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BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC:DIABETES
DONE BY : NEHA AJITH
12-A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in the project titled –Hepatitis, with the kind
support and the help of many individuals.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to Ms. Nishira Nishy, my Biology

teacher, who guided me in the successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude for her invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement, and immense motivation, which
has contributed to all stages of this project work.
I want to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks towards the

Principal of Woodlem Park School Ms.Bhanu, for all the facilities that
she provided for this project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and classmates

who helped me to carry out this project work successfully and for
their valuable advice and support which I received from time to time
NEHA AJITH
XII A
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF DIABETES
3. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
4. CAUSES OF DIABETES
5. MANAGING DIABETES
6. PREVENTION OF DIABETES
7. CONCLUSION
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also
called blood sugar, is too high. Glucose is your body’s main
source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but glucose also
comes from the food you eat.Insulin is a hormone made by the
pancreas that helps glucose get into your cells to be used for
energy. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough—or
any—insulin, or doesn’t use insulin properly. Glucose then stays
in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.Diabetes raises the
risk for damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Diabetes
is also linked to some types of cancer. Taking steps to prevent or
manage diabetes may lower your risk of developing diabetes
health problems.
TYPES OF DIABETES
1. Prediabetes : People with prediabetes have blood glucose
levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be
diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, you
have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future.
You also have a higher risk for heart disease than people with
normal glucose levels.
2.Type 1 diabetes : If you have type 1 diabetes, your body makes

little or no insulin. Your immune system attacks and destroys
the cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Type 1 diabetes is
usually diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can
appear at any age. People with type 1 diabetes need to take
insulin every day to stay alive.
3. Type 2 diabetes : If you have type 2 diabetes, the cells in your
body don’t use insulin properly. The pancreas may be making
insulin but is not making enough insulin to keep your blood
glucose level in the normal range. Type 2 diabetes is the most
common type of diabetes. You are more likely to develop type 2
diabetes if you have risk factors, such as overweight or obesity,
and a family history of the disease. You can develop type 2
diabetes at any age, even during childhood.
You can help delay or prevent type 2 diabetes by knowing the
risk factors and taking steps toward a healthier lifestyle, such as
losing weight or preventing weight gain.
4. Gestational diabetes : Gestational diabetes is a type of

diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Most of the time, this
type of diabetes goes away after the baby is born. However, if
you’ve had gestational diabetes, you have a higher chance of
developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes
diagnosed during pregnancy is type 2 diabetes.
SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
Symptoms of diabetes include
● increased thirst and urination

● increased hunger
● fatigue
● blurred vision
● numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
● sores that do not heal
● unexplained weight loss
CAUSES OF DIABETES
● Insulin resistance : Type 2 diabetes mainly results from

insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in
your muscles, fat and liver don’t respond as they should to
insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying
degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of
physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and
certain medications.
● Autoimmune disease : Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen

when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing
cells in your pancreas.
● Hormonal imbalances : During pregnancy, the placenta

releases hormones that cause insulin resistance. You may
develop gestational diabetes if your pancreas can’t produce
enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance. Other
hormone-related conditions like acromegaly and Cushing
syndrome can also cause Type 2 diabetes.
● Pancreatic damage : Physical damage to your pancreas —
from a condition, surgery or injury — can impact its ability
to make insulin, resulting in Type 3c diabetes.
● Genetic mutations : Certain genetic mutations can cause

MODY and neonatal diabetes.
●
MANAGING DIABETES
● Blood sugar monitoring: Monitoring your blood sugar
(glucose) is key to determining how well your current
treatment plan is working. It gives you information on how
to manage your diabetes on a daily — and sometimes even
hourly — basis. You can monitor your levels with frequent
checks with a glucose meter and finger stick and/or with a
continuous glucose monitor (CGM). You and your
healthcare provider will determine the best blood sugar
range for you.
● Oral diabetes medications: Oral diabetes medications

(taken by mouth) help manage blood sugar levels in people
who have diabetes but still produce some insulin — mainly
people with Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. People with
gestational diabetes may also need oral medication. There
are several different types. Metformin is the most common.
● Insulin: People with Type 1 diabetes need to inject

synthetic insulin to live and manage diabetes. Some people
with Type 2 diabetes also require insulin. There are several
different types of synthetic insulin. They each start to work
at different speeds and last in your body for different
lengths of time. The four main ways you can take insulin
include injectable insulin with a syringe (shot), insulin
pens, insulin pumps and rapid-acting inhaled insulin.
● Diet: Meal planning and choosing a healthy diet for you are
key aspects of diabetes management, as food greatly
impacts blood sugar. If you take insulin, counting carbs in
the food and drinks you consume is a large part of
management. The amount of carbs you eat determines how
much insulin you need at meals. Healthy eating habits can
also help you manage your weight and reduce your heart
disease risk.
PREVENTION OF
DIABETES
● Get at least 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercises like
walking or cycling.
● Cut saturated and trans fats, along with refined
carbohydrates, out of your diet.
● Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
● Eat smaller portions.
● Try to lose 5% to 7% of your body weight if you are
overweight or obese.
CONCLUSION
Diabetes is a slow killer with no known curable treatments.

However, its complications can be reduced through proper
awareness and timely treatment. Three major complications are
related to blindness, kidney damage and heart attack. It is
important to keep the blood glucose levels of patients under
strict control to avoid complications. One of the difficulties with
tight control of glucose levels in the blood is that such attempts
may lead to hypoglycemia that creates much more severe
complications than an increased level of blood glucose.
Researchers are now looking for alternative methods for
diabetes treatment. The goal of this paper is to give a general
idea of the current status of diabetes research. The author
believes that diabetes is one of the highly demanding research
topics of the new century and wants to encourage new
researchers to take the up challenges.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes#prevention
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes
WWW.GOOGLE.COM

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I extend my heartfelt thanks to Ms. Nishira Nishy, my Biology

I want to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks towards the

I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and classmates

called blood sugar, is too high. Glucose is your body’s main

comes from the food you eat.Insulin is a hormone made by the

energy. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough—or

any—insulin, or doesn’t use insulin properly. Glucose then stays

in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.Diabetes raises the

is also linked to some types of cancer. Taking steps to prevent or

manage diabetes may lower your risk of developing diabetes

2.Type 1 diabetes : If you have type 1 diabetes, your body makes

You can help delay or prevent type 2 diabetes by knowing the

risk factors and taking steps toward a healthier lifestyle, such as

losing weight or preventing weight gain.

4. Gestational diabetes : Gestational diabetes is a type of

● increased thirst and urination

● Insulin resistance : Type 2 diabetes mainly results from

● Autoimmune disease : Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen

● Hormonal imbalances : During pregnancy, the placenta

● Genetic mutations : Certain genetic mutations can cause

● Oral diabetes medications: Oral diabetes medications

● Insulin: People with Type 1 diabetes need to inject

Diabetes is a slow killer with no known curable treatments.

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