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International Journal of System of Systems

Engineering (64 papers in press)

Regular Issues

• A Secure and Efficient Mobile ID

Framework for Authentication with
Enhance ECC
by Kapil Kant Kamal, Sunil Gupta, Padmaja
Joshi, Monit Kapoor
Abstract: The broad adoption of
smartphones as a primary computing
platform has led to their use for several real-
life applications. Online payment transactions,
location-based services, electronic
governance, and online social media are a few
of them. Such applications require access to
various services through mobile applications,
sharing sensitive information like
authentication credentials, pictures, videos,
personal data, etc. Therefore, the adoption of
secure Mobile Identity Management (IDM) is
the need of the day. We, in this regard,
provide a scheme for identity authentication
during online transactions. We first analyse
the design requirements and propose a
Mobile ID authentication architecture by
leveraging PKI (public-key infrastructure),
EECC (Enhance Elliptic Curve Cryptography),
and token-based authentication. Finally, we
use function verification and performance
analysis to assess the suggested method for
Mobile identity authentication. By contrasting
the proposed Enhance ECC with the current
RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman), AES, and ECC
algorithms, the overall performance is
examined. The experimental results show the
viability of this proposal.
Keywords: Mobile ID; Authentication;
Cryptography; Key Management; Network
Security.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059079

• Brain Tumor Detection Systems Based on

Histopathological Image Analysis Using
Segmentation and Classification by Deep
Learning Architectures
by Abdullah Alamoudi
Abstract: The human brain has billions of
cells and is one of the body’s most
complicated organs. This research proposes a
novel technique in histopathological image
analysis for detecting brain tumor by
segmentation with classification utilizing deep
learning (DL)methods. Input images have
been taken as histopathological images and
processed for noise removal, smoothening,
and normalization using Adaptive median
filtering and Macheno-Stain Normalization.
Then the processed image was segmented
utilizing an active contour-based Kernel k-
means clustering operation where the tumor
region has been segmented, and this
segmented part has been classified. The
classification has been carried out using
Boltzmann Q- learning with a convolutional
network, where the exact tumor region has
been classified, and its volume has been
analyzed. Experimental analysis is carried out
for various histopathological brain images for
the proposed technique compared to the
existing technique. the parameters compared
are accuracy of 96%, sensitivity of 91%,
specificity of 86%, coefficient of dice of 85%,
Jaccards coefficient of 96%, spatial overlap
of 68%, AVME of 53%, and FoM of 63%.
Keywords: Brain Tumor; Segmentation;
Classification; Histopathological Image
Analysis; Deep Learning.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10057475

• Spark Framework-Based Crop Yield

Prediction Using KR-PEclat And Mish-
ANFIS-GRU Technique
by Anupama C.G, Lakshmi C
Abstract: Recent advancements have made
tremendous development in various fields
including the agricultural sector. Existing
research methodologies predicted the crop
yield only based on the soil and weather
conditions which in turn degraded the
efficiency of the crop yield prediction. Hence,
an efficient Mish-ANFIS-GRU and DI-LDA-
based crop yield prediction methodology is
proposed. Initially, the data obtained from the
historical dataset is pre-processed and data
partitioning is performed using the KR-PEclat
algorithm. The partitioned data is then fed
into the spark framework. Then, data
balancing is done using SMOTE technique to
obtain the highest matching data. Next,
features are extracted from the balanced data
followed by the DI-LDA-based feature
reduction process. The reduced features are
then fed into the Mish-ANFIS-GRU classifier.
Now, when the farmer enters the condition for
predicting the yield of the particular crop,
feature mapping is performed to provide a
better prediction of the crop yield.
Keywords: Imputation; Gated Recurrent
Unit(GRU); Linear Discriminant analysis(LDA);
Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interference
System(ANFIS); Synthetic Minority
Oversampling Technique (SMOTE).
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10057480

• Bidirectional LSTM and Self-Attention

Mechanisms based Multi-Label Sentiment
Analysis
by Aruna A.R
Abstract: This study proposes the
implementation of a novel optimization-
depend on deep learning algorithm for Multi-
Label Sentiment Analysis (MLSA). The goal of
the algorithm is to improve the accuracy of
sentiment analysis, particularly in the context
of e-commerce-related applications. This
technique effectively categorize the text data
into multiple sentiment classes, such as
positive, negative, neutral, or other emotions,
and to determine the overall sentiment
expressed in a given text document. The
challenge of MLSA on e-commerce data lies
in the informal and often cryptic nature of the
text, which can make sentiment analysis
difficult. To address this, a novel
optimization-empowered Bidirectional Long-
Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) system with
Self-Attention Mechanisms is proposed in this
research work. It uses the Bi-LSTM network
to capture the sequential relationships
between words in the manuscript and the
self-attention mechanism to dynamically
weigh the importance of different words in
determining the overall sentiment expressed
in the text
Keywords: Self-attention; Bi-Directional Long
Short-Term Memory; Multi-Label Sentimental
Analysis; Deep Learning; Sentimental
Analysis; Natural Language Processing.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059046

• Automatic Music Generation Using Bio-

Inspired Algorithm Based Deep Learning
Model
by V.Bhuvana Kumar, M. Kathiravan
Abstract: In recent years, automatic music
generation plays vital role to get multimedia
products cheaper and faster. For automatic
music generation, both machine learning and
deep learning methods were presented. The
researchers, in particular, have used long
short term memory (LSTM). Although the
LSTM model produces better results, its
prediction accuracy for music generation
needs to be improved further. Thus, an
optimized LSTM model is presented for
automatic music generation. Namely, to
improve the efficiency of LSTM, adaptive
crocodile optimization algorithm (ACOA) is
presented. Using ACOA, weight parameters of
the LSTM are optimized. It leads to enhance
the efficiency of music generation or music
vector prediction. The proposed scheme is
evaluated using classical music MIDI dataset.
The article's findings show that the proposed
ACOA-LSTM outperforms the conventional
LSTM in prediction accuracy.
Keywords: Automatic music generation;
LSTM; ACOA; MIDI.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058092

• Security and Data Privacy Systems

Concerns in IoT Using Consensus
Algorithm
by Maria Michael Visuwasam L, Sheetal Vishal
Deshmukh, N.R.Rejin Paul, M.Arun Manicka
Raja, Kanimozhi S, Anuradha Thakare
Abstract: The most recent technology to
emerge as a result of the quick development
of smart devices and related technologies
from both an industry and research
standpoint is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT
techniques are used in the development of
apps for real-time monitoring. Smart things
are vulnerable to attacks due to their
insufficient processing and storage capacities
and the ineffectiveness of current security
and encryption techniques. The first step was
an investigation and analysis of the study's
system to identify any potential breaches in
confidentiality or security. Second, several
security options are provided by blockchain
technology. The intricacies of the analysis,
such as the incorporation of enabling
technologies and the Internet of Things, are
broken down in great detail. After that, the
results of a sample experiment utilising a
blockchain-driven Ethereum and an intelligent
IoT system are shown to the audience.
Keywords: IoT; smart IoT; Block Networks;
Security; Privacy Systems; Cryptography
Technique.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058093

• An Enhanced Multi-Kernel Based Extreme

Learning Machine Model for Crop Yield
Prediction in IoT-Based Smart Agriculture

by Yogomaya Mohapatra, Anil Kumar Mishra

Abstract: Smart agriculture is a terrific
approach to boost agricultural output and
boost farm productivity, whereas the Internet
of Things (IoT) provides production and
control facilities with intelligent navigation.
Large-scale physical surveys and the use of
remote sensing data are two approaches that
are widely used for crop prediction. Due to
the growing volume of data generated by
remote sensing images and the requirement
for more sophisticated algorithms to identify
the underlying spatiotemporal patterns of this
data, this approach is essential for the issue
of forecasting agricultural yields. Despite the
fact that this field has made great strides
owing to machine learning techniques. Here,
we suggested a machine learning-based
automated prediction approach. The crop
production can be accurately predicted by
the suggested optimized Multi-Kernel Based
Extreme Learning Machine model. By
employing the adaptive rat optimization
technique to optimize the kernel parameters
of kernel functions, the performance of the
Multi-Kernel Based Extreme Learning
Machine is improved in this detection model.
The recommended OMK-ELM model can
detect crop yield output in IoT agriculture with
a maximum accuracy of 98.462%, precision
of 93.627%, and recall of 99.721%, according
to testing results.
Keywords: Crop Yield Prediction; Extreme
Learning Machine; IoT; OMK-ELM; Adaptive
Rat Optimization Algorithm; Machine
Learning.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058117

• Compact microstrip patch antenna design

using Deep belief neural network for
wireless application
by Sandhya Rani Sriram, Kumar Naik Ketavath
Abstract: This paper presents a deep belief
neural network (DBN) to design an inset-fed
E-shaped microstrip patch antenna. To design
the shape of such an antenna, a DBN is
proposed. This article is presented to design
of a compact patch microstrip antenna with
an operating frequency of 0.75 to 2.24 GHz
and 3 to 3.46 GHz. The upper and lower
notches maintain the same dimensions
throughout the design process. Notch length
and width are set for the investigation
purpose. The proposed work utilizes the
optimal DBNN model for the designing of the
antenna in terms of area and therein
significantly maximizes the bandwidth usage
and is also used for simulation purposes. The
outcomes are analyzed and compared with
state-of-art works and show our proposed
approach shows the reduced area with the
maximized bandwidth usage.
Keywords: Microstrip patch antenna; E-
shaped microstrip patch antenna; Deep belief
neural network; Bandwidth and Area.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058886

• Development of Detection & Recognition

of Human Activity in Sports using GMM
and CNN algorithms
by Dhivya Karunya S, Krishna Kumar
Abstract: The system offers a comprehensive
mechanism for tracking several individuals
and measuring their combined actions. Our
method assumes that a person's mobility,
activity, and neighbouring people's motions
and behaviours are meaningfully
interconnected. We propose a hierarchy of
activity types to allow a more natural
transition from solo mobility to communal
motion. The approach provides a two-tiered
hierarchical graphical model to learn the
spatial and temporal links between tracks,
tracks, and activity segments. We also
propose combining conviction engendering
with a branch and bound methodology
modified with whole number programming to
solve this intractable joint inference problem.
This work uses motion and context data to
jointly model and detect associated movie
actions. The realisation that geographically
and temporally related events rarely happen
separately and often serve as backdrops
prompted this. A hierarchical two-layer
conditional random field model represents
action segments and activities. The model
integrates motion and backdrop variables at
numerous levels and generates statistics that
automatically identify typical patterns.
Keywords: CNN; GMM; Sports Activity;
Medicine; Athletics; Entertainment Business;
Machine Learning; Human Activity in Sports.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058138

• Load Balancing in Cloud Computing

Systems Using Density Based Clustering
Approach
by Pearly Charles, Vimala S
Abstract: Cloud computing, which uses
clustering to load balance, is the current
paradigm for providing ultimate services to
society via the internet. This technology
delivers all PAYG services. Privacy, security,
reliability, and other problems offset
infrastructure, platform, and software gains.
Load balancing improves dispersed
environments. Recent research prevents VM
under- and over-loading. This research uses a
density-based clustering-derived LB method.
The turn around time (TAT) is much lower
than K-Means. K-Means and DBSCAN cloud
load balance. Clustering balances server
loads. Similar queries let server clusters share
the load. System performance, reaction time,
and downtime improve the traditional load
balancing works well. Round-robin sequence
requests among servers. Cluster servers
share the load. The least-connections
approach sends requests to the server with
the fewest active connections, ensuring each
server has a similar capacity. Clustering load
balances in real time. Clustering algorithms
transfer groupings to other servers to balance
demand. K-Means takes 269.875ms longer
than anticipated.
Keywords: Load Balancing; Turn Around Time
(TAT); Virtual Machine (VM); Cloud Lets;
Cloud Sim; Clustering Approach.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058171

• Predicting Consumer's Intention of

Biological Products Using E-Commerce
Data
by Kaliraj S, Raghavendra S, Femilda Josephin
J.S, Sivakumar V, Karthick K
Abstract: Digitalization has evolved as a
boon to the e-commerce market. Biological
products and organic products also target e-
commerce platforms to increase their
business. E-commerce has the upper hand
over traditional marketing practices due to its
adequate accessibility and usability. The
research revolves around consumers'
opinions in the form of ratings and the idea
that the products sold on E-Commerce
platforms correlate with the product's rating
and features like brand, price, etc. This lets
the practitioners predict the consumers'
intention by predicting the possible rating.
There are many approaches available to
predict consumer intention based on e-
commerce data. In this paper, we have
evaluated the performance of all the machine
learning classification algorithms. All of these
are used in our proposed structure to predict
consumer intention on a product. Here we
trained machine learning algorithms using an
extracted dataset for forecasting biological
product ratings based on other product
features. Performance of different machine
learning algorithms on e-commerce data
discussed using metrics.
Keywords: Supervised machine learning;
consumer behavior; classification algorithms;
e-commerce biological product; deep
learning.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059048

• Cardiovascular disease prediction using

Hybridization multi perception classifier in
secure IoT platform
by Safa M, Pandian A, Chakrapani K, Karpaga
Selvi, Kempanna M, Arun D, Umamaheswari
K.M
Abstract: The primary purpose of this study
is to propose a hybrid fuzzy-based decision
tree method for early heart attack prediction
using a continuous and remote patient
monitoring system. The first planned goal is
to create an IoT system that detects an
individual's level of stress and uses the
information gathered through sensor-linked
IoT to help individuals cope with stress. The
sensory system detects and monitors other
proposed data sets for heart disease patients
involved in temperature, blood pressure,
pulse oximetry, and stress. The IoT Edge
intelligence device senses signals from
sensors. It manages and monitors output
using the MQTT protocol. The IoT Hub, in
collaboration with large-scale devices,
generates analytical cardiovascular
predictions using streaming analysis and real-
time data processing in this suggested
system. Predictive models for stress analysis
are designed using machine learning
methods.
Keywords: Cardiac disease prediction; big
data analysis; HMPC; CHD; Stress; Sensors.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058918

• A novel approach for Enhancing

Mammographic Images
by Richa Sharma, Amit Kamra
Abstract: A severe health problem impacting
many ladies worldwide is mammary calcinoma
In order to reduce the risk factor connected
with the disease,pre-clinical identification of
breast cancer is essential,and mammography
is one of the finest screening methods
Mammogram quality and radiologists' ability
to correctly interpret them are crucial for
early cancer diagnosis In this study work,we
propose a brand-new method for improving
poor-quality mammography pictures Contrast
Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalisation
(CLAHE)and Morphological
Operations(MOs)are two image processing
methods we recommend using The
suggested technique tries to increase the
pictures' clarity and sharpness,which may
help in the early identification and diagnosis
of breast cancer The median filter,Low Pass
Gaussian filtering,Morphological
Operations(MOs),and Wavelet Decomposition
are the next steps in the suggested technique
after removing noise.The combination of
these two approaches will increase the
efficiency of mammographic image
enhancement,according to our studies,which
show a considerable improvement in picture
quality compared to CLAHE and MOs.
Keywords: CLAHE; Guided Image Filtering;
mammograms,Morphological operations;
Medical Image Processing.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058950

• A Fuzzy Inference System Confidence

Dynamic Concept Simulated Annealing
Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks

by Selvamani K, Kanimozhi S, N.R.Rejin Paul,

M.Arun Manicka Raja, Venkatasubramanian S,
Anuradha Thakare
Abstract: Scientific study has focused on
extending the lifespan of wireless sensor
networks, a cost-effective technique to
collect data from a specific area. Previous
studies offered a low-energy heterogeneous
wireless sensor network routing technique.
Few writers proposed the algorithm for
finding and calculating critical node linkages.
Installing more mobile nodes improved WSN's
topological connection earlier. Path design
was also proposed to maximise longevity and
decrease connected key node effects. Some
geo-cast methods used hop-to-hop
neighbour data. Dynamic resource routing for
wireless sensor networks is advocated using
an FIS and area segmentation. Thus, correct
device data flow saves energy and prolongs
channel life. This work introduces geographic
routing. Fuzzy logic determines neural source
coordinates, and weighted centroid
identification is suggested. A wireless fuzz
version measures flow to determine anchor-
edge device distance. It decreases localised
standard errors and node placement errors.
Second, boost messages to the next bounce
member nodes with the latest version. Smart
next-hop selection reduces node energy
usage and extends network lifetime. The
suggested thing outperforms existing ways in
power utilisation, completion time, and
location errors, according to simulations.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network; Internet
of Things (IoT); Segmentation; Classification;
Communication; Fuzzy Logic; Fuzzy Inference
System (FIS),.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059049

• Ensemble Regression Model-Based

Missing Not at Random Type Missing Data
Imputation on the Internet of Medical
Things
by Iris Punitha P, J.G.R. Sathiaseelan
Abstract: The Internet of Medical Things
(IoMT) combines IoT and health sensing
technologies, which allow for the early
detection of various health issues. However,
the data generated from IoMT devices may
contain missing values or corrupted data,
particularly when the missing data is of the
missing not-at-random (MNAR) type. Existing
solutions for imputing missing data in IoMT
have limitations such as low accuracy and
high computational cost. To overcome these
limitations, this paper proposes an ensemble
regression model (ERM) based on MNAR-type
missing data progressive imputation (MDPI).
The ERM-MDPI model combines three
regression models, namely Multilayer
Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Regression
(SVR), and Linear Regression (LR), to improve
the accuracy of imputed missing data in the
cStick dataset. The experimental results
demonstrate that the ERM-MDPI model-
based cStick imputed dataset generated
higher accuracy (93.6301%), precision
(91.0385%), recall (87.0898%) and F-
measure (89.0204%) than cStick missing
dataset. Therefore, the proposed solution
offers an efficient and accurate approach to
impute MNAR-type missing data in IoMT,
providing valuable insights for medical
decision-making.
Keywords: The Internet of Medical Things
(IoMT); Missing not-at-random (MNAR) data;
Ensemble regression model (ERM);
Progressive imputation; Medical decision-
making.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058313

• Application of Deep Convolutional Neural

Networks Systems in Autonomous Vehicles

by Souvik Ganguli, Charu Virmani, Vrince

Vimal, Gunjan Chhabra, Garima Sinha, Bobur
Sobirov
Abstract: The currently available sensor on
those self-driving automobiles does a poor
job of detecting the state of the road ahead of
them. However, daytime and nighttime
weather-related road conditions require safe
driving. Deep learning study for daytime
roadway identification uses data from a
vehicle sensor. An overview of the use of
deep convolutional neural networks in
autonomous cars is given in this article. The
paper starts by going through the difficulties
of creating autonomous vehicles and how
CNNs can be utilised to overcome these
difficulties. The author thoroughly explains
the basis of CNN and how it may be used for
tasks like object detection, lane finding, and
recognition of traffic signals. The research
also examines how CNN focus techniques and
transfer learning can be applied to
autonomous vehicles. The authors conclude
by highlighting the limits of current CNNs in
this field and suggesting future research. This
review article gives academic scholars and
industry experts a current overview of CNNs
in cars.
Keywords: Application; Deep Convolutional
Neural Networks Systems; Autonomous
Vehicles; Convolutional Layers; Convolutional
Neural Networks (CNNs).
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059050

• A Collaborative Approach for Testing

MapReduce Access Control Issues using
Agent-based Architecture
by Sara Hsaini, Mohammed Amine Tajioue,
Salma Azzouzi, Moulay El Hassan Charaf
Abstract: Security mechanisms such as
access control are of the utmost importance.
There have been a number of applications
where it has been used to control the actions
performed on resources by system users. In
this study, a novel approach to testing access
control list (ACL) policies based on the
analysis of access control responses is
presented. The main objective is to verify that
the policies meet the XACML language
specifications. As part of addressing the issue
in a practical manner, we propose an Agent-
based architecture for testing access control
of a MapReduce application in a multi-node
Hadoop cluster. The methodology is then
tested and validated through an "inverted
index" case study.
Keywords: Access Control; Distributed
Testing; MapReduce; Security; XACML; Multi-
Agents System.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059051

• Detection of Node isolation attack using

DNC mechanism in D2D Networks
by Balaji V, Selvaraj P
Abstract: Device to Device (D2D) network is
 Abstract: Device to Device (D2D) network is
a powerful technology that enables D2D
communication without additional
infrastructure support. There is no
authentication procedure in the D2D routing
protocol. As a result, it is a very desirable
target for attackers and is exposed to several
vulnerabilities, including node isolation
attacks during sessions. To avoid this
problem, a novel Denial of Node Contradiction
(DNC) with OLSR is proposed. According to
the simulation results, the proposed DNC-
OLSR algorithm outperforms the alternatives
in terms of the rate at which packets are
forwarded, indicating that the proposed
routing path is more stable than those of the
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
(DSDV), Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
(AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
protocols. However, the DNC-OLSR algorithm
is relatively low compared to the other three
algorithmic measures of packet loss and the
resulting delay. Moreover, the proposed
algorithm can provide more reliability and
stability for D2D communication.
Keywords: IoT; D2D; Security Issues; OLSR;
AODV; DSR; DSDV.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059052

• Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

based Cervical Cancer Detection and
Classification
by Suguna C, Balamurugan S.P
Abstract: Cervical cancer (CC) is a major
reason of death in cancer in women. The
problem of this cancer is limited once it can
be analyzed and preserved at the initial
phase. With the progress of artificial
intelligence (AI) technology, computer aided
diagnosis (CAD) is developed most leading
investigation topics of medicinal imaging
during recent decades. This study develops a
Computer Aided Diagnosis Model for Cervical
Cancer Classification using Deep Learning
(CADC3-DL) model. The presented CADC3-
DL model aims to recognize the occurrence of
CC on biomedical images. Initially, the
CADC3-DL technique creates a mask from
the input dataset. Next, the pre-processing
step takes place in two levels namely
Gaussian filtering (GF) based noise removal
and CLAHE based contrast enhancement.
Then, the CADC3-DL technique employs
customized U-Net segmentation technique
where the filter size in the traditional U-Net is
replaced by batch normalization (BN) to
accomplish enhanced classification accuracy.
Keywords: Biomedical imaging; Cervical
cancer; Deep learning; Computer aided
diagnosis; Batch normalization.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059072

• Study and analysis of Data Anonymization

Techniques for Social Networks
by Sivasankari K, Umamaheswari K.M
Abstract: Many people all across the globe
have been utilizing social media to exchange
information. Numerous firms apply social data
mining to extract numerous excit-ing insights
from social data which is represented as a
sophisticated network structure. However,
publishing social data has a direct and
indirect influence on the privacy of many of
its users. Recently, numerous anonymization
methods have been invented and deployed to
preserve sensitive information about users
and their interactions on social media. This
paper presents a complete assessment of
several data anonymization algorithms for
social network data and evaluates their pros
and downsides. It also tackles the primary
research problems surround-ing the
effectiveness of anonymization technologies.
Keywords: Data Anonymization; social
networks; graph modification; machine
learning.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058376

• Monitoring and Actuating Devices for

Analysis of The New Security Protocols of
Internet of Things
by A. Anandhavalli, A. Bhuvaneswari
Abstract: The Internet is ubiquitous and
significantly influences contemporary life. A
network of countless individually
distinguishable, connected, and physically
reachable things makes up the Internet of
Things (IoT). The Internet of Things can be
sensed, communicated with, and controlled
by any physical object that can function as a
computational device. Internet of Things,
cloud computing, and pervasive computing
affect corporate and software industries.
Software companies must modernise their
business models to compete. Data increases
as devices connect. This data transformation
can happen between devices, devices and
humans, and between devices and
businesses. Data fabrication, server and
network manipulation, and serious
ramifications for application platforms and
networks could all result from this. The
dangers and shortcomings of these
technologies have increased due to their
increased use in daily life. This study covers
IoT basics, challenges, and security.
Standardization is unattainable since so many
devices are connected heterogeneously
across platforms and networking protocols.
Academics can now study the IoT's
architectures, designs, applications, new
security risks, and challenges.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT);
Lightweight Local Automation Protocol
(LLAP); MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry
Transport); Quick UDP Internet Connections
(QUIC); User datagram protocol (UDP);
Zigbee; Bluetooth.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058411

• Adaptive cat optimization with Attention

based bi-LSTM for automatic software bug
detection
by Muthu Kumaran A.M.J, Umamaheswari
K.M
Abstract: The detection of software bugs is a
critical issue in the software maintenance and
development process because it is connected
to all software successes. Therefore, earlier
software bug detection is essential for
improving software's efficiency,
dependability, quality, and cost. Furthermore,
accurate software bug prediction is a critical
and challenging task. This article thus
develops the effective software bug
prediction model. The pre-processing, feature
selection, and bug detection phases of the
proposed model are the most important ones.
The input bug dataset is initially pre-
processed. Remove instances of duplicate
data from the dataset during pre-processing.
The feature selection is carried out by the
Adaptive Cat Swam Optimization Algorithm
(ACS) following the pre-processing step. At
last, the proposed approach uses a Bi-long
transient memory (Bi-LSTM) for bug
expectation. Bug prediction is done with the
promise and the NASA dataset. Based on
accuracy, the proposed model performs
better than the simulation results.
Keywords: bug prediction; Bi-long short-
term memory (Bi-LSTM); Cat Swam
Optimization; feature selection.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059053

• Firefly Cyclic Golden Jackal Optimization

Algorithm with Wavelet Artificial Neural
Network for Blackmailing Attack Detection
in Mobile Ad-hoc Network
by Parameshwar G, N.V.Koteswara Rao,
Nirmala Devi L
Abstract: Wireless networks called mobile ad
hoc networks (MANETs) have an enlarged
number of peer nodes. In recent studies, the
major challenges are poor false positive rate,
minimum detection rate and energy efficiency
with higher delay to enhance the security of
MANET. To overcome the problem, in this
work, the fuzzy clustering model forms the
clusters in MANET. The most appropriate
cluster heads are selected in the presence of
the Firefly Cyclic Golden Jackal Optimization
(FCGJO) algorithm thereby solving the issues
of energy and mobility of nodes. Wavelet
Artificial Neural Network model to detect a
blackmailing attack in MANET. The NS-2
simulation tool handles the implementation
works and the statistical parameters such as
attack detection rate, delay, energy
consumption, throughput, memory
consumption and etc to compute the
performance of proposed approaches. While
comparing to the state-of-art studies, the
statistical parametric results reveal the
proposed intrusion detection performance.
Keywords: MANET; Firefly Cyclic Golden
Jackal Optimization; Fuzzy clustering model;
Blackmailing attack and Wavelet Artificial
Neural Network.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058971

• A Novel Architecture for Diabetic and

Glaucoma Detection using Multi-Layer
Convolutional Neural Network System
by Neha Sewal, Charu Virmani
Abstract: The proposed effort aims to
develop a more predictive model for
identifying Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and
Glaucoma, two major retinal illnesses that
cause blindness in working-age individuals
globally. Colour retinal photographs are
challenging and time-consuming to diagnose
DR and Glaucoma. A multilayer CNN model
identifies DR and Glaucoma. The CNN-based
network has special upgrades and features to
boost diagnosis accuracy. The model can
better capture retinal picture subtleties by
adding data, improving diagnostic
performance. 3658 retinal pictures in five
categories are used for the DR problem from
the Kaggle dataset. With 1103 retinal pictures
and two class labels, RIGA is used for
Glaucoma. Using these datasets, the
proposed technique easily identifies healthy
and diseased retinal pictures, reducing
physician evaluations. Using two publicly
available datasets, the suggested model had
a prediction accuracy of 98%. These
measures demonstrate the model's capacity
to classify retinal pictures and detect DR and
Glaucoma. Finally, data-augmented multilayer
CNN models improve DR and glaucoma
diagnosis. Accuracy comes from detail and
large datasets. Data augmentation and
multilayer CNN models improved it. The
model may detect and treat severe retinal
problems earlier.
Keywords: Diabetic Retinopathy; Kaggle;
Deep Learning; Convolutional Neural Network;
Glaucoma; RIGA Dataset; Multi-Layer CNN;
Augmentation Techniques,.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059054

• An Optimal Insider-Threats Detection

Model Based on Improved Deep Belief
Network with Feature Reduction Scheme
for E-Healthcare System
by M. Madhavi, T. Sasirooba, G.Kranthi
Kumar
Abstract: An EHR (Electronic Health Records)
dataset contains routine actions performed
when accessing a patient's record,such
asassessment form history,pharmacy orders,
etc These actions differ depending on the
medical practitioner and the access period
Leakage of valuable information is a critical
challenge As the Internet-of-
Things(IoT)evolves,new security challenges
arise in existing security architectures An
organization's insider threat management is
at risk because attack surfaces have
expanded dramatically To solve the above
challenges,In this work,an Optimized Deep
belief network(DBN)is proposed to detect
insider threats in EHR Significant features are
generated using correlation coefficients,
random forest mean reduced accuracy, and
gain ratio to improve the performance of the
internal threat detection model An
appropriate mechanism (and function) is then
used to combine the features to obtain an
optimal set of features Adaptive rat
optimization algorithm (AROA) optimizes DBN
weight parameters to enhance performance
F-measure, recall, accuracy,precision, and G-
mean are calculated to measure Performance.
Keywords: EHR; Insider threat detection;
DBN; AROA and single optimized feature sets.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059055

• Risk integrated effort estimation of

software projects: a comparative analysis
of machine learning techniques
by Prerna Singal, Prabha Sharma, Charan
Kumari
Abstract: Accurate software project effort
estimation and risk management are the
pillars of delivering an on-time, within budget
and quality project. In our earlier research, a
formula for computing risk integrated effort
estimate by adding weighted cost of risk
management for each project cost factor to
the cost of initial effort estimate of the project
has been proposed. In this research, neural
network techniques: MLP, GRNN, CCNN and
RBFNN; support vector regression, and
adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system to
obtain the integrated effort estimate as close
as possible to the actual effort spent on the
project have been applied. The techniques
have been tested on two datasets: Agile and
Waterfall datasets. GRNN gave the best
results in terms of lowest values of accuracy
measures: MAE, MMRE, MBRE, and MIBRE.
This research also compares performance of
GRNN with evolutionary algorithms ABC, PSO
and GLBPSO, and the results for GRNN are
comparable.
Keywords: Agile projects; risk management;
neural networks; CoCoMo II; support vector
regression; risk exposure.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059056

• Vision Based Vehicle Tracking Network

and Counting Using Deep Learning Model
Systems
by Hemalakshmi K, A. Muthukumaravel
Abstract: Vehicle counting is a key
component of the vehicle behaviourist
approach and traffic incident detection for
certain video surveillance systems. The
accurate counting of vehicles in a variety of
traffic conditions using deep learning
algorithms and multi-object tracking systems
is a popular area of research in the field of
intelligent transportation. This research
suggests a three-step vehicle identification,
tracking, and counting process as a
framework for video-based vehicle counting
to estimate traffic flow. First, the Yolov3,
Faster R-CNN, and SSD deep learning
architectures are used to detect the vehicle,
and the performances of each are compared.
A modified DeepSORT algorithm tracks
observed cars, and a picture shows their
trajectory. In low-light and traffic conditions, a
new vehicle counting system uses tracking
data to count vehicles by type. Traffic figures
are compared. The recommended method
accurately recognises automobiles, tracks
multiple objects, and detects with high
precision and accuracy, according to
experiments. This method meets real-time
processing and vehicle counting needs. This
study's method can count automobiles on
difficult highways.
Keywords: Vehicle detection; Vehicle
Tracking Network; Vehicle counting; Deep
learning; Traffic video; Yolov3; DeepSORT
algorithm; Detection-Tracking-Counting.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058951

• Feed Forwarded Neural Network with

Learning-Based Tuna Swarm Optimization
(FFNN-LBTSO) For Semen Quality
Prediction Systems
by C. Shanthini, S.Silvia Priscila
Abstract: Nowadays, some new diseases
have come into existence due to lifestyle
diseases. The major causes of the change in
semen quality are environmental and lifestyle
factors. One of the key tasks to assess the
fertility potential of a male partner is semen
analysis. Data-mining decision support
systems can help identify this influence.
Some seminal quality predictions were made.
This research exploited unbalanced datasets
with biased majority-class performance
findings. Gradient descent local training is
prone to local minima. Meta-heuristic
algorithm optimization permits local and
global solution finding. The paper develops a
neural network model to predict semen
quality. This paper improves Tuna Swarm
Optimization using learning-based Feed-
Forward Neural Networks (FFNN) (TSO). To
balance normal and atypical cases, SMOTE
data balancing was used. Overflow produces
minority class instances until the balance is
reached. FFNN-LBTSO was tested for
predictive power. Steps include data source
and pre-processing, SMOTE, FFNN
classification, and LBTSO for classifier
weights and bias optimisation. UCI sperm
prediction. Sensitivity, specificity, G-mean,
and accuracy measure experimentation.
Fertility-optimal semen was detected.
Comparing SVM and ANN classifier results.
Keywords: Feed Forward Neural Network
(FFNN); Tuna Swarm Optimization (TSO);
Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique
(SMOTE); Learning-Based Tuna Swarm
Optimization (LBTSO); Artificial Neural
Network (ANN),.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058952

• Expansion of Situations Theory for

Exploring Shared Awareness in Human-
Intelligent Autonomous Systems
by Scott Humr, Anthony Canan, Mustafa
Demir
Abstract: Intelligent Autonomous Systems
(IAS) are part of a system of systems (SoS)
that interact with other agents to accomplish
tasks in complex environments. However, IAS-
integrated SoS add additional layers of
complexity based on their limited cognitive
processes, specifically shared situation
awareness that allows a team to respond to
novel tasks. IAS's lack of shared situation
awareness adversely influences team
effectiveness in complex task environments,
such as military command-and-control. A
complementary approach of shared situation
awareness, called situations theory, is
beneficial for understanding the relationship
between SoS's shared situation awareness
and effectiveness. The current study
elucidates a conceptual discussion on
situations theory to investigate the
development of an SoS’s shared situational
awareness when humans team with IAS
agents. To ground the discussion, the
reviewed studies expanded situations theory
within the context of SoS that result in three
major conjectures that can be beneficial to
the design and development of future SoSs.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Human-
Machine Interaction; Intelligent Autonomous
Systems; Shared Situational Awareness;
Situations Theory.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058953

• An Intelligent Neural Question Answer

Generation from Text Using Seq2se2 with
Attention Mechanism System
by Sonam Soni, Praveen Kumar, Amal Saha
Abstract: Utilising data to its fullest extent is
becoming increasingly important due to the
rapid advancement of data over the past few
years. Neural Question Answering is best for
this much data. Question-Answer pairings
have been laborious. Self-evaluation,
education, and courses require questions and
answers. Other AI businesses automate
customer support inquiries. Designing such a
system involves curating a database of
consumer enquiries and live customer
support representatives responses. For a new
query, the system finds the best matched
response in the curated dataset. Despite
lacking common sense and reasoning skills,
the Question Answering System is
nonetheless widely used. We propose using
reading comprehension strategies to
automatically generate questions from
sentences. The study used several methods
to find the best Question Answer Pair
algorithm. To boost accuracy, the model uses
BERT, ELMo, and GloVe embedding methods.
The model accurately reflects semantic and
syntactic characteristics of the input text
using these embedding strategies. Attention
mechanisms help the model focus on key
inputs and generate contextual predictions.
Attention and embedding improve model
accuracy.
Keywords: Neural Question Answer; Word
Embedding; Encoder-Decoder; AI firms;
Sequence-to-Sequence; Question Answering
System,.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058954

• SiamEEGNet: Few-Shot Learning for

Electroencephalogram-based Biometric
Recognition System
by Kriti Srivastava, Siddharth Sanghvi, Parag
Vaid, Palash Rathod
Abstract: Authentication is verifying a user's
identity when they enter a system. Due to
their distinctiveness, biometric-based
authentication solutions have started
displacing conventional systems. This study
suggests employing Electroencephalogram
(EEG) or brain waves as a biometric modality
since the level of uniqueness attained is
higher. These noise-free ECG beats generate
grayscale images using the proposed
SiamEEGNet. A customised activation
mechanism is also designed in this study to
hasten the integration of the SiamEEGNet.
The one that is suggested can extract
characteristics using provided data. EEG
signals are difficult to manually analyse and
extract features from since they are highly
dimensional and have a low signal-to-noise
ratio. Because deep learning architectures
have transformed end-to-end learning, this
study suggests employing them.
Convolutional Siamese Neural Networks are
used by the suggested method, SiamEEGNet,
to perform few-shot learning on a well-known
and openly accessible dataset called EEG
Motor Movement/Imagery Dataset (EEG-
MMIDB), which consists of 106 subjects. The
model is then quantitatively assessed using
several criteria for person identification and
authentication. SiamEEGNet competes
favourably with current cutting-edge
methods.
Keywords: Biometric Recognition; Siamese
Neural Networks; Convolutional Neural
Networks; PhysioNet; Electroencephalogram;
Spectrogram.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10058955

• Prediction of Lockdown Via Opinion Mining

from Tweets Using Machine Learning
System
by Jayalakshmi V, M. Lakshmi
Abstract: Social networks are connected to
the internet by architecture, facilitating
instantaneous digital information sharing.
Twitter users can share their thoughts and
opinions. During the COVID-19 pandemic,
polling and data helped choose the best
health intervention. The COVID-19 pandemic
showed that online forums and other
electronic media spread disinformation more
than the disease itself, threatening the world
health system. Since December 2019, the
new coronavirus has expanded significantly,
infecting more Indians since March 2020.The
Indian authorities locked down the country to
limit citizen mobility and stop the infection.
Social media outlets shaped user attitudes
about the severe lockdown enforcement. We
analyse user perception of lockdown
enforcement by compiling lockdown 1.0, 2.0,
and 3.0 tweets from many timelines. A Python
tool trains and evaluates the deep learning
framework using user feedback. Lockdown
3.0 and the government's policies are tested
using new data after creation. Python
analyses the forecast's performance in the
three lockout scenarios. Simulation findings
show that the proposed strategy outperforms
existing classification algorithms.
Keywords: Prediction; Lockdown; Opinion
Mining; Tweets; Machine Learning; Indian
Government; Python; COVID-19.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059014

• Application of Custom Ant Lion

Optimization Convolutional Neural
Networks for Liver Lesion Classification
System
by A.Bathsheba Parimala, R.S.
Shanmugasundaram
Abstract: In order to save a person's life, it's
essential to categorize the lesions of liver in
their early stages. The majority of scientists
prefer classifying liver tumours using machine
learning approaches. Recently, the use of
computer-aided technology for this purpose
has captured the interest of scientists. This
paper classifies perceptual datasets using
pre-trained network models and a lion-
optimized CNN classifier. However, neural
network learning can be improved, and deep
learning-based neural networks and its
applications are rarely studied. Additionally,
the Custom Optimized Convolution Neural
Network (CO-CNN) is suggested in this
research as a very accurate method for
classifying liver lesions. The de-noising steps
in this suggested method include a median
filter, the Random Forest (RF) method for
extracting the liver, the Gray Level Run Length
Matrix (GLRLM) method for extracting
features, and the CO-CNN method for
classification. This technique is tested on
Python. Experimental results showed that the
suggested approach exceeds existing
approaches in accuracy, sensitivity, and
specificity. It has 96% sensitivity and 97.77%
accuracy.
Keywords: Classification System; Liver
lesion; RF; Custom Optimized Convolution
Neural Network (CO-CNN); Sensitivity; Gray
Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM); Ant Lion
Optimization (ALO); Lesion Classification.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059811

• An Efficient Data Sharing Scheme Using

MultiTransaction Mode Consortium
Blockchain for Smart Healthcare
by Deepak Kumar Sharma, Adarsh Kumar
Abstract: Electronic health records (EHRs)
face security and transparency challenges,
necessitating new standards. Blockchain
technology holds promise for improving EHR
security in smart healthcare systems.
However, privacy and scalability issues
persist, particularly in off-chain transaction
management. We propose a method using a
multi-transaction mode consortium
blockchain (MTMCB) on Redis, enhancing
EHR retrieval speed via an Adaptive Balanced
Merkle (AB-M) tree. This approach combines
binary tree efficiency with Merkle tree
robustness. We employ a lattice-based ring
signature scheme for secure patient EHR
storage and retrieval. Our method
significantly improves upload and download
times compared to existing techniques,
offering a potential solution to EHR access
and security challenges.
Keywords: Blockchain; Smart Healthcare;
Electronic Health Records; Data retrieval;
Optimized Redis cache.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059329

• Comprehensive study of Skin Cancer

Detection and Classification from Skin
Lesion Images
by Joseph George, Anne Kotteswara Roa
Abstract: Skin diseases are among the most
prevalent and prevalent health issues that
people face today. Skin disease (SC) is one
among them and its discovery depends on
the skin biopsy yields and the aptitude of the
specialists yet the time utilization is more and
the detection precision is poor. SC detection
is difficult to perform at the beginning of the
disease, which quickly spreads throughout
the body and raises mortality rates. SC can
be treated if it is discovered early. To order
right and exact SC, the basic errand is SC
identification and characterization that in light
of the malignant growth illness elements like
shape, size, variety, evenness and so forth.
Numerous skin diseases share more similar
characteristics, making it difficult to select
important features from SC dataset images.
Consequently, the SC diagnostic precision is
improved by requiring a mechanized SC
detection and order system in this manner the
human master's shortage is taken care of.
This surveys different DL strategies for SC
identification and arrangement. The
classification accuracy improves and
computational complexity and time
consumption are reduced when these DL
methods are used.
Keywords: Skin cancer; accuracy; deep
learning; performance metrics; and data sets
are the key words.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059330

• A Secure Blockchain based food supply

chain management framework using
hybrid IDEA algorithm
by Mohammed Musthafa Sheriff I, John
Aravindhar D
Abstract: An agri based food supply chain
oriented blockchain technology might provide
lot of benefits like increased transparency,
accountability and traceability. But there exist
some challenges because of improper
education, policies, frameworks and some
technical aspects. Hence there occurs some
need in developing a system which is more
reliable that ensures the traceability,
trustworthy and proper delivery mechanism in
managing the Agri food supply chain.
Therefore, a modified blockchain-based food
supply chain is proposed based on Hybrid
IDEA(International Data Encryption Algorithm)
algorithm. It uses MDCNN (Multimodal Deep
Convolutional Neural Networks) along with
IDEA algorithm for ensuring the quality of the
food Here in this work, the farmers, food
processors and the various distributors will
 enter their data into the blockchain for
generating the incontrovertible record needed
for transaction. The transaction is encrypted
using HIDEA algorithm which makes the
authorization between the parties for
accessing the data.
Keywords: Multimodal Deep Convolutional
Neural Networks; blockchain-based food
supply chain; International Data Encryption
Algorithm; transparency; accountability and
traceability.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059358

• Covid-19: A Comprehensive Study of the

Emergence, Impact, Diagnosis, Treatment,
Challenges, and Future Perspectives
by Prabakaran G, Jayanthi K
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused
by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected
millions of people worldwide and has become
a major global public health challenge. This
review article provides a comprehensive
overview of the current knowledge on COVID-
19, including its epidemiology,
pathophysiology, clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, and treatment. The article focuses
on the various diagnostic techniques used for
COVID-19, including molecular, antigen,
antibody, and imaging tests, and provides a
comparison of their advantages and
limitations. The review also discusses the
various treatment options for COVID-19,
including antiviral drugs, immunomodulators,
and supportive care. Furthermore, the article
examines the impact of COVID-19 on
vulnerable populations, such as elderly
individuals, immunocompromised patients,
and individuals with underlying medical
conditions. Finally, the review highlights the
current challenges and future perspectives
for COVID-19 research, including the
development of effective vaccines and
strategies for pandemic preparedness.
Keywords: COVID-19; Epidemiology;
Pathophysiology; Immunocompromised;
Diagnosis; Treatment.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060236

• An Acceleration of Blockchain Mining by

Parallel Process and Proof-of-Luck with
Fair Share Technique System
by K. Lino Fathima Chinna Rani Vincent, M.P.
Anuradha
Abstract: Blockchain plays a vital role in
several applications; specifically,
cryptocurrency transactions are performed
through Blockchain applications. This
technique stores network data securely via a
distributed ledger. The transactions are part
of Bitcoin mining. Miners in the network
compute and verify these values. Blockchain
networks using proof-of-work (PoW)
consensus methods may have scalability
issues as transaction volumes climb. The PoW
mining mechanism cracks cryptographic
riddles to authenticate more transactions and
attach them to the Blockchain. When more
miners join the network, transaction
throughput and efficiency decrease,
increasing authentication time and energy
consumption. The proof-of-luck fair share
parallel mining approach addresses PoW
minings scalability issue. While retaining
network security, this method enhances
transactional validation quality and speed.
Parallel mining uses several processors and
processes to speed up Solo mining. The
unique method boosts solo mining to TPS.
Validators can mine various test case
scenarios utilising the proposed
methodologies in the testing environment.
Experimental results show that the proposed
technique can greatly increase Blockchain
TPS. Experimental results show computer
power's potential.
Keywords: Parallel Mining; Scalability;
Blockchain; Proof-of-Luck; TPS; Fair Share;
Miners; and Transactions System.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060238

• Customized U-Net Model based Brain

Tumor Segmentation in MRI Images and
Ensemble based Tumor Classification
Systems
by Devisivasankari P, Lavanya K
Abstract: Medical image processing requires
autonomous brain tumour segmentation
because early diagnosis can improve survival
by treating brain cancers quickly. Brain
tumours are manually classified by experts,
which is time-consuming. Brain tumour (BT)
diagnosis takes time and skill, hence
radiologists must be skilled. As patient
numbers have grown, so has data volume,
making outdated methods expensive and
inefficient. Many scholars have studied fast
and accurate BT detection and classification
algorithms. DL can locate BTs in medical
photos using trained convolutional neural
network (CNN) models. Brain tumour
segmentation is easier with automatic
segmentation, which is widespread. This work
categorises and automates brain tumour
segmentation using customised UNet model-
based brain tumour segmentation (CUNet-
BTS). Classification, preprocessing,
segmentation, feature extraction, and fusion
are modelled. Gaussian filtering enhances
MRI pictures. Finally, an ensemble
classification algorithm is suggested. For
classification, this model combines the output
scores of optimal DeepMaxout, DCNN, and
RNN classifiers. The excellent training model
Pelican Assisted Chimp Optimisation (PACO)
Method can change classification model
weights.
Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging;
Convolutional Neural Network; Intersection-
over-Union; Fully Convolutional Neural
Networks; Recurrent Regression based Neural
Network; Internet of Medical Things,.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059671

• Implementation of Octavia;s Openstack

for Futuristic Cloud Computing by
Optimization of Resources and Traffics
by R.Nathiya Senthil Kumar, S.K. Piramu
Preethika
Abstract: The Internet provides computing
resources as a service on demand using
cloud computing. In order to remedy this,
locals have access to a range of open-source
cloud operating systems, enabling them to
use the cloud for useful reasons. Amazon
Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Oracle
Cloud, and OpenStack offer open-source
cloud operating systems. Only OpenStack is
free and has a substantial user base out of all
of these. In private institutions or businesses,
installation and use are free. Cloud load
balancing is seen as a lifeline. In order to
avoid website failures and other operational
problems, it’s critical to balance traffic when
websites face unexpected traffic spikes. This
article discusses the concept and methods
for automatic load balancing in OpenStack to
help control bandwidth and stresses among
virtual machines. The goal is to minimise
traffic and maximise resources. The
OpenStack networking feature LBaaS
balances load as a service. An open-source
LBaaS architecture for dynamic load-
balancing clouds is presented here.
Keywords: Cloud Computing; LBaaS; Load
Balancer; Network Traffic; OpenStack
Octavia; Octavia; bandwidth and stresses;
Software-Defined Data Centers (SDDC);
Software Defined Networking (SDN),.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060239

• Numerical Solution of Boundary Value

Problems Using Quantum Computing
System
by Ajanta Das, Debabrata Datta, Suman
Rajest George, Varun Kumar Nomula, R.
Dharani, K. Danesh
Abstract: Boundary value problems (BVPs)
arise in various scientific and engineering
disciplines, including physics, finance, and
biology Classical computers may take too
long to solve these issues numerically
Quantum computing may solve this issue
using quantum parallelism to calculate
quicker than classical computers Recent
quantum computer research shows that
Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) can
efficiently solve Schr
Keywords: Boundary value problems;
Quantum computing; HHL algorithm;
Quantum phase; estimation algorithm; Linear
Solver; Quantum Fourier Transform.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10059826

• Feature Interpreted Convolutional Neural

Networks for Real Time Implementation of
Respiratory Data
by Rampriya R, Suguna N, Sudhakar P
Abstract: Automatic detection of respiratory
diseases is important to prevent any sudden
death in patients. At present, respiratory
diseases are detected by a physician who
normally consumes more time to detect. In
this work, the respiratory data from the
persons are classified into either normal or
abnormal using the proposed deep learning
architecture. The proposed work consists of
two subsequent phases namely training and
testing. In training phase of the Respiratory
Classification System (RCS), the respiratory
data from both normal and both abnormal
cases are individually data augmented in
order to eliminate the overfitting issues in
deep learning architecture. This data
augmented respiratory data from both normal
and abnormal case is used to construct Data
Augmented Matrix (DAM) which is trained by
the proposed Feature Interpreted
Convolutional Neural Networks (FICNN) to
produce the trained data. The proposed
FICNN work obtained a 99.9% RDR with 0.05
ms as computational time.
Keywords: FICNN; Over fitting; Data
Augmentation; Deep Learning; Respiratory
Classification System; RDR.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060148

• Pulmonary Carcinoma cells Classification

using a Novel DCNN model Integrated with
Cloud Computing Environment
by Sudha R, Umamaheswari K.M
Abstract: In this work, we presented a
carcinoma cells classification of Non-Small
Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) which is a more
difficult challenge in CAD detection. So, a
modified CADx is being investigated to
alleviate radiologists' excessive work and the
need for the following interpretations. We
describe an approach for identifying and
verifying different types of pulmonary
carcinoma. In addition, a novel deep
convolutional neural network (DCNN) and
data were obtained via a cloud system for
classifying lung nodule cell types in this
study. As an integrated approach for CT
images, the presented system includes a
Cloud-based Lung Carcinoma cell Classifier.
The suggested Cloud Based -on LCC first
applied active snake model-based
segmentation. A Novel DCNN for identifying
distinct malignant cells of lung nodules is
designed and verified using open sources
Lung images. When compared to current
strategies, our suggested technique reaches
an accuracy of 96%, which is higher than
other models.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Cloud
Computing; CT Scans; Deep Neural Networks;
Pulmonary Carcinoma.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060240

• Seeker Optimization Algorithm with Deep

Learning based Feature Fusion Model for
Tomato Plant Leaf Disease Detection
by Jayaprakash K, Balamurugan S.P
Abstract: The study focus on design and
development of the Seeker Optimization
Algorithm with Deep Learning based Feature
Fusion Model for Tomato Plant Leaf Disease
Detection (SOADLF-TPLDD) technique. The
goal of the SOADLF-TPLDD technique is to
apply DL technique for the segmentation and
classification of plant disease. In the primary
stage, the SOADLF-TPLDD technique uses
U2Net model for background removal and
UNetPP model for segmentation process.
Besides, a feature fusion of two DL models
takes place namely
InceptionV3+EfficientNetB2. For disease
detection and classification, Attention
Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit (ACGRU)
model is applied. Furthermore, the SOA is
used for optimal hyperparameter selection of
the ACGRU model. Finally, the
recommendation of pesticides for the
detected plant diseases takes place using
matrix factorization (MF) approach. The
stimulation outcomes of the SOADLF-TPLDD
method on benchmark dataset are validated
and the outcomes represented the
betterment of the SOADLF-TPLDD method
over other existing techniques.
Keywords: Tomato; Plant leaf diseases; Deep
learning; Segmentation; Seeker Optimization
Algorithm.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060560

• Database Systems under Rayleigh Fading

Channels: MIMO-NOMA Based
Performance Evaluation Modeling
by Bharathi C, Manjunatha Reddy H. S
Abstract: In recent years, Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) has emerged as a
transformative technique, revolutionizing
spectral efficiency and enabling massive
connectivity in next-gen wireless
communication. This groundbreaking
research delves into MIMO NOMA systems’
power allocation strategies, prioritizing
system throughput and user fairness. Our
innovative approach leverages QPSK
modulation in a comprehensive system
model, meticulously simulating performance
across various variables, including user
distance and power differentials. Across
varying bandwidths, our model showcases
remarkable improvements in user experience,
with a jaw-dropping 12 dB/Hz increase in
spectral efficiency at a mere 1 dB SNR boost,
coupled with a staggering 15x10-3 and
12x10-3 reduction in outage probabilities at
0.17 dB. Even in the challenging Rayleigh
fading channel, the Bit Error Rate (BER) sees
substantial reductions, reaffirming the
prowess of our proposed methodology.
Keywords: Bit Error Rate (BER); Rayleigh;
Spectrum Efficiency; Outage probability;
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO);
Database Systems; Non-Orthogonal Multiple
Access (NOMA); Simultaneous Multi-User.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060561

• Improved Gray Wolf Optimisation Based

Energy Efficient Spectral Sensing in
Cognitive Radio Network
by Praveen Hipparge, Shivkumar Jawaligi
Abstract: In a 5G heterogeneous network,
the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) must
choose amongst energy efficiency and
spectrum sensing efficiency. The major goal
of existing techniques is to apply convex
optimization to solve the energy efficiency
optimization problem in spectrum sensing.
Real-time spectrum sensing, nevertheless, is
a non-convex optimization issue. we propose
a novel Improved Gray wolf optimization
(IGWO) based approach to detect the
enhanced energy usage spectrum holes to
overcome the non-convex issues. The cuckoo
search (CS) algorithm is used to balance the
exploitation and exploration phases of GWO.
The energy efficient spectrum can be
detected with the factors such as power
spectral density, transmission power, and
sensing bandwidth. Experiments are
demonstrated with the MATLAB simulator and
compared the outcomes with the state-of-art
works. Our proposed approach surpasses all
the other works while considering the
selection of energy efficient spectrum holes
for the communication.
Keywords: Spectrum; 5G network; cognitive
radio network; optimization; and energy
efficient.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060744

• HSaaS: Healthcare Security Systems as a

Service for Cloud-Based Electronic Health
Records with Blockchain Integration
by Aruna Kumari B, Sreelatha M
Abstract: The use of cloud-based electronic
health records (EHRs) has led to
improvements in healthcare delivery, but
concerns about data privacy and security
remain Healthcare Security as a Service
(HSaaS) is a promising solution to address
these concerns and integrating HSaaS with
blockchain technology can further enhance
the security and privacy of cloud based EHRs
Smart healthcare provides an opportunity to
improve the security and accessibility of
cloud based EHRs, and this research aims to
explore the potential of HSaaS with
blockchain integration for smart healthcare
The research will investigate the current state
of security challenges in cloud-based EHRs,
evaluate the potential of HSaaS for
addressing these challenges, and develop a
proof-of-concept prototype that integrates
HSaaS with blockchain technology into a
cloud-based EHR system The performance
and security of the proposed solution will be
evaluated, and the benefits and limitations of
using HSaaS with blockchain integration for
securing cloud based EHRs will be analysed.
This research aims to provide a more secure
and trustworthy environment for cloudbased
EHRs, contributing to improving healthcare
delivery.
Keywords: Cloud-based Electronic Health
Records (EHRs); Healthcare Security as a
Service (HSaaS); Blockchain; Data Security.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2025.10060880

• Modified oversampling based Borderline

Smote with Noise Reduction Techniques
for IoT Smart Farming dataset
by Suresh M, Manju Priya
Abstract: Global population is anticipated to
grow exponentially to ten billion in the future
years. To feed the globe, agriculture must be
prioritised. Agriculture is vital to human
survival. Every field plant breeding,
agricultural monitoring, automated
maintenance systems, sensor use, and
agrochemicals has evolved physiologically
and technologically. Technology and analytics
merge in IoT-based farm data. Machine
learning algorithms analyse massive
agricultural data. Predictive analytics learning
algorithms built with machine learning are fast
and effective. The data pipeline's pre-
processing stage uses the SMOTE with Noise
Reduction, an advanced oversampling
technique. To evaluate its efficacy and
robustness, this novel pre-processing method
is heavily compared to SMOTE, ADASYN, and
NRAS. This comparison analysis assesses our
updated technique's precision, recall, and
accuracy in class imbalance scenarios, a
common machine learning difficulty. To
increase synthetic sample quality and model
prediction, address dataset noise and
borderline occurrences. This article states
that pre-processing procedures shape
machine learning models,
Keywords: Machine Learning; IoT Smart
Farming; Noise Reduction; Modified
Borderline Synthetic Minority Over-sampling
Technique (SMOTE); Data pre-processing.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10061579

• Oppositional remora based AUV path

planning with optimal energy efficient data
collection in underwater wireless sensor
network
by Arul Rex, Jemila Rose R, Alphiya R
Abstract: In the proposed model, the data
packets are sent from the autonomous
underwater vehicles (AUVs) to the base
station. When creating underwater wireless
sensor networks, it is essential to consider
the energy consumption of AUVs. Still, it can
be difficult to choose an AUV's optimal path.
To solve this issue, the suggested method
utilizes the optimal path selection. This is
addressed by the oppositional remora
optimization algorithm (OROA). The
performance of the proposed method is
assessed in terms of residual energy, network
lifetime, delivery ratio, energy consumption,
and delay. The suggested solution provides
average performance parameters of 95%
packet delivery ratio, 12032J residual energy,
1.54s delay, and 3908s network life. The
suggested model is exceptionally energy-
efficient because it achieved the highest
delivery ratio while consuming the least
amount of energy. The proposed approach is
implemented on the NS2 platform.
Keywords: Underwater wireless sensor
networks; Manhattan based k means; salp
swarm; remora optimization and autonomous
underwater vehicles.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10061692

• Develop a Convolutional Neural Network

Architecture to Accurately Detect and
Track Moving Objects in Video Sequence
Systems
by P. Nagaraju, Manchala Sadanandam
Abstract: Object motion detection
constitutes the initial crucial step in collecting
data about moving objects. The research
offered a precise video sequence system
motion detection method using a novel object
tracking and recognition method through
faster region convolutional neural network (R-
CNN) that enhances object detection
accuracy. To associate things, looks and
improved motion are used. The RoI pooling
layer uses max pooling to create a compact
feature map with a given spatial extent from
all admissible region of interest features. The
assessment findings demonstrate that the
performance of existing work has improved
by minimising identification transitions and
segmentation. Visual examination, accuracy
testing, and comparison with other methods
were used to examine the suggested
techniques detection outcomes. The
proposed Project is implemented using
Python software. The FRCNN architecture
outperforms other conventional techniques,
such as the R-CNN, convolutional neural
network (CNN), and deep neural network
(DNN), with an accuracy rate of 97.31%,
demonstrating a greater effectiveness.
Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network;
faster R-CNN; Network Architecture; Object
Motion Detection; Track Moving Objects;
Video Sequence Systems.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10061732

• Radio Fingerprint-based UAV Detection

and Identification using Discrete Wavelet
Feature Extraction and Deep Learning
approaches
by Khush Attarde, Sameer Sayyad, Satish
Kumar, Arunkumar Bongale
Abstract: The increasing use of drones in
various industries presents security detection
challenges due to their high altitude and
remotely controlled capabilities. Researchers
have developed methods for identifying UAVs,
including camera, audio, radar, and thermal-
based techniques. Radio fingerprinting is the
effective method for detecting drones at high
altitudes. This research used Discrete
Wavelet Transform (DWT), Machine Learning
(ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models for UAV
identification and detection. The Random
Forest feature selection method improved
classification models’ accuracy and reduced
computational time. The LSTM model
demonstrated promising results, achieving
classification accuracy of 95.27%, 87.54%,
82.21%, and 96.7% for identifying UAVs,
controller signals, UAV model specifications,
and mode of operation. It also demonstrated
accuracy of 86.42% and 88.79% in non-line
of sight. This research offers valuable insights
into practical methods for identifying and
detecting UAVs, with significant commercial
implications.
Keywords: Deep Learning; Discrete Wavelet
Transform; Radio Fingerprinting signals; Time
Domain Features; UAV detection and
characteristics identification.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10061822

• An Optimized Deep Auto Encoder with

Enhanced Extreme Learning Machine
Model for Heart Disease Prediction and
Classification
by Duraisamy M, Balamurugan S.P
Abstract: This research proposes a
comprehensive and innovative approach that
includes an optimised deep auto encoder with
an enhanced extreme learning machine
(ODAE-EELM) model. The model combines a
novel deep encoder with red deer
optimisation (RDO) for feature selection, and
an extreme learning machine (ELM) with
Stochastic gradient descent (SGD)
optimisation for classification. The presented
ODAE-EELM model employs pre-processing
to convert the actual data into a usable
format. Next, the integration of RDO in the
encoder optimises the feature selection
process by mimicking the foraging behaviour
of red deer to enhance exploration and
exploitation, thereby yielding more robust and
discriminative features. The extreme learning
machine is employed for the classification
stage due to its simplicity, efficiency, and
ability to handle high-dimensional data
effectively. The ELM model is optimised using
Stochastic Gradient Descent, which ensures
faster convergence and efficient utilisation of
computational resources. Experimental
results shows, our proposed method attained
the maximum accuracy of 99%.
Keywords: Red Deer Optimization; Deep Auto
Encoder; Feature Selection; Extreme Learning
Machine; Stochastic Gradient Descent; Heart
Disease Classification.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10062277

• A NewMethod for Minimizing PAPR in

LFDMA Systems
by Lekshmi R. Nair, Sakuntala S. Pillai, Shiny
G
Abstract: Single carrier frequency division
multiple access (SC-FDMA) is a standardised
technology for high data rate uplink
communications in prospective cellular
networks that can meet the increasing needs
of users. When compared to orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA),
SC-FDMA strategically blends the low peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) of single-carrier
systems, which demonstrates higher
performance for a high data rate, with bit
error rate (BER). This proposed model
examines the impact of subcarrier mapping
on PAPR using the selected mapping
approach for localised single carrier
frequency division multiple access (LFDMA),
a sort of SC-FDMA uplink system. The
primary objective of this paper is to attain
reduced PAPR and better BER performance
by using an efficient modified Chaotic Whale
Optimisation Algorithm (MCWOA). The
suggested method improves PAPR by 5 dB
using QPSK and by 4.3 dB utilising 16-QAM
and 64QAM modulation techniques,
respectively.
Keywords: BER; CWOA; LFDMA; PAPR; SC-
FDMA; SLM.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10062776

• Blockchain and Cloud-Powered

Architecture for Enhancing Efficiency and
Security and in Smart Home Environments

by Priya Iyer K.B, Ramesh Swaminathan,

Sinduja B, Dixy F.L
Abstract: However, the widespread adoption
of IoT devices has raised significant concerns
regarding data privacy and security. This
paper presents a novel approach to enhance
the security of IoT-based home automation
systems through the implementation of
blockchain technology. The primary objective
of this research is to enhance the smart home
network's efficiency, scalability, and security.
In this paper, we introduce a novel
architectural framework for a sustainable
smart home service that incorporates both
blockchain and cloud computing
technologies. Since the blockchain does not
depend on a centralized authority, it
efficiently transacts data among the IoT
devices. The four main segments of the
proposed architecture are the home segment,
cloud computing segment, blockchain
segment, and services segment and the
renderers. These results underscore the
efficacy of blockchain technology as a robust
platform for constructing a smart home
environment.
Keywords: IoT; blockchain; smart home;
cloud; efficiency; scalability; security.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10062777

• Combined Enhanced Caesar Cipher

Algorithm and steganography for
Biometricsecurity
by Gurumurthy S. B, Ajit Danti
Abstract: When biometrics data is
transferred in the network, it is exposed to
others, and if a hacker obtains the data on the
network, the biometrics system's security is
compromised. As a result, it is critical to
maintain the data security for biometrics while
it is transmitted via an untrustworthy channel.
Therefore, we present a steganography
technique for biometric data security in this
study. First, the fingerprint image (secret
image) is converted to generate the
encrypted image. To encrypt fingerprint
images, an enhanced Caesar Cipher
Algorithm (EC2A) has been created. The
dual-tree complex wavelet(DTCWT)algorithm
is then used to transform the cover image.
The high-frequency wavelet transform is
selected for data embedding. During the
embedding process, the cover image has the
encrypted biometric data embedded into it.
Following the embedding process,a stego-
image is obtained. The PSNR, SSIM, NC, MAE,
BER, and NAE are used to evaluate the
performance of the technique.
 Keywords: Embedding; biometric; EC2A;
DTCWT; steganography; fingerprint image.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10062810

• Unifying Advanced Meta-Systems for AI-

Driven Bipedal Robot Locomotion
by Sivakani R, Mahasree M, Sunilkumar Kn,
Puneet Mittal, S.Chitra Selvi, Sukhwinder
Singh Sran
Abstract: In the age of digitization, the
integration of complex meta-systems has
become increasingly crucial. This paper
explores the convergence of artificial
intelligence (AI) and robotics, two fields that
exemplify such integration by combining
elements from computer science, mechanical
engineering, and electronics engineering.
Here, we focus on the development and
evaluation of a self-adaptive, two-legged
mobile robot. This robot not only mimics
human activities but also learns and makes
decisions based on its environment, thus
serving as a humanoid meta-system. The
study employs advanced machine learning
algorithms namely, Na
Keywords: Mobile robot; Locomotion;
Humanoid; Naïve bayes; Support vector
machine; Modelling adaptive control; Bipedal
robots; A single inflexible body; Artificial
intelligence.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10062816

• XLM-R-BiLSTM-CNN: Ensemble Deep

Learning Algorithm for Code-Mixed
Sentiment Systems Analysis
by C. Kumaresan, P. Thangaraju
Abstract: This research addresses the
challenge of analysing sentiment in text that
combines different languages, known as
code-mixed sentiment analysis. The study
presents a specialised deep-learning
algorithm designed for code-mixed sentiment
analysis in English and Tamil. The approach
combines language identification and
sentiment analysis models to improve
accuracy in classifying sentiments in code-
mixed text. The process involves pre-
processing and tokenising the code-mixed
data and using pre-trained word embeddings
specific to each language. The XLM-R-
BiLSTM-CNN architecture is used to create
separate sentiment analysis models for
English and Tamil. The ensemble method
utilises language identification to select the
appropriate sentiment analysis model for
each token. The sentiment predictions from
both models are combined, considering
language-specific weights, to produce the
final sentiment prediction. Experimental
assessments on a code-mixed dataset
demonstrate that our ensemble approach
outperforms baseline models in terms of
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. This
proposed technique significantly enhances
the accuracy of of sentiment analysis in
multilingual code-mixed data, making it a
valuable tool for understanding sentiments in
various language contexts.
Keywords: Code-mixed sentiment analysis;
ensemble deep learning; language
identification; BiLSTM; CNN; XLM-R; Mixed
Sentiment Systems Analysis.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10062830

• A Systematic Literature Review of Secure

and Advanced Software Defect Prediction

by Ayushmaan Pandey, Jagdeep Kaur

Abstract: Software defect prediction is a
critical component of software development.
It enables developers to find and address
potential issues before they turn into
significant ones. In this paper different
problems have been discussed that arise
when attempting to predict software defects,
including the requirement for reliable and
effective data balancing and feature selection
techniques to deal with the complex datasets
frequently used in this field. We examine how
data security, class imbalance, and feature
selection issues are related to the
performance of software defect prediction
models. We have emphasized the significance
of taking security concerns into account
when predicting software defects and talking
about potential solutions to these problems.
This survey paper offers insights into these
primary issues of data security and reliability
of software defect prediction models and
their potential solutions in addition to a
thorough analysis of the current
advancements made in software defect
prediction today. After a detailed study of
SDP techniques developed in the past few
years, we have provided some future
challenges and recommendations that may
further enhance the performance of the
current models.
Keywords: class imbalance; homomorphic
encryption; differential privacy; feature
selection; software defect prediction;
federated learning.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10062929

• Weapon Detection Technologies for

Surveillance under Different YoloV8
Models on Primary Data: Smart City Based
Approach for Safe Society
by Rohit Rastogi, Yati Varshney, Jagrati
Sharma
Abstract: This comparison between the
yolov8s.pt and yolov8x.pt YOLOv8 models is
very important for real-time applications,
particularly for object recognition and
surveillance. Based on the results, the 95%
precision and recall of the yolov8s.pt model,
together with its 96% mean average
precision, demonstrate the models usefulness
in situations requiring precise and quick
object recognition. This model has potential
applications in a variety of security systems,
supporting security protocols in high-risk
areas such as airports, public areas, and
high-security enterprises by assisting in the
quick identification of possible threats in real-
time surveillance data. Conversely, the
yolov8x.pt models better performance which
includes an astounding 98% precision and
99% mean average precision highlights its
effectiveness in demanding real-time
applications that need exacting accuracy.
Because of its complex capabilities, the
model is a great fit for use in cutting-edge
applications that require quick and accurate
object recognition, such as autonomous
driving technologies and sophisticated
surveillance systems.
Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN); down-sampling; Optimization;
Weapons; detection; Surveillance; Object
Detection; Thermal Imaging; Wave Scanning;
Security Infrastructure.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2026.10063444

• Biocybersecurity and applications of

predictive physiological modelling
by Lucas Potter, Sachin Shetty, Saltuk
Karahan, Xavier-Lewis Palmer
Abstract: In the scientific world, models are
useful abstractions and sets of rules that can
be used to predict hypothetical events. One's
first exposure to models is likely in primary
science education - models of gravity or
chemical interaction. As computational power
increases, the availability of models for
different purposes continues to grow. For
instance, models of climate and weather are
more accurate than before. This growth has
also grown to encompass the field of
medicine. There are now an increasing
number of computational models that
describe the physiology of a given patient
with great accuracy and interaction. The
development of these models is a boon to the
medical training field and is typically the
reason for most of the development of these
models. These models could be used to
design a customised, multivariate biological
threat. This threat would be entirely
hypothetical if the medical training models
were a singular development. However, the
independent rise of low-cost, semi-
autonomous biological manipulators gives this
hypothetical threat very practicable teeth to
combine high-resolution computational data
with designer bioagents to deliver the optimal
biological agent for a threat. This paper
attempts to spur conversation based on the
exploration of this distinct possibility and
scenarios derived from the ideas proposed
within the models described below.
Keywords: biocybersecurity;
cyberbiosecurity; predictive; physiological
modelling; machine learning; deep learning;
artificial intelligence; biodefense; models;
bioweapons.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10056103

• Strengths of computational systems of

techniques using artificial intelligence in
machine learning
by Shashikant V. Athawale, Indrajit Patra,
Amol Dattatray Dhaygude, Vaibhav Rupapara,
Thanwamas Kassanuk, Khongdet Phasinam
Abstract: As a result of technological
improvements, engaging and interactive
commercials frequently use short messaging
services. One of the most well-known cell
advertising strategies is location-based
advertising. Advertisements for artificially
enhanced location-based services use
randomised forests, support vector machines,
and synthetic neural networks. It appears
sufficient for generic structures, development
tools, and other field implementations.
Machine learning employs algorithms and
data to simulate realistic computer learning
and enhance system accuracy. Machine
learning algorithms can predict friction force
and equipment wear to extend dry machining
drill bit life. Modern cognitive computing
frameworks enable optimised conventional
machining process variables to increase
component production productivity. Machine
learning systems can predict and improve
product quality to improve machine precision.
Machine learning is used in self-driving cars,
intelligent assistants, diagnosis, and other
technologies. Machine learning predicts
industrial equipment power demand and
reduces milling power consumption. Future
research should summarise the latest milling
operations investigations on these topics.
Machine tools use natural and artificial
information systems in this investigation.
Keywords: utilisation; methods; machine
learning; instruction; decision-making;
artificial intelligence; machine tools;
computational systems of techniques.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10057269

• Energy-aware optimisation of topology

update interval and routing based on the
adaptive chimp optimisation algorithm in
k-connected MANETs
by Shyam Sundar Agrawal, Rakesh Rathi
Abstract: In a k-connected mobile ad-hoc
network (MANET), the topology control
algorithm plays an important role in
supporting efficient routing. However, due to
node mobility and direction changes, the
network topology struggles to keep the
network connected. The network's energy
efficiency is influenced as a result. To solve
this issue, the topology update interval (TUI)
and the topology of each node in the network
should be optimised. Thus, in this paper,
three phases are followed to enhance the
energy efficiency of the network. To
determine the best TUI for each node, the
minimal power consumption and remaining
time of nearby nodes are first calculated.
Second, the optimal topology is selected
within the optimal TUI by calculating the
topology's minimum cumulative power
consumption. At the end, the adaptive chimp
optimisation algorithm selects the optimal
routing path from among these connected
topologies (ACOA). According to the study's
findings, the suggested strategies improve
delivery ratios, throughput, connectivity, and
energy expansion.
Keywords: MANET; mobile ad-hoc network;
TUI; topology update interval; ACOA;
Adaptive Chimp Optimization Algorithm;
topology control algorithm; connectivity ratio.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058118

• A comprehensive review of various MLI

topologies to minimise the THDs for FACTS
applications
by B. Tejasvi, P. Vijayapriya
Abstract: In modern days, multilevel inverters
(MLIs), which are becoming a feasible
technology for a number of applications,
particularly FACTS applications, have gained
increased attention in research and industry.
MLI has a harmonic problem that has a
negative impact on some applications, such
as producing torque pulsing in grid-
connected electric drives, shortening system
lifespan and deteriorating efficiency. To solve
these issues, different MLI topologies have
been investigated. Hence, the various types
of MLI topologies are discussed in this paper.
To comprehend the critical MLI topology
parameters, the relevant knowledge of these
topologies is meticulously tabulated. Not only
are these setups achieving higher
performance to enhance power quality, but
they are also lowering losses. This review also
offers a thorough analysis of MLI topologies'
various modulation methods and control
schemes. A comparison based on significant
performance metrics, specific technological
difficulties, and future directions is also
included in this review study.
Keywords: FACTS; MLI; multilevel inverters;
THD; total harmonic distortion; CHB MLI;
cascaded H-bridge MLIs; RSS MLI; reduced
switch symmetric H-bridge type MLI.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10058155

• An efficient smart container design using

the internet of things and its applications

by K.M. Umamaheswari, A.M.J. Muthu

Kumaran, J. Shobana, J.D. Dorathi Jeyaseeli,
K. Sivashankari, M. Safa
Abstract: In the modern era where
technology is deeply rooted in one's daily life,
the dependence on machines increases. A
technology where we define relationships
between different objects, devices or
components is one such example of the
Internet of Things (IoT). However, we must
also consider solutions for integrating objects
and devices before the concept of IoT
emerges. For this reason, the proposed work
aims to develop a low-cost smart container
that informs us about the amount of products,
regardless of the type of material, stored
inside the container. It also assesses essential
features that can be used for research, such
as the internal temperature and humidity of
the material stored inside the container.
Additionally, a system-defined shopping list
can be prepared and items can be added to
the shopping list if the quantity of products
falls below a user-defined threshold value.
Keywords: smart container; temperature;
application; humidity; object.
DOI: 10.1504/IJSSE.2024.10057936

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