.
-Power and control: The desire to gain or maintain power and control over certain
territories or resources.
-Revenge: The desire to exact revenge for an alleged violation or to hold a group
accountable for its deeds.
-Fear: The fear of the targeted group, leading to attempts to eliminate the group to
protect.
-Idealogical or theoretical beliefs: The belief in a certain ideology or theology that
justifies the elimination of the targeted group.

Solutions to Social Cohesion, Lesson 7

-Education: Education can help build awareness and understanding of different cultures
and identities, reducing intolerance and promoting inclusiveness.
-Economic development: Economic development can help reduce poverty and
inequality, which can be sources of social tension.
-Democracy and political participation: A strong democracy that promotes the
participation of all groups can help to build a sense of empowerment and inclusion.
-Community engagement and social interaction: Facilitating positive social interaction
across different groups can help build relationships and reduce conflict.
-Strong legal and social institutions: Legal and social institutions that respect human
rights and equality can provide a framework for a cohesive society, and can also
prevent discrimination and marginalization.
-Tolerance and respect for diversity: Encourage respect and acceptance of diversity,
whether it is cultural, racial, religious, or other types of diversity.

Social Cohesion in Australia, Lesson 1

-One of the most important factors contributing to social cohesion in Australia is its
cultural diversity. Australia is home to a wide variety of cultures and ethnic groups, and
over the years, they have learned to live and work together side by side. This has
created opportunities for social integration and has helped to build a strong sense of
social cohesion in the country.
-Social cohesion in Australia is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of
factors, but it is clear that cultural diversity, social mobility, and a strong sense of
national identity have played important roles in creating a cohesive and united society in
Australia.

→ Geography: Interconnections
Biomes and characteristics, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.4

-Four spheres, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere

-Determined by the characteristics of places and locations.
-The types of biome in an environment vary depending on where you are in the world.
Biome distribution is influenced by natural and human factors. In general, there is a
pattern to the way biomes are distributed on the planet, and we can use this information
to make predictions. As the climate changes, the pattern of biome distribution may
continue to change.
-The Sun's rays are a critically important input for processes within biomes, such as
photosynthesis in plants. Plants use photosynthesis to create energy to grow. Animals,
in turn, feed on plants to support complex ecosystems. On Earth, the equator (zero
degrees latitude) receives most of the Sun's rays (see Source 1), while the poles (90
degrees north and south of the equator) receive the least. Therefore, the equator tends
to be associated with biomes such as forests and grasslands, where lush vegetation
requires vast amounts of sunlight to grow.
-Precipitation is just as important as the Sun's energy for plant growth and the
development of ecosystems. Like the Sun's rays, precipitation can also vary depending
on latitude. The Hadley cell (see Source 2) is the name for the circulation of air in the
atmosphere near the equator. At zero degrees latitude, the warm air rises, and water is
evaporated, leading to cloud formation and large amounts of rainfall.
-Earth's biomes vary in many ways. Climate and soil are two distinctive features of a
biome. These have an impact on the animals and plants that will thrive in a particular
area and affect the productivity of the biome.
Threats to Food Security, 2.4 and 2.5

-As the population of the world grows, so does our need for resources, such as food,
water, and housing. Since the 1700s, the human population has increased rapidly,
especially in regions such as Asia and Africa. Improvements in medical knowledge and
technology have also increased human life expectancy, so we also require more food
per person across a human life span.

Impacts of Tourism, 4.5,4.6 and 4.7

-An outcome of improving technologies is the increase in global tourism. Advancements

in air transport mean that people can travel internationally within the space of a few
hours - the temporal distance between countries is getting smaller.
-While financial restrictions may be at the forefront of your mind, you might also
consider the cultural experience you want to have, the language is spoken in the host
country, how safe the host country is, the social or religious rules of the host country,
and how you would 'fit in' with the local people. Proximity and cultural ties are other
factors that influence where people choose to travel.

-Tourism can have positive and negative effects on place. One major benefit is the huge
economic contribution that the industry makes to local economies, creating employment
opportunities for the host country. For example, tourism accounts for over 76.2 percent
of the GDP of Palau, a small Micronesian nation in the Pacific. One major negative
effect of tourism is when a local culture is commodified. Important practices can be
cheapened if they are marketed and sold to tourists.

Examples of Sustainable Tourism, 4.8,4.9 and 4.10

-In 1980, Geography researcher Richard W. Butler proposed a six-stage model to

describe the impact tourism can have on a location. His model shows that tourist
destinations initially benefit from an increase in tourism, but must carefully manage
ongoing tourism to avoid stagnation while holding on to what makes a place special for
both tourists and residents.
-Although tourism can benefit economies and employment in different regions, it also
contributes to more than 10 percent of global carbon emissions per year. Consider what
you use when you travel. You may travel by plane or car to your destination, eat
packaged food, take longer showers, have fresh towels sent to your hotel room each
day, and use the air conditioner for hours on end (depending on the climate). All of
these actions have an impact on the environment.

→ Economics

Goods vs Services, Lesson 1

-Goods and services are the two broad categories of goods and products exchanged in
an economy.
Goods: Goods are tangible, physical products that can be produced, bought and sold,
etc. Typical examples include cars, clothes, food, electronics, etc. Goods are often
produced by firms and then consumed by individuals or businesses.
Services: Services, on the other hand, are intangible products that cannot be held,
seen, or owned. They are usually produced by individuals or businesses and then
consumed by individuals or businesses, such as healthcare, education, legal advice,
etc. For example, a haircut, cleaning, consulting, etc. all are services.

Types of Resources, Lesson 1

-Labour - the human resources (people) involved in producing a good or service, who
contribute physical and mental labor. Eg. owner, manager, sales assistant, delivery
driver, factory worker, farmer
-Natural - those resources that occur naturally in our environment. Eg. land space,
water, timber, plants/crops (eg. barley, wheat, vegetables, oil)
-Capital - man-made tools that assist in converting other resources into the final
product. Eg. machinery, computers, furniture, vehicles, buildings, tools, stationary,
roads, railways

Section C: Data Analysis

PQE, Lesson 2
-

Participants in the Australian Economy, Lesson 1

-The 4 key participants in the Australian economy are consumers, producers,

government, and financial institutions. Producers buy goods and services, earn wages
and salaries (income), pay taxes, receive government benefits, and save money.
Producers produce goods and services, aim to make a profit, pay wages, pay taxes,
borrow money, and import and export goods and services. Government bodies receive
taxes, pay wages, provide benefits, payments, and services, and borrow money and
financial institutions hold savings, lend money, aim to make a profit, and pay taxes.

-Economic decisions made by any of the participants will have consequences on the
other participants.
-This means participants in the Australian economy are interconnected.

THE END