Unit#3 Long Q/A

Ans:1NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

First law of motion deals with bodies which are either at rest or moving with uniform speed in a
straight line. According to Newton's first law of motion, a body at rest remains at rest provided
no net force acts on it. This part of the law is true as we observe that objects do not move by
themselves unless someone moves them. For example, a book lying on a table remains at rest
as long as no net force acts on it.

Similarly, a moving object does not stop moving by itself. A ball rolled on a rough ground stops
earlier than that rolled on a smooth ground. It is because rough surfaces offer greater friction. If
there is no force to oppose the motion of a body, the moving body will never stop. Thus
Newton's first law of motion states that:

A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line provided no net
force acts on it.

Since Newton's first law of motion deals with the inertial property of matter,
therefore ,Newton's first law of motion is also known as law of inertia.

Ans:3NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

Newton's second law of motion deals with situations when a net force is acting on a body. I It
states that:

When a net force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body in the direction of the net
force. The magnitude of this acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on the
body and inversely proportional to its mass.

If a force produces an acceleration a in a body of mass m, then we can state mathematically

that

xF

and

x1/1

or
a

or

α ma

Putting k as proportionality constant, we get

F=kma..... (3.2)

In SI units, the value of k comes out to be 1.Thus Eq. 3.2 becomes

F=ma(3.3)

SI unit of force is newton (N). According to Newton's second law of motion:

One newton (1 N) is the force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms in a body of mass of 1 kg.

Thus, a force of one newton can be expressed as

三＂1k9x1ms

or 1N = 1 kg ms2

According to the newton second law:

\[ F = ma \]
\[ F = m \left( \frac{V_f - V_i}{t} \right) \]
If \( a = 0 \) then:
\[ V_f = V_i \] (object moves with uniform velocity or at rest)
According to Newton's first law:
An object at rest or moving with until force acts on it.

Ans:4NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

Newton's third law of motion deals with there action of a body when a force acts on it. Let a
body A exert a force on another body B, the body B reacts against this force and exerts a force
on body A. The force exerted by body A on B is the action force whereas the force exerted by
body B on A is called there action force. Newton's third law of motion states that:

To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction.

According to this law, action is always accompanied by a reaction force and the two forces must
always be equal and opposite. Note that action and reaction forces act on different bodies.
Consider a book lying on a table as shown in figure 3.8.The weight of the book is acting on the
table in the downward direction. This is the action. There action of the table acts on the book
in the upward direction. Consider another example. Take an air-filled balloon as shown in
figure 3.9. When the balloon is set free ,the air inside it rushes out and the balloon moves
forward. In this example, the action is by the balloon that pushes the air out of it when set free.
The reaction of the air which escapes out from the balloon acts on the balloon. It is due to this
reaction of the escaping air that moves the balloon forward.

A rocket such as shown in figure 3.10 moves on the same principle. When its fuel burns, hot
gases escape out from its tail with a very high speed .There action of these gases on the rocket
causes it to move opposite to the gases rushing out of its tail.

Ans:9 1. *Mass*:

- *Definition*: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.

- *Unit*: Kilograms (kg).

- *Constant*: Mass is constant regardless of the location of the object.

- *Property*: It is an intrinsic property of the object and does not change with gravity.

2. *Weight*:

- *Definition*: Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity.

- *Unit*: Newtons (N).

- *Variable*: Weight depends on the gravitational field strength, so it can vary with location
(e.g., it is different on Earth, the Moon, and Mars).

- *Property*: It is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction (towards the center
of the gravitational source).

The relationship between mass (m) and weight (W) is given by the equation \( W = mg \), where
\( g \) is the acceleration due to gravity.

Ans:11 Electronic balances are widely used to measure mass because they provide several
advantages over traditional mechanical balances:

1. *Accuracy and Precision*: Electronic balances offer high accuracy and precision in measuring
mass, often down to milligrams or even micrograms.
2. *Ease of Use*: They are user-friendly with digital displays that give quick and clear readings.

3. *Speed*: Electronic balances can measure mass quickly, reducing the time needed for
experiments or processes.

4. *Tare Function*: They typically have a tare function that allows the user to zero the balance
with a container on it, making it easy to measure the net mass of the contents.

5. *Consistency*: Electronic balances provide consistent readings, minimizing human error.

6. *Advanced Features*: Many electronic balances come with additional features like data
storage, connectivity to computers, and automatic calibration.

Ans:8 Momentum:

The product of an object's mass \(m\) and velocity \(v\) is called momentum, denoted by \( \
mathbf{p} \). Mathematically:

\[ \mathbf{p} = m \mathbf{v} \]

Momentum is a vector quantity that points in the same direction as the velocity \( \
mathbf{v} \). The SI unit of momentum is kilogram-meter per second (kg·m/s) or newton-
second (Ns). Newton's second law is used to relate force and momentum.

Ans:5 Limitations of Newton's Laws of Motion

Although Newton's laws of motion are a fundamental set of principles and are applied in a
variety of situations, while they are very useful for describing the behavior of everyday objects,
there are some limitations to their applicability.

1. Newton's laws are not readily applied on the very small scale. As one goes to extremely low
energies on the atomic scale, position and acceleration are not well defined, where the
concepts of quantum mechanics take over.

2. Newton's laws are not applied for objects moving at high speeds, close to the speed of light.
Relativistic effects complicate the dynamics at high speeds and high energies. In such situations,
we would require to use relativistic mechanic.
Ans:2 *Inertia* is a property of matter that describes the tendency of an object to resist any
change in its state of motion. It means that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in
motion will stay in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an external
force.

### Importance of Knowledge of Inertia in Daily Life

Understanding inertia is crucial because it helps us predict the behavior of objects in various
situations, ensuring safety and efficiency in our daily activities.

### Examples in Daily Life

1. *Driving a Car*:

- *Example*: When a car suddenly stops, passengers inside continue to move forward due to
their inertia. This is why seatbelts are essential; they exert a force that counters the passengers'
inertia, keeping them safely in place.

- *Importance*: Knowledge of inertia ensures that safety features like seatbelts and airbags
are used to protect passengers in vehicles.

Ans:10 Gravitational Field

A *gravitational field* is a region of space around a mass where another mass experiences a
force of gravitational attraction. It represents the influence that a massive object exerts on the
space surrounding it, causing other masses to be drawn towards it.

### Gravitational Field Strength

*Gravitational field strength* (\(g\)) is a measure of the force of gravity experienced by a unit
mass at a specific point within the gravitational field. It is defined as the gravitational force (\
(F\)) per unit mass (\(m\)).

Mathematically, it is expressed as:

\[ g = \frac{F}{m} \]

- *Unit*: The SI unit of gravitational field strength is newtons per kilogram (N/kg).

- *Vector Quantity*: Gravitational field strength has both magnitude and direction, pointing
towards the mass creating the field.

### Explanation

1. *Gravitational Field*:
 - *Concept*: Imagine the space around the Earth. Any object within this space, such as a
satellite or an apple falling from a tree, will experience Earth's gravitational pull. This region is
the Earth's gravitational field.

2. *Gravitational Field Strength*:

- *Concept*: If you place a 1 kg mass at a point in Earth's gravitational field, it will experience
a force due to gravity. The strength of the field at that point is the force experienced by the 1 kg
mass.

- *Earth's Surface*: Near the Earth's surface, the gravitational field strength is approximately \
(9.8 \, \text{N/kg}\), meaning a 1 kg mass experiences a force of 9.8 newton.