Proc.
of the 3
rd
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, January 4-6, 2010 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
Large deflection static analysis of stiffened plates through energy method
A. Mitra1*, P. Sahoo1, K. N. Saha1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India *Corresponding author (Email: [email protected], telefax: +91 33 2414 6890)
Geometric nonlinear static analysis of stiffened plates is carried out through a domain decomposition technique in the present paper. The formulation is based on energy method and the governing set of equations is obtained using the principle of extremisation of the total energy of the system in its equilibrium state. The set of non-linear equations is solved through an iterative scheme using a relaxation parameter. Validation of the present method is carried out by comparison with data available in literature. 1. Introduction
In structural mechanics applications non-linear system response can occur due to two reasons - material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity. In case of geometric nonlinearity the strain-displacement relationship is non-linear. In such cases large transverse displacement in the system incorporates a stretching effect, which provides additional stiffening to the structure. This is of particular interest to designers as it helps to achieve more compact design with considerable savings of material and cost. So, large displacement analysis of structural elements due to geometric nonlinearity has always generated immense interest among the researchers. Research work on non-linear behaviour of stiffened plates has gone through different phases. Different researchers have employed different techniques and methodologies, like orthotropic plate method, finite elements method, finite difference method, energy method etc., in carrying out non-linear analysis of stiffened plates. In one of the earlier works Rossow and Ibrahimkhail [1] applied the constraint method to finite element static analysis of concentrically and eccentrically stiffened plates. Deb and Booton [2] presented linear finite element models based on Mindlins shear distortion theory for bending of eccentrically stiffened plates subjected to transverse loading. Koko and Olson [3] developed a new numerical technique for large deflection elastoplastic analysis of stiffened plates using super finite elements. Rao et al [4] presented a finite element analysis of large deflection behaviour of stiffened plates using the isoparametric quadratic bending element. Mukhopadhyay [5] analyzed stiffened plates in bending through a semi-analytic finite difference method. Bedair [6] put forward a methodology for the analysis of multi-stiffened plates under lateral loading based on energy formulation and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) technique. Sapountzakis and Katsikadelis [7] investigated elastic deformation of ribbed plates subjected to static, transverse and in-plane loading using the analog equation method to solve nonlinearly coupled equations. Geometric non-linear analysis of stiffened plates was carried out by Sheikh and Mukhopadhyay [8] utilizing spline finite strip method and von Karman non-linear plate theory. In this work a method based on decomposition of domain is presented for large displacement analysis of stiffened plates. The mathematical formulation is based on variational form of energy principle. Geometric non-linearity is accounted for by consideration of non-linear strain-displacement relations. A direct substitution method with relaxation parameter is used to solve the set of non-linear equations. Validity of the presented method is justified through comparison of results with those of various researchers. 2. Analysis
A stiffened plate with a single stiffener parallel to y-axis along with the significant dimensions and coordinate system used for the present analysis is shown in figure 1. It is assumed that the stiffeners are always parallel to the edges of the plate and they are rigidly connected to the plate surface. The mathematical formulation is based on the assumption that
Proc. of the 3
rd
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, January 4-6, 2010 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
plate and stiffener materials are isotropic, homogeneous and linearly elastic. The thickness of the plate is considered to be sufficiently small so as to avoid the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia. Although figure 1 shows a single y-direction stiffener, the mathematical formulation is carried out for bi-directional stiffeners with generalized spacing.
Figure 1. Stiffened plate with significant dimensions and coordinate system
In the present formulation the physical domain is converted to computational domain by normalizing the mid-plane coordinates to dimensionless form as = x a , = y b . In this plane, gauss points are generated along the two orthogonal coordinate directions and the intersection of constant and constant lines passing through the gauss points provide the reference points for computation. In the present work 24 gauss points are generated along the two directions and as can be seen from the figure 2(a), these points are not evenly spaced. Such a grid does not ensure maximum number of computation points around the stiffener, which may be placed at any location inside the domain. Hence, in the present work a new method is employed to decompose the domain into sub-domains depending on the number, orientation and location of the stiffener. The sub-domains have their own gauss points spaced in the same ratio as the total domain. Figure 2(b) and 2(c) show the modified grid and the individual sub-domains for a plate with a single y-direction stiffener. This technique helps to have adequate number of computation points around the location of stiffeners and boundaries so that the displacement field in these important locations can be captured accurately.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2. (a) Total computational domain, (b) Decomposed computational domain, and (c) Sub-domains with individual variables.
From the principle of minimum total potential energy of the system, (U +V ) = 0 (1) where, U = Total strain energy stored in the system, V = Work function or potential of the external forces and = Variational operator. In case of large displacement analysis of plates, both bending and stretching effects are taken into consideration. So, total strain energy stored in plate ( U p ) is given by, U p = U b + U m , where, U b is strain energy due to bending and U m is strain energy due to mid-plane stretching. So, total strain energy stored in the system is,
U = (U b + U m ) +
ns x p =1
p U sx +
ns y q =1
q U sy
(2)
Proc. of the 3
rd
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, January 4-6, 2010 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
p q where, U sx , U sy are strain energies stored in p-th stiffener along x-direction and q-th stiffener
along y-direction and ns x , ns y are number of stiffeners in x- and y- direction respectively. The
p q expressions for U b , U m , U sx and U sy are given by,
Ub =
D ( ab) 2
00
11
2 1 w a 2 2
1 2w + b 2 2
2
+ 2 (1 ) 1 a 2b 2
2 2 2 w w 2
2w 2
d d
(3)
Um =
Ep tp 2 (1 )
2
(ab)
1 1
1 a2 0
2
u 1 + 3 a w
2 2
u w 1 + 2 b
v 1 + 3 b
v w
1 1 + 4 a2 +
w 1 + 2 b
2 1 u v 1 v w + 2 + 2 2a b ab 2
(4)
1 u w 2ab 2
2 u v 1 1 1 u + + + ab a 2 2 b 2
2 u w w 2 v w w + d d 2 ab a 2 b
p U sx =
Es a 2
2 2 2 2 p 1 d 2w p 1 d v p 2 du d w I y 4 2 + I yz 4 2 Q y 3 d 2 a d d a d a 0
2 2 4 2 1 d 2 w dw 1 dw 1 du dw p 1 du + Ay + + d + 2 a 4 d 2 d a3 d d 4 a 4 d a d q U sy =
(5)
Es b 2
2 2 2 2 q 1 d 2w + I q 1 d u Q q 2 dv d w Ix xz 4 x 3 d 2 b d 2 d b 4 d 2 b 0
2 2 4 2 1 d 2 w dw 1 dw 1 dv dw q 1 dv + d + Ax 2 d + 4 d + 3 d d d b 4 d 2 b 4b b
(6)
where, u , v and w denote the displacements along x-, y- and z- directions, respectively. It is to be noted that u and v are deformation displacement whereas w is body displacement or deflection. E p , E s , are material properties of plate and stiffener, and D = E p t 3 12 (1 2 ) p
is flexural rigidity of the plate. I y , I x and I yz , I xz are moment of inertia of the stiffener crosssection about the coordinate axes of the plate. They can be determined by carrying out suitable transformation on the moment of inertia about the centroidal axes of the stiffener cross-section. For example, in case of a single y-direction stiffener as shown in figure 1, I x
' ' and I xz are determined by using following relations: I x = I x + Ax .e 2 , I xz = I xz + Ax .(a stf ) 2 ,
' 3 ' 3 where, I x ( = b s t s 12) and I xz ( = b s t s 12) are moment of inertia about the major and minor axis of the stiffener cross-section and Ax = bs t s , stf = x stf a and e = (t p + t s ) / 2 . Q y , Q x are
the first moment of area about the plate coordinate axes and A y , Ax are the cross-sectional areas of the x- and y- direction stiffeners respectively. Q x = Ax .e for the case of uni-axially stiffened plate shown in figure 1. Similar nomenclatures have been used for x-directional stiffeners also. For a stiffened plate under uniform transverse pressure, p , and a concentrated load, P , total potential energy is given by,
Proc. of the 3
rd
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, January 4-6, 2010 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
V = P w | , (ab)
( pw) d d .
0 0
1 1
(7)
Here, w | , is the deflection of the point of application of the concentrated load. The displacement fields w , u and v are expressed by linear combinations of unknown parameters d i as follows:
w ( , ) =
d ( , ) , u ( , ) = d
i i i i =1 i = nw+1
nw
nw+ nu
i nw
( , ) , v ( , ) =
d i i nw nu i = nw+ nu +1
nw+ nu + nv
( , )
(8)
where, ( , ) , ( , ) and ( , ) are sets of orthogonal functions and nw, nu and nv are number of functions for w , u and v , respectively. The functions i ( , ) describe the displacements due to plate bending and the start function for this comes from the flexural boundary condition. The start functions for stretching of the plate come from the zero in-plane displacement boundary conditions. The higher-order functions are generated from the selected start functions following a two-dimensional implementation of the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization scheme. It should be noted that the generated functions are for the total domain and they need to be broken down in terms of the sub-domains. imn , imn , imn represent these sets of functions for the sub-domains derived by interpolating the total functions, where m = 1,....., ns y + 1 and n = 1,....., ns x + 1 . The chosen two-dimensional displacement fields (Eq. (8)) require modification in order to be compatible with stiffeners, which are one-dimensional elements. An interpolation function is used on the displacement values at the gauss points to transform the two-dimensional function into the one-dimensional displacement function at the location of the stiffener. Due to decomposition of the domain integrations required for determining the bending (Eq. (3)) and stretching (Eq. (4)) components of plate strain energy need to be carried out with modified limits. This modification is elaborated in the following line with a general example for the case of a single y-direction stiffener.
0 0
1 1
d d =
1 stf
0 0
i 11 d d +
11 '
1 1
stf
i 21 d d
= stf
1 1
0 0
i d d + (1 stf )
0 0
1 1
21 i
d ' d
Substituting Equations (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8) in (1) gives the governing set of equations in matrix form, [K ]{d } = { f } (9) In Eq. (9), the total stiffness matrix is given by, [K ]= [K b ] + [K m ] +
[K b ]
and
whereas
th stiffener along y-direction, respectively. { f } represents the load vector and {d } is the vector of unknown coefficients. Both these vectors and the total stiffness matrix have an order of (nw+nu+nv). The set of governing equations (Eq. (9)) is nonlinear in nature as the stiffness matrix itself is a function of unknown coefficients and solved by direct substitution technique using successive relaxation scheme. 3. Results and discussion
[K m ] being the [K sx ] p and [K sy ] q
ns x p =1
[K sx ]p + q =1 [K sy ] q ,
ns y
contributions from bending and stretching action of the plate, are stiffness matrices of the p-th stiffener along x-direction and q-
Validation of the present method has been carried out by comparison with data available in literature. The results of the static analysis incorporating geometric non-linearity are compared with those of Sheikh and Mukhopadhyay [8], Rao et al [4] and Koko and Olson [3]. The details of the geometry and dimensions (in mm.) of the clamped stiffened plate under transverse pressure loading are shown in fig. 3(a). The comparison plots for deflection at two different locations, A and B (as shown by fig. 3(a)), are presented in fig. 3(b) and good agreement with the other results is observed for both the cases.
Proc. of the 3
rd
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, January 4-6, 2010 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Comparison of load deflection behaviour of clamped stiffened plate at selective points.
Some results are generated for a stiffened plate with dimensions a = 0.60m, b = 0.41m and tp = 0.00633m having a y-direction stiffener of 0.0127m x 0.02222m cross-section with Ep = Es = 211.0 GPa, = 0.3, = 7830 kg/m3. The static response of the system is presented in normalized load-displacement plane, where the ordinate represents normalized maximum displacement ( wmax / t p ) and abscissa represents normalized load. Figure 4(a) and 4(b) present the static response of a stiffened rectangular plate under uniformly distributed and concentrated loading for different boundary conditions. Present study considers different types of classical flexural boundary conditions, namely, CCCC, CCCS, CCSS, CSCS, CSSS and SSSS, where C denotes clamped boundary and the letter S denotes simply supported boundary. It is clear from the figures that clamped boundary condition provides maximum stiffness, whereas for simply supported case stiffness is minimum. It is also noted that in case of UDL non-linearity induced is higher than that for point loading. Figure 5(a) and 5(b) show the deflected shape along with the contour plot of the clamped stiffened plate under UDL and point load corresponding to maximum deflection. From the figures the effect of the stiffener and loading type on the deflected profile is evident.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Static deflection of stiffened plate under (a) uniformly distributed and (b) central concentrated loading for different boundary conditions.
Proc. of the 3
rd
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, January 4-6, 2010 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. Deflected profile of clamped (CCCC) stiffened plate under (a) uniformly distributed and (b) central concentrated loading.
4. Conclusion
Large displacement static analysis of stiffened plates is carried out using a domain decomposition technique and energy formulation. A direct substitution method with relaxation parameter is used to solve the governing set of non-linear equations. Results generated by the new methodology are compared with available results and they show excellent agreement. Some results are presented for different combinations of boundary conditions and loading. Acknowledgement The first author acknowledges the research support received from AICTE, India, vide File No.: 1-10/RID/NDF/PG/(17)2008-09 Dated : 13.03.2009. References [1]. Rossow, M.P. and Ibrahimkhail, A.K. Constraint method of analysis of stiffened plates, Computers & Structures, 8, 1978, 51-60. [2]. Deb, A. and Booton, M. Finite element models for stiffened plates under transverse loading. Computers & Structures, 28 (3), 1988, 351-372. [3]. Koko, T.S. and Olson, M.D. Non-linear analysis of stiffened plates using super elements. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 31 (2), 1991, 319-343. [4]. Rao, D.V. Sheikh, A.H. and Mukhopadhyay, M. A finite element large displacement analysis of stiffened plates. Computers & Structures, 47 (6), 1993, 987-993. [5]. Mukhopadhyay, M. Stiffened plates in bending. Computers & Structures, 50 (4), 1994, 541-548. [6]. Bedair, O.K. Analysis of stiffened plates under lateral loading using sequential quadratic program. Computers & Structures, 62 (1), 1997, 63-80. [7]. Sapountzakis, E.J. and Katsikadelis, J.T. Elastic deformation of ribbed plates under static, transverse and inplane loading. Computers & Structures, 74, 2000, 571-581. [8]. Sheikh, A.H. and Mukhopadhyay, M. Geometric non-linear analysis of stiffened plates by spline finite strip method. Computers & Structures, 76 (3), 2000, 765-785.
