Biophysics

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 9

Tishk international university

Faculty of Applied Science


Medical analysis department

Diagnostic Radiology

Supervised by:-
Prof.Dr. Fatiheea Fattah
Hassan

Prepared by:-
Sarkar Abdulkhaliq Mawlood
Computed Tomography (CT):
Computed axial tomography (CAT scans or CT scans)
composite multiple X-ray images by computer to produce a cross-
sectional image of internal structures. CT provides more detail than
an X-ray, and can better define areas where tissues overlap. CT scans
can detect smaller abnormalities than can be found with a
conventional X-ray.
The use of scans can further improve visualization in some areas,
such as the digestive tract. In some situations, CT procedures such as
CT angiography may provide information that would otherwise
require a more invasive procedure.

2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):


Magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnetic
fields and radio waves to produce images of the inside of the
body. While CT is often a better method for evaluating bones
and blood vessels, MRI is frequently a better test for
evaluating soft tissue, such as the brain, spinal cord, nerves,
muscles, tendons, and breast tissue.
With brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve disorders, MRI
has allowed healthcare providers to diagnose conditions that
could only be assumed clinically in the past. For example,
practitioners can now diagnose multiple sclerosis with
an MRI, a diagnosis that was limited to an assessment of
symptoms alone before MRI was available (and could only be
confirmed on an autopsy).
For breast cancer screening, MRI is more accurate than
mammography, but the higher price makes it impractical for
people who do not have underlying risk factors for breast
cancer. One form of MRI, called functional MRI, can even give
an estimate of brain activity.
An advantage of MRI is that it does not use ionizing radiation,
which has been linked to an increased risk of cancer,
especially in children.3 Limitations include the cost and that it
may not be used in people who have metal in their body.

3. X-Rays:
X-rays or plain radiographs are often done to look at bones,
the chest, or the abdomen. With X-rays, denser structures,
such as bones, appear white (opaque) whereas air filled areas
(such as the lungs) appear black. Most structures of the body
are in shades of gray between these two.
X-rays may be used alone to diagnose conditions such as
fractures, some pneumonias, or a bowel obstruction. But
oftentimes additional imaging studies are needed.
The area of the body being investigated can place limitations
on the efficacy of X-rays. In regions where several structures
overlap (for example, the collar bone, heart, and lung on the
left side of the chest), an abnormality is less likely to be
visible than on an X-ray of the forearm.
Specialized X-ray techniques may be used to screen for
particular conditions. For example, digital mammography is
an X-ray technique that uses low-dose radiation to detect
breast cancer, and panoramic X-rays are used to detect dental
disease.

4. Ultrasound:
Ultrasound uses sound waves (acoustic energy)
to produce moving images of a part of the body.
Best known as a method for examining a fetus
during pregnancy, ultrasound is particularly
helpful with some medical conditions.
 Breast ultrasound can often distinguish
breast cysts from masses.
 Heart ultrasound (echocardiogram) can be
used to evaluate the heart valves, heart
motion, the pericardium (lining of the heart),
and more.
 Thyroid ultrasound can be used to evaluate
thyroid nodules.
 Abdominal ultrasound is often used to look
for gallstones and other medical conditions.
 Pelvic ultrasound is often used to look for
ovarian cysts and pelvic disorders.

5. Nuclear Medicine:
Nuclear medicine imaging includes techniques that use radioactive
material ("radioactive tracers") that are then detected by a camera in
order to produce images of the inside of the body. While most imaging
methods are considered structural, that is, they describe structures on the
inside of the body, these scans are used to evaluate how regions of the
body function.

In some cases, the radioactive substance may also be used to treat cancer
(such as the use of radioactive iodine to treat thyroid cancer).

Examples of nuclear medicine scans include:

 Positron emission tomography (PET scan): With a PET scan,


radioactive sugar is injected into a vein, and then a scanner is used
to record the radiation emitted. The radioactive glucose
concentrates in areas with a high metabolic rate, such as areas with
cancer. PET scans are commonly used to detect cancer metastases
anywhere in the body
 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT): This
type of imaging test uses a radioactive substance and a special
camera to create 3D images.
 Bone scan: With a bone scan, a radioactive tracer is injected which
is taken up by bones. The scans may reveal bone cancer, bone
infections, and bone fractures that may be missed on X-ray.
 Thyroid scan (radioactive iodine uptake test): In a thyroid
scan, radioactive iodine is injected into a vein, and a camera
determines the pattern of its uptake in the thyroid gland. It is used
most commonly to look for causes of hyperthyroidism.
 Thallium stress tests: During a stress test, a radioactive tracer
called thallium-201 is injected into a vein. The tracer can help
determine relative blood flow to different parts of the heart and help
detect problems like coronary artery disease.
 Virtual colonoscopy: This procedure uses X-rays and a computer
to create detailed images of the colon, including ulcers, polyps, and
tumors.

Fluoroscopy:-
Fluoroscopy uses X-rays in real time to create moving
images of the body. In some settings, these real-time
images are particularly important. Fluoroscopy may be
used to see how liquid moves through the digestive
tract or to monitor progress during the insertion of a
pacemaker.
Due to continuous monitoring, the radiation exposure
with fluoroscopy is significantly higher than that of
conventional X-rays.

Role and Importance:-


Diagnostic radiologists play a pivotal role in the healthcare
system. They not only perform and interpret imaging studies
but also collaborate with referring physicians to select
appropriate imaging tests, tailor imaging protocols, and
provide insights into patient management. This collaborative
approach ensures accurate diagnosis and effective treatment
plans.

Conclusion:-
Diagnostic radiology is integral to modern medicine,
providing non-invasive means to diagnose and manage
numerous conditions. With ongoing advancements in imaging
technology, the field continues to expand its capabilities,
offering more precise and less invasive diagnostic options.

References:-
1. The Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901.
2. Mettler FA, ed. Essentials of Radiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019
3. Baysson H, Etard C, Brisse HJ, Bernier MO. Diagnostic radiation exposure in
children and cancer risk: current knowledge and perspectives. Arch Pediatr.
2012;19(1):64-73. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.10.023
4. National Cancer Institute. Radiation therapy and you. 2016.

You might also like