PH 211 Electronics Laboratory I

Instruction Manual
Index
Page No

General Instructions 2

Experiment 1 Common Emitter (CB) Amplifier 4

Experiment 2 Multistage amplifier: Cascade of two CE stages) 6
Experiment 3 Feed back amplifier 8
Experiment 4 Operational amplifier 10
Experiment 5 Integrator and differentiator circuits 12
Experiment 6 Filter circuits 13
Experiment 7. Oscillators circuits 15
Experiment 8 Phase shift oscillator 17

Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
July_November 2024

Instructors: Arunansu Sil, Dilip Pal and Gagan Kumar

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General Instructions to Students

1. On the very first day of the lab familiarize yourself with the power supply, function generator,
DSO 9Digital Storage oscilloscope), bread board, digital multimeter (DMM) etc.. You may
request for the copies of respective manual. You may also request the Teaching Assistant or the
instructor to guide you in learning these basic instruments.

2. With the help of DMM learn to check the diode and transistors and to measure the value of
resistance.

3. The instruction manual provides the necessary information to perform the experiments.
However alternate circuits exist for most cases and students are encouraged to try out circuits
other than given in this manual (with prior permission from the instructor). The procedure given
is brief. Instructions given in italics are for self-study. Do try these if you want proficiency in
electronic circuitry.

4. Before attending the lab read the instruction manual THOROUGHLY and CAREFULLY
for analyzing the circuits to be used. You should consult any of the good text or reference books
on the subject in advance. This will help you to have tentative estimates of the voltages and
currents you are going to handle and enable you to set the measuring instrument without trouble.

5. Derive the relevant formula or workout the relevant waveforms expected from the experiment
before coming to the lab.

6. You should bring with you a folder file, sufficient number of A4 size white paper sheets,
graph sheets (linear and semilog), tracing paper, for compiling the report and other stationery
items required for data recording and analyses.

7. The format of the report should be:

(a) Name Roll No. Date of Experiment

(b) Experiment title:
(c) Objective/Aim:
(d) Formulas, if any, with brief description/derivation as applicable
(e) Equivalent Circuit(s) if necessary
(f) Expected output waveform as a function of input if applicable
(g) Format for Observation Table(s)
(h) Input/Output waveform traces wherever necessary with proper labeling
(i) Graph(s) with proper labeling
(j) Calculations, if any
(k) Summary of results
(l) Brief discussion of results
(m) Suggestion(s) / New circuit idea pertaining to the experiment / Specific precautions
(n) answer to the questions if applicable

8. You are expected to come prepared with points (a) to (f) and (n) of above and get it signed by
the instructor before starting the experiment. Ten marks are reserved for the same.

9. You have to complete the report and submit in your FOLDER FILE on the scheduled date of
experiment.
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10. Observations should be signed by the instructor.

11. Once your experiment is over, please switch off all the equipments, dismantle the circuit,
put back all the components, connecting wire etc. in the trey given to you, and place it back
on the table from where you have collected it. Make sure that your table is clean along with
the surrounding before leaving the lab. If anybody is found to be not following this
practice, 10 marks will be deducted from that day report of that particular student.

12. The performance in this course will be evaluated on the basis of DAY-to-DAY lab
activities, Quiz, and the final end-semester exam. (50 Marks are for lab reports (day to day
activities), 20%marks for Quiz and 30% marks for the end-semester Lab exam).

13. Any kind of feedback on the improvement of this course is always welcome.

With best Wishes

Prof. Arunansu Sil, Prof. Dilip Pal and Prof. Gagan Kumar

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 Experiment 1 Single Stage CB Amplifier

Single stage amplifiers

Aim: To Study the single stage Amplifiers using BJT and (i) measure the Gain of the amplifier as a
function of frequency, (ii) determine the lower and upper cutoff frequencies and find the band width.

A. Single stage Amplifier: Common Base configuration:

Vcc
15V

R1 RC
470k 4.7k C2
22F Vo
+ CRO CH 2
C1 C
22F
+ B Q1
2N2222 RL
4.7k
E
R2 RE
33k V1
220 C3 -5m/5mV
100uF
+

2MHz

CRO Function
CH 1 generator

Fig.1.1 CB Amplifier; circuit diagram

Prior preparation: Draw the ac equivalent circuit and work out the expression for the voltage gain
and cut off frequencies.

Procedure:
1. Assemble the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.1.
2. Connect the input and output signals to the Oscilloscope.
3. Set the function generator for sinusoidal signal at 1KHz frequency and display input as well
as output on CRO.
4. Measure the input and output peak to peak voltage and verify the proper functioning of the
circuit. Trace the input and output voltages and mark the scales on both.
5. Keeping the Vin peak to peak voltage constant (10-20 mV, or some suitable value so as to
avoid the saturation and or cut off region), vary the frequency in regular intervals from ~10
Hz to ~4MHz (or till the output signal becomes very low) and record the output voltage (peak
to peak) as a function of frequency and tabulate it.

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6. While changing the frequency from the function generator, make sure that input voltage is
constant. If it is found to be changing, then set it back and then only monitor the output
voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain, Av = Vo/Vin as well as in dB, Gain (dB) = 20 log (Vo/Vin)
as a function of frequency and plot the gain (dB) as a function of frequency on a semi log (or
log-log) graph sheet.
8. Determine the cut off frequencies (at 3dB loss point), mark it on the graph and calculate the
band width and mid-band gain.
9. Compare the theoretical values with those obtained experimentally.

Question: Give one example of CB amplifier

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 Experiment 2. Multistage amplifier: Cascade of two CE stages

The aim of this experiment is to study a two stage RC coupled CE amplifier.

Objective: To assemble a two stage common emitter RC coupled amplifier and to measure the gain
as a function of frequency and hence find the gain band width.

V2
10V
+V

10k 3.6k 10k 3.6k

1uF
+ +
Vout
1uF
600 + Q1 Q2
NPN NPN
1uF
10k
V1 2.2k
-1m/1mV
180 180
2.2k
1kHz
+
+

820 1uF 820 1uF

Fig. 2.1 Two-stage RC coupled amplifier

Circuit analyses (to be completed before coming to the lab)

Draw the ac equivalent circuit and work out the expression for voltage gain for this amplifier.

Procedure:

1. Assemble the circuit shown in Fig.2.1.

2. Apply sinusoidal signal having peak to peak voltage~ 10mV to the input of the amplifier.
3. Display input as well as out put signal on to the CRO on two different channels
simultaneously.

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 4. Measure the output voltage as a function of frequency keeping the input voltage fixed
~10mV(why?).
5. Plot the gain as a function of frequency.
6. Determine the lower and higher frequency cut off and hence the bandwidth of the amplifier.
7. Trace input and out put signals at two-three frequencies. (The traces should be well labeled).
8. Compare the frequency response of single stage amplifier of experiment 1 and the RC
coupled amplifier.
9. Record the band width for triangular as well as square waves also.
10. Compare the frequency response of sinusoidal, triangular and square pulse.

Question:

1. What is the application of RC amplifier

2. What are the advantages of RC coupled amplifier

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 Expt. 03: Feedback Amplifier Circuits

Aim: The aim of the experiment is to study the effect of various feedback configurations on
amplifier output.
Objective: To construct amplifier circuits with different feedback configuration and study the
effect of feedback on mid-band gain, cutoff frequencies and gain-bandwidth product.
Circuit analysis (to be completed before coming to the lab)
Draw all the equivalent circuits, identify different feedback configuration and do
complete circuits analysis to calculate the gain and feedback ratio whenever
applicable before coming to the laboratory.

V (+)
10V

OSC

R8 R9
10k 3.6k  + Ch1 - + Ch2 -
R3 R4
 3.6k
C2 1F C4 1F

2N2222
R1 R12
600  C1
F
2N222 10k


+ R2 R5 R7
10 mV(p-p) 2.2k  180 2.2k  C3
C5 F

1F
R6 820
R11
 
R10
 



Fig 3.1 General two stage CE amplifier

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 V (+)
10V

OSC

R8 R9
10k  3.6k  + Ch1 - + Ch2 -
R3 R4
 3.6k 
C2 1F C4 1F

2N2222
R1 R12
600 C1 10k 
F


+ R2 R5 R7
10 mV(p- 2.2k  180 2.2k  C3
p) C5 F

R6 820  R111F
 
R10
 



Fig 3.2 Current feed back amplifier

V (+)
10V

OSC

R8 R9
10k  3.6k  + Ch1 - + Ch2 -
R3 R4
 3.6k
C2 1F C4 1F

2N2222
R1 R12
600 C1 10k
F


+ R2 R5 R7
10 mV(p- 2.2k 180 2.2k C3
p) C5 F
R111F
R6 820  
R10
 



Fig 3.3 Voltage feed back amplifier

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 Procedure:

1. Assemble the RC coupled amplifier circuit as in Fig. 3.1. Give an input ac signal and see the
output on the CRO screen. Increase the frequency till you get the maximum signal. Trace,
input and output waveforms. Increase the frequency further, till the gain is equivalent to that
corresponding to upper cutoff frequency. Trace the input and output signal at this frequency.
Note down the cut off frequency. Now reduce the frequency, till you get the lower cut off
frequency. Note down the lower cut off. Trace the input and output again at this frequency.
Determine the mid band gain and band width for the amplifier circuit.

2. Now assemble the circuit as in Fig. 3.2 for current feedback, only connections of R10 to be
changed from the circuit of Fig 3.1. Check a part of the output is being fed to the input. Once
again, check the mid band gain (it is lower than that obtained for Fig. 3.1, why?). Trace the
input and output at mid band gain frequency. Note down the and upper and lower cut off
frequencies. Determine the mid band gain and band width for the amplifier circuit.

3. Now assemble the circuit as in Fig. 3.3, voltage feedback. This requires the re-connection of
R12 of Fig 3.1, instead of grounding the one of the end, it goes to the first stage of emitter
directly. Check a part of the output is now being fed to the input. The feedback configuration
is different than that in Fig. 3.1. Once again, check the mid band gain (it is lower than that
obtained for Fig. 3.1, why?). Trace the input and output at mid band gain frequency, and note
down upper and lower cutoff frequencies. Determine the mid band gain and band width for
the amplifier circuit.

4. You must trace the input and output waveforms for the maximum gain frequency, and upper
and lower cutoff frequencies for all the three configurations. Also tabulate these values and
calculate the gain and bandwidth in all cases.

5. If time permits, record, frequency vs gain for each configuration and plot the graph.

6. Determine gain band width product in each case and compare it for different feedback
configuration.

Question:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the feedback amplifiers. How will you
choose the suitable feedback configuration for different applications.
2. What is the difference between the circuit of Fig 6.1 and that of the circuit used in
second experiment?

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 4. Operational Amplifier Circuits

Aim: To construct (a) inverting OR non inverting amplifier and perform (b) addition, (c) subtraction
(d) integration and (e) differentiation of analog signals using an operational amplifier (IC 741).

(Note: Draw all the equivalent circuits and work out the expressions for the output voltages
and the voltage gain of the amplifier, final values of gain can be worked out after measuring
the actual resistances used).

Circuit diagrams:

Fig: 4.1 Non inverting Amplifier Fig: 4.2 Inverting Amplifier

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 Fig: 4.3 Adder circuit Fig: 4.4 Subtractor Circuit

1. Make the non-inverting amplifier circuit as shown in fig.4.1. Give a d.c. input of say 2 V and
measure V0. Repeat the above step for different R2/R1 ratio and verify the function of the
non-inverting amplifier as a scale changer. Now give a sinusoidal input signal ‘V i’ with
frequency 1 kHz and peak to peak voltage 5 V. Trace the input and output signals. Measure
the peak to peak voltage of output signal V0. Repeat for various input frequencies.

2. Make the inverting amplifier circuit as shown in fig. 4.2. Give a d.c. input of say 2 V and
measure V0. Repeat the above step for different R 2 and R1 values and verify the function of
the inverting amplifier as a scale changer. Now give a sinusoidal input signal ‘V i’ with
frequency 1 kHz and peak to peak voltage 5 V. Trace the input and output signals. Measure
the peak to peak voltage of output signal V0. Repeat for various input frequencies.

3. Make the adder circuit as shown in fig. 4.3. Set V1= +1V and V2=0. Measure the output
voltage. Repeat the measurement for V2 = 1, 2, 3 and 4V. Check the output voltage and
compare it with V0 = -(V1+V2), the theoretical value. Tabulate the experimental output
voltage and the excepted (theoretical) values. Can you construct appropriate inverter circuit
such that the output is V0=V1+V2

4. Make the subtractor circuit as shown in Fig. 4.4. Set V1=0, and measure the output voltage
V0 for V2= 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, and ±4V. Tabulate the input and output voltages. Compare the
measured output voltage with the expected (theoretical) voltage.

Exercise: Design the circuit diagram to calculate the off-set voltages, CMRR for op-amp.

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 Expt. 05: Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using Opamps

Aim: To perform (a) integration and (b) differentiation of analog signals using an operational
amplifier (IC 741).
(Note: Draw all the equivalent circuits and work out the expressions for the
output voltages and the voltage gain of the amplifier, final values of gain can
be worked out after measuring the actual resistances used).

Circuit diagrams:

Fig: 5.1 Integrator Circuit Fig: 5.2 Differentiator circuit

Procedure:
1. Connect the integrator circuit as shown in Fig. 5.1. Apply a sinusoidal input signal Vi with
frequency 1 kHz and peak to peak voltage 5V. Trace the input and output signals. Measure the
peak to peak voltage of output signal V0. Tabulate the readings. Repeat the experiment f or
square and triangular waves . Repeat for C= 0 . 0 4 7 μF and 0.1μF. Calculate the output
voltage theoretically and compare with the experimental data.
2. Connect the differentiator circuit as shown in Fig. 5.2. For sine wave, square wave and
triangular wave inputs Vi (1 kHz and Vpp = 5V), measure the peak to peak output voltage.
Trace the input and output signals. Calculate the theoretical output data.
Exercise:
Derive the expressions for the gain of the above circuits. Suggest the ways for the gain to
be independent of frequency.

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 6. Filter circuits using op Amp

Aim: To construct and study low, high and band pass filters using op-amp, determine the cut-off
frequency (ies) and measure the voltage gain and phase shift as a function of frequency.

Circuit diagrams:

Fig: 6.1 Low Pass Filter

Fig: 6.2 High Pass Filter

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 Fig: 6.3 All Pass Filter

Prior preparation: Circuit analysis has to be done before coming to the laboratory.

Procedure:

1. For the low pass filter, make the circuit as shown in Fig. 6.1. Apply an ac signal of 1-2V
peak to peak and measure the output voltage by varying the frequency of the input signal
from 100Hz-1MHz. Plot the voltage gain as a function of the frequency. Determine the cut
off frequency and calculate the allowed frequency band for the low pass filter. Check if there
is any change in phase shift of the signal with frequency.
2. For the high pass filter, make the circuit as shown in Fig. 6.2 Repeat the experiment as for
low pass filter and find the cut off frequency.
3. For the all pass filter, make the circuit as shown in Fig. 6.3. Repeat the experiment as in
previous circuits. Measure and plot the gain as well as phase shift as a function of the
frequency.
4. Trace the input and output signals for each of the above circuits atleast for two frequencies
and mark the phase difference on them.
5. Study the variation of phase in all the above circuits with the frequency and make a suitable
plot for it.

Question: Why do you observe some cut off frequencies for all the filter circuits.

Reference
1. R A Gayakward, ‘Opamp and Linear Integrated Circuits’, Prentice Hall India

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 7. Oscillator Circuits

Aim: a) To construct audio frequency oscillators of the type LC (Colpitt oscillator)

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: 7.1 Colpitt Oscillator

Procedure:

Assemble the Colpitt oscillator circuit shown in Fig. 7.1. The frequency of oscillation is given by
the expression, f=1/(2π√LCT), where CT is the total capacitance. Trace the oscillator output.
Repeat for different values of CT ( at last three different values). Measure the frequency of the
oscillator using a CRO. Compare the experimental frequencies with the theoretical values.

Compile the results and enclose well label traces of waveforms.

Precaution: List out the precautions and any other step/s followed by you.

Aim: b) To construct an astable multivibrator using IC 555.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: 7.2 Free-running M.V.

(RA=1k, RB=3k,10k, 18k)

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Procedure:
1. Assemble the astable circuit shown in Fig. 7.2.
2. Trace the output waveform. Try to use the control voltage terminal and vary the output pulse
width and observe the output waveform. The square wave output will have frequency f=
1.4/[C (RA+2RB)].
3. Repeat the experiment for different R A, RB and C values (three different combinations of two
resistances and three values of C, a total of nine observation).
4. Measure the pulse width and time period and hence frequency and tabulate the data properly.
5. Trace the voltage across the capacitor alos.

Compile the results and enclose the waveforms traces.

Precaution: List out the precaution and any special steps followed by you.

Pin-out diagram for each IC555 chip is given in Appendix I.

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 Expt. 8: Phase shift and Wien Bridge Oscillators

Aim: To construct phase shift and Wien Bridge Oscillator circuits using opamp.

Circuit Diagrams:

Fig: 8.1 Phase Shift Oscillator

Fig: 8.2 Wien Bridge Oscillator

Procedure:1. Make the circuits as given in diagrams Fig 8.1 and 8.2. Check the output, measure the
frequency of the output signal and compare with the theoretically calculated frequency.

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