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I BE-BE Notes Module 4 - P1-P22

For more than 30 years, our entrepreneurial spirit has defined Cognizant. When we’re not advising our clients on the next groundbreaking solution, we’re improving lives by volunteering in our communities, fostering inclusion through our affinity groups and so much more. We don’t just dream of a better way—we make it happen!

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koli93963
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30 views22 pages

I BE-BE Notes Module 4 - P1-P22

For more than 30 years, our entrepreneurial spirit has defined Cognizant. When we’re not advising our clients on the next groundbreaking solution, we’re improving lives by volunteering in our communities, fostering inclusion through our affinity groups and so much more. We don’t just dream of a better way—we make it happen!

Uploaded by

koli93963
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE of dhe BIT 28 an amplifier | - [Moone of] Amplification is a proces of increasing the BIT Applications, Feedback Amplifies and oscillates amplitude of an electrical signal . Figme belocs ahocos the circuit diagram or an amplifier aing Bipolen Pancho Tranishee (BIT). For a BTT to aork as an amplifier the emithn base jrunetion sheald be forward biased and. the Collector bae junction should be nevewe biased . Re x T Nec An AC Voltage v, i applied at the inpeck side of the transiston. Zhe DC voltage Vg_ 418 teed do ported bias sthe emitter base funchion and the De volhye Vv & wed to mevere bias the collector bee jarction. Zhe Ac input Voltage Produces an Ac bee A Cwoment @hich mesulle in mach lerga “Golector coment EQ @ ahis Ac Collector cument produces an Ac vollnge across Re thus producing an amplified Voltage Ve- Zhe fronaerd biased emittn base guncticn precntg a very, Low resistance to the AC signal. Lhd indomal Ac resistance % denoted a ne. Khe ve may arte Zhe Ac Collect Volkage v, ® eyuel to the Ac volkege drop acres Re Vv Since TY the Ac collector Volage Me I} = e fe Vv, mag be Considered as the sramistor ac input vollage and ¥, Can be Comideed a3 the transistor Ac oud pe Noliye, Since the Voltage gain # defmed as the ratio ofp owkped Voltage fo the input Vollage, the ratio of Vv, to ¥, ® dhe Ac Volbage gain of the tremsdon, verb # d =Ne Y TR AV = eRe Vo € Hy ot @ Cancelling Ty #2 have, Ay = Re %e Since Rz is alaags Comiderably larger in value than % > the ontput voltage is greater: than the inprde Voltage. Zhe BIT a3 a sgaitch Zhe second Major applicediom of BIT that it an be wed an electronic svitch. Shen wed. a an electronic saitch, the BTT 8 © ech abtouedely in cabopf- mode ard setkwration. BIT in cutof} mode : a Ves +Vec 1 = Re : Re Re meee © o.6 , Vo Tyo BK Nee = @hen Vg sev, the emir bee junckion is meveve bieged . Lhy make I,=O and hence E=PIy=0. Zhe tramistn @ now an the Gdoff, mode. Now dhe dnarsisdor acts as an opensautch @& bhoan an the figme above Under cutoff we heve Nee (etal) ec Te (atopy = © BIT 4n sakeaakion mode #¥ Since VorGat) ® veysmall Sompaned to an be neglected © Yea =. Gat) Re sthe minimum value of bese ceroent reaped to meaintnin sedation % gaven bg 7b eu) = Fe Gat) B Transistor Saitch Cincuit to saitch on/are gn LED Mente sie gery OO SO tee d Te LED oJ LL ate 3.53 ag8 Figae shoas the transistor santoh Cincuit to swatch the LED ON and oFF. A Syume Mave @iath a Peuad of 13 (658 ovolls and 0.53 SV) ip appled as anpit te the transistor. @hen the saume aave 6 ak OVolrg the emittee bee junckion is evese biwed and the trarator Uh be catofl end acts an open switth. As a marth, the _ © - Collector Czment is Boo and she LED & oawitched OFF. When the Baume aave i at Sv, the cmilier base junchion % +oraad bleed and the trans tor Crtte indo gsahecakion megion. As a realt safficiend cotlectsr czorrent fous tHrengh the LED and henee she LED 4 switched ON. Positive and Negabive Feedback | - he pracess of sajeching a fraction of- owt ped Snergy olf some device back to the anprk 2s Knoon as feedback. Shee ore tro types of frecdback with respect to electronic amphtion I) Poviduve feedback, amplifion *- mp pte we Reg y, | fa 41 fe L Feedback Netaork When the feedback encigy Colkage ox Cament) 43 in phase auth dhe anpeé signal rd thus aidy ib, it is called positive feedback » Roth @ Camplifion and feedback nekwonk indnednce a phag shift of Igd hig reset in a sed phue Shift around, dhe Loop casing the feedback Voltage Ve to be in phse @itk the input signal Vin adhe positive fpeedbacte Uincnenses the gain of. dhe amplifier. Zhe porikive pocdhacte mates the catpat distorted and Causes the bgstem te be am tub le. 2. Negative feedbacn amplifier + - My Amplifier Feedback, Netcontc @hen the feedback energy Codtage or Ctoorent) ve ouk of Phase ath the amped signal and thee OP Posey AE, tb iy called, Regakive feedback. Hee the camplfien rntrodueccs a phose shift Pf 180 whe dhe feed bau nekaionri. is designed 80 that ut introduces Ro phese ahi}t. This results tn Joop Garsing the fr & 188 phase shit around the eedbacre Voltage Ve do be ise cde of Phege @ith the input dignal Vin. Zhe negative feedback neduces the gain of- athe amplifver Howeven the negabive feedback improves ‘the performance of dhe cincuik. Vo Lkage Seneca Neg ative Fe Amplifier v. vo 3 Re a nm A ; Feedback \ Netaonte : Boo} Gomaidea a volkage sues feadback ampdifion 23 shown in dhe figme above. Let 4 be the goun of the amplifier aithout feedback’. Let 6 be the feedback frachion of the feedback nebaort The odput of the feedback network i given by @ Zhe amplifier ocutpxk v, 4 given by. Vi = AN; A Cine 8y,) " ot 4 “oa N + |> > Da Natt ae e Vos A,Y. ° Ghee A, is dhe gain of the amplified aith feedback and is given by 1+aB I con be shown thet the input impedance @ith freed we given bg Fig =F (+A8) @hee Z; i the inpub impedance ofp the amplifier @ithoat feedback. From the Gepression it 49 seen thed, she inpot impedance increases due to feedback Similarly the output impedance auth feed back & Given by Zep = Ze I+AB @hene z, is dhe ontped impedance of the ampler @ithouk feedback. From the caxpression tf can be Been that the octpet impedance reduces auth pealbac. considering the gan aith feedback Ay ae have, Ag =A 1+AB df ABS, then the above @cpression become, Ag =A =! AB 8 Now it can be seen thet, the gain qith qpeedback depends only on the feedback fraction. she feedback fraction i» *afpected bg change in iemperalne, Vevation in dtransiedn pmametes and qresneng - Henge the gain of dhe ampdifier ait feed Kanne fe coctremely aiteble. Gain Stability ith Feedback | - We know that, dhe amplificn aith feedback hea a Pin Ag = A I+AB Difperentiating wrt 4 on both sida, @ dag = 4 va (a8) = 1 Ag Crag) A On Recmranging , At = dA Af ItAB OA @hen ABD! , We have > dag 2, =) Ag ABA Shis shows thal the nelative change Ag in the Ag gain of the amplifies aaith feedbactc is neduced by a factor AB. Gain and Bandaidth of Ireedbact amp lif ier Gain O77 A Consider a freqnency esponse (graph of gain Vewas dreeyaency) of an amplifie: with and alithowt feedback. 9 Can be seen that the badedh Of the amplifie. auth peedback is denge chen Compared aith the amplifier witha freed back. The incnese in bandwidth Comes at dhe cost o} neduccion in goin. Also it Lan be shoan thet the gain bandaidth product & Comant for an amplifier Qith and a@idthout feedback. Khok is A @w) = Ay @w) e Proper ties of Negakve Feedback Amplipior 1, Desensikize the gain :- Negative Feedback brings stability do the amplifier bg making the gain tes sensitive dp all voriakions . : 2. Reduces Distortion 1- Negahve feedback makes the cudpat proportional to athe inpak. g. Reduces the effect of the Roise 1- KE minimizes the Condmibabion by tnaanted signals 4, Controk dhe input and cutpat impeclance '- Negative feedback increases ox deceae the inp and oudpat- Ampedamce.. @ 5. Badend, the bandaidth of the amplifin I~ Ry wing the feedback, the bandaidth Can be increased Advantage of negakive Feedback | 1. Lhe amplifier gains stability Signs ficank extension of bandaidth 3. Vou seg disdonsions 4. Decnewmed. encdput impeclance Reduces Noise and other interferences Bankhawsen Condition of oscillations ie Towser emeeesen ll eee Consider the schemabic ofp a positive feedback ampifion @ithort inpat signal as shoan below a B A % the gain of the amplifier and 8 & dhe freadbace fraction on atkenuakion of the pecdback nekworuk. Since the amplifier end feedback network Contains reactive elements, the value of A and B ame Complex value Zhe product Ag is called as loop gain. ay the value of B is adjustedt such that AB =!, then the Cocuit becomes self. oscillatory, dhat ih the Cerctut genemts Binusoidel oscillation, @ithout ang. inpet signal. Lhe condibion AB =| % Called Barkhansen Cutoia for oscillation - Accordingly do have a stscdtaned ascitlahon she condition, ae as pelleas : 1. @he magnitude of oop gain should be cajral to tnity- [aw] =! 2. Lhe Phe shijt araund the Joop shadsl be eqysal to oO om 360 [As =O O& S60 Rc Phase Shift Oscillator | - RE R |" < ce < t t ® Figte shows the Cincuit diagram of Re Phase Shift oscillaken, @hich Consists of an inverting amplifier and an Re phase shift network. Zhe amplition prodittes, a phase ahift of 180 and tke Re Phese shift network Produces a phee shift of 180 thft of o on 360. che thes giveng a total phae dreeynency of the oscillator Ceckped> depends “pen the Component values in the Re network. Zhe reap rang of Oscillation ts given by fe 1 2nRc [6 G£ can be shown that, ahen the redback fiehack Produces a phase ahift of 180° | she freed back pacon B is @ to Vaq. Zhi means, as Pe the Barkharsen’s anal Condition, tke amplifies gain A should be 29, For the dnverting amplifiean A = Rp + Lhe we have R Lhe Wien Budge dz an Ac bridge, thet balances at a Panticaler freayuency. Gn the Wien bridge cacillakm , fae cums of the aien budge wed as a feedback nebaork. whe wien bridge ascillecten 4s shoam in dhe figae above Ghee the OP- amp dogether @ith rewistors R, and Ry Constitutes the non srverking amplifia. She feeback, nekwork & made ap of Gmpo- mends ©,,8,, 0, and R,- At dhe balance breamency of- the Wien budge , the peedback Voltage fo in phase with the amplifier ozkpak. hhus the Barchaugen, Cribeda off Se phe shift around dhe loop 2 satisfied - The preqnency f @ of cxciUabions is given bg an RS, RS Practically the Components ane selected suck that R,=R and oc 46 given bg f G£ can be pound thet the feedback’ fraction B= 1 =o, . Hence the prerenty of oscillations 2K Rc, ae S Te satisfy the Bankhausen Condition of oscillatians ac have A= 3 B80 dhat AB =!. hus ce have A= 'tRa =3 Ra Ry = 2Ry Ic S55 Time *- Ma ARS Comcuik) wweel Hhe $55 Timer és a poptler Tc (rbgralel te generate pthes of nequred aidth and preqnency. whe To & available in a B-pin Package aa a hoan belo: Supply Vo thage 3 Discharge oT Jt. Reset Triggee +2 34 cadkpack Threshold + Le» Control, Tce Khe detwiled Cenctiteg. 42 shean beloas: Wee R Ly ; 2BNec |e R Ya Vee i Too Bw Ww Lhe i ge. Threshold © } Voltage Component parts ame as jolloas 4. Voltage divider compraing of dmee Sk neintow Voltage Comparator CP! 3. Vodkage comparator CP2 RS Flip Flop 6. npn transistor Prp transistor Qt Qa Volbage companatons Compare the Voltage at then tavern ding and Ton inverking An prcks, When the non snverting inpat Volhage & dower. than the anverting input the adpuk & low. Lhe outpak saitche from teas do high ahen non inverting inpwk & higher than the Anyorting cpui. Zhe Companator CPI has its anverting anpet bical at 7/3 Nog and the comparator

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