Image and Graphics

Image is the spatial representation of an object. It may be 2D or 3D scene or

another image. Images may be real or virtual. It can be abstractly thought of as
continuous function defining usually a rectangular region of plane. Example:

Recorded image- photographic, analog video signal or in digital format

Computer vision- video image, digital image or picture

Computer graphics- digital image

Multimedia- deals about all above formats

Digital Image Representation

An image can be abstractly thought of as a continuous function with resulting
values of the light intensity at each point over a planar region.

A digital image is represented by a matrix of numeric values each representing a

quantized intensity value. When I is a two-dimensional matrix, then I(r,c) is the
intensity value at the position corresponding to row r and column c of the matrix.

The points at which an image is sampled are known as picture elements, or pixels.
The pixel values of intensity images are called gray scale levels. If there are just
two intensity values (e.g., black and white), they are represented by the numbers 0
and 1. Such images are called binary-valued images. When 8-bit integers are used
to store the intensity values, the gray levels range from 0 to 255.

Intensity: In the context of a digital image, intensity refers to the brightness level
of a pixel. For grayscale images, this is a single value, while for color images, it
includes values for each color channel (e.g., Red, Green, Blue).

Image file-size: It depends on total number of pixels and no. of bits per pixel
(quantization).
Image file-size = W*L*n bits
where W = width (pixels) L = length or height (pixels) n = number of bits per pixel

Image format
Image Format refers to the standardized way in which an image is encoded
and stored in a digital file. Each image format defines how the image data is
organized, compressed, and presented, including information about color,
transparency, and metadata.

Image formats are basically of two kinds:

a) Captured Image Format: This is the format which comes out from
Image frame grabber. . It is specified by mainly two parameters:
Spatial Resolution (specified by pixel × pixel)
Color encoding (specified by bits per pixel)
Both these parameter values depend on hardware and software for the
input/output of images.

b) Stored Image Format : While storing an image, we store a two-

dimensional array of values, in which each value represents the data
associated with a pixel in the image. For a bitmap, this value is a binary
digit.
For a color image (pixmap), the value may be a collection of:
Three numbers representing the intensities of the red, green and blue
components of the color at that pixel.
Three numbers that are indices to tables of the red, green and blue
intensities.
A single number that is an index to a table of color triples.
An index to any number of other data structures that can represent a color.
Four or five spectral samples for each other.
Image file format include:
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
X11 bitmap
Postscript
JPEG (Joint Picture Expert Group)
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) etc
 Graphics Format
A graphics format refers to the specific method used to
encode, store, and display digital graphics, images, and visual content on
computers or other digital devices.

Graphics image formats are specified through graphics primitives and their
attributes. Graphics primitives include lines, points, curves,rectangles, etc.
specifying 2D objects or polyhedron, etc. specifying 3D objects. A graphics
package determines which primitives are supported. Attributes of the
graphics primitives include line style, line width, color effect, etc., that affect
the outcome of the graphical image.
Graphics primitives and their attributes represent a higher level of an image
representation where the graphical images are not represented by a pixel
matrix

Different Image and Graphics Format

Raster (Bitmap) Formats

Raster formats represent images as a grid of individual pixels, where each pixel has a specific
color value. These formats are best for detailed and complex images like photographs.

1. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

o File Extension: .jpg or .jpeg
o Compression: Lossy compression, which reduces file size by discarding some
image data. This can lead to a loss of quality.
o Color Depth: 24-bit color (16.7 million colors).
o Transparency: Does not support transparency., ie Fully Opaque
o Use Case: Ideal for photographs and images with gradients due to its balance
between quality and file size.
2. PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
o File Extension: .png
o Compression: Lossless compression, which retains all original image data
without quality loss.
o Color Depth: 24-bit color (16.7 million colors) and 8-bit transparency (alpha
channel).
o Transparency: Supports transparency and varying levels of opacity.
 3. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
o File Extension: .gif
o Compression: Lossless compression but limited to 256 colors.
o Color Depth: 8-bit color (256 colors).
o Transparency: Supports binary transparency (a single color can be fully
transparent).

Vector Formats

Vector formats represent images using mathematical equations to define shapes, lines, and
colors. They are resolution-independent, meaning they can be scaled to any size without losing
quality

 SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)

 File Extension: .svg

 Compression: Not typically compressed, but can be compressed using gzip.
 Color Depth: Supports millions of colors, as defined by the vector shapes.
 Transparency: Supports transparency and gradients.

 EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)

 File Extension: .eps

 Compression: Not inherently compressed, but can include compressed images within the
file.
 Color Depth: Supports various color depths, including CMYK and RGB color modes.
 Transparency: Limited support for transparency; mainly used for vector graphics..

 PDF (Portable Document Format)

 File Extension: .pdf

 Compression: Can include both compressed and uncompressed content, depending on
the settings.
 Color Depth: Supports various color depths, including CMYK and RGB.
 Transparency: Supports transparency in vector graphics and images.

 AI (Adobe Illustrator)

 File Extension: .ai

 Compression: Not typically compressed; uses lossless vector data.
 Color Depth: Supports various color depths and color modes.
 Transparency: Fully supports transparency and gradients.
Image Synthesis, analysis and Transsmission

Computer Image Processing

Image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a
photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or a set of
characteristics or parameters related to the image.

Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optional and analog image
processing also are possible.

Computer image processing comprises of image synthesis (generation) and image analysis
(recognition)

Image Synthesis

Image synthesis deals with the generation of images of real or imaginary objects. It is an integral
part of all computer user interfaces and is indispensable(is necessary) for visualizing 2D, 3D and
higher dimensional objects. Areas as diverse as education,science, engineering, medicine,
advertising and entertainment all rely on graphics.

Dynamics in Graphics

Graphics are not confined(restricted) to static pictures. Picture can be dynamically varied; for
example, a user can control animation by adjusting the speed, portion of the total scene in view,
amount of detail shown, etc

Dynamics can be of two types:

a) Motion Dynamics: With motion dynamics

I. Objects can be moved and enabled with respect to a stationary observer.
II. The object can remain stationary and the view around it can move.
III. Both the objects and the camera can move.
b) Update Dynamics: Update dynamic is the actual change of the shape, color, or other
properties of the objects being viewed.

The Framework Of Interactive Graphics System:

The Framework of Interactive Graphics refers to a structured approach or system used to

create, manage, and interact with graphics in a digital environment. Graphical images are generated
using interactive graphics systems. The high level conceptual framework of almost any interactive
graphics system consists of three software components
 a) Application model:
 The Application Model in the framework of interactive graphics is a crucial
component responsible for defining and representing the graphical data and
objects that will be displayed on the screen. . It is stored in an application
database. The model is application-specific, and is created independently of any
display system.
b) Application Program:
It converts the description of the primitives from the application model
into the commands the graphics system uses to create an image. The
application program handles user input. It produces views by sending to
the third component, the graphics system, a series of graphics output
commands that contain both a detailed geometric description of what is to
be viewed and the attributes describing how the objects should appear.of
graphics output commands.
c) Graphics System:
 The graphics system is an intermediary between the application program
and the display hardware. It is responsible for actually producing the
picture. It performs two kinds of transformations:
 Output transformations (from objects in the application model to
a view of the model)
 Input transformations (from user actions to application program
inputs that cause the application to make changes in the model
and/or/picture)

The application program consists of a graphics subroutine library or

package, which includes output subroutines corresponding to various primitives,
attributes and other elements.

Graphics Input/Output Hardware

At the hardware level, a computer receives input from interaction devices and
output images to display devices.

Graphics Input:

Input to the graphics hardware is provided through the input devices such as the mouse, the
data tablet, the touch panel, etc. Other devices include track-balls, space-balls and the data glove. Even
audio communication is used for providing input to graphics hardware

Graphics Output:

Output from the graphics hardware is displayed by output device such as

Raster display. Most common type of graphic monitors using raster scan display type CRT
Point plotting device Based on TV technology. Capable of presenting bright pictures
Unaffected by picture complexity Suitable for showing dynamic motion Lower cost Ability to
display areas filled with solid colors or patterns. Requires large amount of memory (RAM)

Dithering:

Dithering is the process by which we create illusions of the color that are not
present actually. It is done by the random arrangement of pixels.

It involves arranging pixels of different colors in a pattern to simulate a new color

or gradient effect.

Dithering is a process used in output devices(monitor screens and some printers)

to produce shades of grays or tints of colors. The idea is to visually produce an
image which is as close to the original image but using less colours.

Image Analysis

Image analysis is concerned with techniques for extracting descriptions of objects

from images. Image analysis techniques include computation of perceived
brightness and color, partial or complete recovery of three-dimensional data in the
scene, location of discontinuities corresponding to objects in the scene("Location
of discontinuities corresponding to objects in the scene" refers to identifying
points or areas in an image where there is a sudden change in visual properties,
such as color, brightness, or texture, which often indicates the boundary or edge
of an object.) and characterization of the properties of uniform regions in the
image(refers to analyzing and describing areas within an image where the visual
properties—such as color, brightness, or texture—are consistent or uniform. )

Image analysis involves activities where the different properties of the image, its
orientation and other data related to it is extracted, evaluated, compared in order to
get some result. It may deal with calculating the intensity, hue, saturation of the
image, the centroid, and identification of noise, detection of patterns or recognition
of the image itself. It might result in a complete recovery of 3D data in the scene.

Image analysis has profuse importance in several areas and they are
Criminology Biometrics Analysis of aerial surveillance photographs
Medicine Analysis of slow scan television images of the moon or of plates
gathered from space probes Machine vision
Image Recognization

To fully recognize an object in an image there should be agreement between

the sensory projection and an observed image. How an object is displayed in an
image is represented by the spatial configuration of pixel values, therefore there
should be agreement between observed spatial configuration and expected sensory
projection.

1) Image Formatting: Image Formatting means capturing the image

from camera and bringing it into digital form ie generating the digital
representation in the form of pixels
2) Conditioning: After Image Formatting the image usually contains
unwanted noise that alters the process of image recognization.
 Conditioning is the process of removing those unwanted noise so that
they don’t have influence over image recognization.
3) Labeling: Labeling is the process of giving or assigning the
descriptive information (or tags) or identifiers to the objects in the
image so that helps to categorize different elements in the object so
that they can be recognized.
4) Grouping: Grouping refers to arranging the pixels so that they can
form the meaningful shape and structure. Edges can grouped to form
lines and curves can be grouped to form circle.
5) Extracting: Extracting refers to the process in which data and
attributes related to images are calculated and computed. It ends up
creating a list of pixel properties
6) Matching: Matching is the last step in Image recognization where
image under consideration is related with some pre defined objects,
properties ,shape and structure. Matching may involve the process of
matching the image with the object stored in database

Image transmission:
Image transmission takes into account transmission of digital
images through computer
networks. There are several requirements on the networks when
images are transmitted:
The network must accommodate bursty data transport
because image transmission
is bursty (The burst is caused by the large size of the image).
Image transmission requires reliable transport.
Time-dependence is not a dominant characteristic of the
image in contrast to
audio/video transmission.