Biophysics
Biophysics
Biophysics
Diagnostic Radiology
Supervised by:-
Prof.Dr. Fatiheea Fattah
Hassan
Prepared by:-
Sarkar Abdulkhaliq Mawlood
Computed Tomography (CT):
Computed axial tomography (CAT scans or CT scans)
composite multiple X-ray images by computer to produce a cross-
sectional image of internal structures. CT provides more detail than
an X-ray, and can better define areas where tissues overlap. CT scans
can detect smaller abnormalities than can be found with a
conventional X-ray.
The use of scans can further improve visualization in some areas,
such as the digestive tract. In some situations, CT procedures such as
CT angiography may provide information that would otherwise
require a more invasive procedure.
3. X-Rays:
X-rays or plain radiographs are often done to look at bones,
the chest, or the abdomen. With X-rays, denser structures,
such as bones, appear white (opaque) whereas air filled areas
(such as the lungs) appear black. Most structures of the body
are in shades of gray between these two.
X-rays may be used alone to diagnose conditions such as
fractures, some pneumonias, or a bowel obstruction. But
oftentimes additional imaging studies are needed.
The area of the body being investigated can place limitations
on the efficacy of X-rays. In regions where several structures
overlap (for example, the collar bone, heart, and lung on the
left side of the chest), an abnormality is less likely to be
visible than on an X-ray of the forearm.
Specialized X-ray techniques may be used to screen for
particular conditions. For example, digital mammography is
an X-ray technique that uses low-dose radiation to detect
breast cancer, and panoramic X-rays are used to detect dental
disease.
4. Ultrasound:
Ultrasound uses sound waves (acoustic energy)
to produce moving images of a part of the body.
Best known as a method for examining a fetus
during pregnancy, ultrasound is particularly
helpful with some medical conditions.
Breast ultrasound can often distinguish
breast cysts from masses.
Heart ultrasound (echocardiogram) can be
used to evaluate the heart valves, heart
motion, the pericardium (lining of the heart),
and more.
Thyroid ultrasound can be used to evaluate
thyroid nodules.
Abdominal ultrasound is often used to look
for gallstones and other medical conditions.
Pelvic ultrasound is often used to look for
ovarian cysts and pelvic disorders.
5. Nuclear Medicine:
Nuclear medicine imaging includes techniques that use radioactive
material ("radioactive tracers") that are then detected by a camera in
order to produce images of the inside of the body. While most imaging
methods are considered structural, that is, they describe structures on the
inside of the body, these scans are used to evaluate how regions of the
body function.
In some cases, the radioactive substance may also be used to treat cancer
(such as the use of radioactive iodine to treat thyroid cancer).
Fluoroscopy:-
Fluoroscopy uses X-rays in real time to create moving
images of the body. In some settings, these real-time
images are particularly important. Fluoroscopy may be
used to see how liquid moves through the digestive
tract or to monitor progress during the insertion of a
pacemaker.
Due to continuous monitoring, the radiation exposure
with fluoroscopy is significantly higher than that of
conventional X-rays.
Conclusion:-
Diagnostic radiology is integral to modern medicine,
providing non-invasive means to diagnose and manage
numerous conditions. With ongoing advancements in imaging
technology, the field continues to expand its capabilities,
offering more precise and less invasive diagnostic options.
References:-
1. The Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901.
2. Mettler FA, ed. Essentials of Radiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019
3. Baysson H, Etard C, Brisse HJ, Bernier MO. Diagnostic radiation exposure in
children and cancer risk: current knowledge and perspectives. Arch Pediatr.
2012;19(1):64-73. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2011.10.023
4. National Cancer Institute. Radiation therapy and you. 2016.