1000 cubic centimetres (Em?) = 1 etre (mm") 3) = 1 cubic 1000 cubic decimetres (em*) : s a gres and decimetres and long enough a scale of 1 ¢ tance 3m 2dm. = 1 mio show mel Problem 1. (Fig. 5.1). Construct ‘measure up to 8 metres. Show on it a dist 7 se i METRES =m DECIMETRES = dm Fog. 54 Solution. a tm 100m 100 1 Length of the scale = RLF. x max. length to be measured Sag eae 1 m, Divide the first division into 10 equal parts, each representing Draw a line 8 cm long and divide it into 8 equal shown in the fig. 5.1. parts, each representing 1 dm. Complete the scale as RE. wu to read kilometres and hectometres, and long enough Problem 2. (Fig. 5.2). Construct a scale to measure up 8 kilometres. Measure a length of 6 km 3 hm on the scale. KILOMETRES Fo. 52 RF=—= Solution. 50000 1 = x8 km Length of the scale="=555 *' 55000 *8%100000 em =16 em raw line 16cm long and divide tno 8 equal parts, each representing | kn. Divide the fist iv oo parts, each representing 1 hm- ‘Complete the scale as shown in the figure. ivide the first division into “The length of 6 kam 3 hm is measured on the scale.3 ] ‘Scaues measut = oO re upto Problem 3. (Fig. 5.3). Construct a scale of 1 : 400 10 show metres and long enough !0 metres. Measure a distance of 44 metres on the scale. AR. ker Fig. 53. Solution. 1 1 Length of the scale =R-F.xMax.length=—_ = x60 x100em =15 em at ax length = 95 x60m = 75 x Drawa line 15 em long and divide it into 6 equal parts, each representing 10 metres. Divide the first division into 10 equal parts, each representing | metre. Complete the scale as shown in the figure. A distance of 44 metres is measured on the scale. 1 Problem 4. (Fig. 5.4). Construct a plain scale of 755 to measure upto 10 hectometres. Measure a distance of 6 hm 5 dam on the scale. ares DecaMeTRES Solution, — RF.=—— 1 1 1 pale = x10x100 m =—— xi = Length ofthe scale = 305 %10 bm = 05x m= 359 %10%100%100em = 20 em Draw a line 20 em long. Divide it into 10 equal parts each representing 1 hectometre. Divide the first part into 10 aval parts each representing 1 decametre. Complete the scale as shown in Fig, 5.4. The length of 6 hm 5 dam is shown on the scale. 1 Problem 5. (Fig. 5.5). Construct a plain scale of R.F.= 10 measure metres and decimetres long enough to ‘measure 10m. Measure a distance of 8 m 6 dm on the scale. Solution,Fig. 55. 1 1 = =—x10x100cm =16.66 cm Length of the scale= => x10 m => ting a metre. Divide the first part into 1) Draw line 16.66 em long and vie itnto 10 equal pare each representing « mere. Ug TA ee Pel equal parts each representing a decimetre. Complete the scale as shown in Fig. the scale. Problem 6. (Fig. 5.6). On a map, a length of 2 kilometres is represented by 1 centimetre. Construct a plain scale to measure upto 30 kilometres, Measure a distance of 17 kam on the scale. lom_ lem lcm 1 Solution. Fe tm __st___ 7 RE= 24m ~2x1000m ~2x1000x100 em ~ 200000 1 ,.301000%100 em Length of the scale = x30 km = 1 200000 Draw a line 15 cm long. Divide it into 3 equal parts, each representing 10 kilometres. Divide the first part into 10 equal parts each representing a kilometre. Construct the scale as shown in Fig. 5.6. Measure a distance of 17 km on the scale. We Fig. 5.6, Problem 7. (Fig.".7"""Construct a plain scale of decimetres. Measure a distance of 7 dm 6 cm on the scale, 2 centimetres = 1 decimetre to measure upto 10 Are t r TamBen 0 58 (0 ‘CENTIMETRES 5 * Fig. 57, DECMETRESgE 2em 2 RF. =2em ution. a ee a Sol Tam “ipem = Length of the scale = 1 1 ath Bas *10 dm =~ x0x10 ale s™ =20 cm . Draw sline20cmong Divide tino 10 equa pang scab epresening 2 centimetre. Complete the scale ag fore eemnBA desimete Divide the fst part into 10 equal om Ss shown in Fig. 57. The distance of 7 dm 6 em is shown on Fig. 5.8 1 RF.=— Solution. a0) 1 1 Length of the scale = —1_ lS = eth 1e= 359 * 40 m=5 x 40%100 em=16 em, Drawa line 16 cm long. Divide it into 4 equal parts each representing 10 metres. Divide the first part into 10 equal ‘aseach representing a metre. Complete the scale as shown in Fig. 5.8. The length of 27 m is shown on the scale Problem 9. (Fig. 5.9). A rectangular plot of 25 square kilometres is represented on a certain map by a ‘uly rectangle of area 1 square centimetre. Draw a plain scale to show kilometres. Measure a distance of 65 Bones he a SS SS RS 5 ‘0 veLoweTnes sae Fe. 58. Sotton, 1 om?= 25 km? lem=Scm 1 lem RRA en Stam — 500000em 500000 ‘te maximum length tobe measured be 80 km. “ Uragth ofthe scale = RF, x max. length be measured. L =16cm =3 80 km ting 10 km. Divide the first part into 10 equal 700000 | parts each representing ech ite 16 em long and divide it into 8 equal parts 65 km is measured on the scale, in Fig. 5.9. A distance o} scale as show in iting 1 km. Complete the “Ser, ) volume. F lock of 125 em? volume, Find i wo woe represented %Y 1g metres on the Seale Problem 10. (Fig. 5.10). A room of 1000 a distance Of ‘and construet a plain scale to measure upto 30 metre ‘Measure ane a foe f Fig. 6.10. Solution. 125 em’ = 1000 cm’ or Sem=10m or lom=2m Length of the scale = R.F. x max. length be measured, 1 1 = x30 m= x30%100 em=15 em 200 “°° ™ = 200 Draw a line 15 em tong and divide it into 3 equal parts each representing 10 metres. Divide the first part into 10 equal parts each representing single metre. Compete the scale as shown inthe igure. ‘A distance of 16 metres is shown on the scale. Problem 11. (Fig. 5.11). The distance between Delhi and Saharanpur is 180 km. A passenger train covers this distance in 6 hours. Construct a plain scale to measure time upto a single minute. The RF. of the scale is I 200000 Indicate the distance covered by the'train in 34 minutes. Ne raLOMETRES 0 MINUTES ae MINUTES Solution.sa a Speed ofthe train => komfar =30 km/ar = Piano or 2km in 4 minutes From (i) and (ii) Ba cm line Will represent 2km distance and 4 minutes. Take length ofthe scale as 15 om whi wil xryesent 9a ‘Thus, draw a line 15 em long and divide it into 6 equal ark below and kr above the ne, Divide tn Parts cach representing 10 minutes and Siem Minsesaey Part into 10 equal parts each representing single minute. Comesparatias two parts may be marked by single km above the li Sages ine. ‘The scale can read the distances covered within certain time. In 34 minutes, the distance covered is 17 km which is measured on the scale. Problem 12. (Fig. 5.12) A car is moving at a speed of 60 km per hour. On a scale one om represents sme Sind of a km. Show the distance travelled by the car in 3 minutes and 30 seconds. What is RF of sexe. Reels 35 tenn amin 30 gee fl HECTOMETRES mnenes 0 5 ° 4 2 = (CEP EErort T oo ‘SECONDS mrs Fig. 5:12 Solution. One third of a km is represented by one cm. sige clom_ Vom! lem.) 1 Bem 0.3333 km 33333em 33333 Speed of the care is 60 krw/hr. 3 1km=1 min ~a 1 ‘Also; km=lem lkm=3cm =] From (i) and (ii) 1 min =3 om “Thus, draw a line 15 em long which will represent S minutes and 5 km, Divide itimto $ equal pans eahoes é single minute and single km. Divide th first part into 6 equal parts each representing 10 seconds. Divade the sume Six par into 10 equal parts each representing 0.1 km (or 1 hectometre). The scale shows mines and seconds low’ Sime and corresponding km and hm above the line. n3 minutes and 30 seconds the distance covered is 3.5 km which is shown on the scale. 5.6. DIAGONAL SCALE : : TAaaape scale Tepresents either three units or only one unt and its fraction upto secand pase cf cima point Mk consists of fine divided into suitable number of equal pars, the frst of which is sub-Givided imo smallest nar is diagonals. ‘Small division of short lines are obtained by the principle of diagonal division, as shown im Fig. 5. “To obtain division ofa given short line AB in multiples of 1/10 its length eg. 0.1 48, 02.48.0343, 06.42 exA Fig. 6:18, AtB, draw a perpendicular BC to AB and ‘step of 10 equal divisions of any convenient length, join AC. Through these division points 1, 2,3 ete. draw lines 1-1 ‘26 3', etc. parallel to AB. Itis clear that ‘triangles C-1-1', C-2-2', C-3.3 ', CBA are all similar, Similarly, C4 = 0.4 CB,4-4’=0.4 AB ‘Thus. each horizontal line becomes progressively shorter in length by % AB. Problem 13. (Fig. 5.14). Construct a diagonal scale of RF.=—! showing km, hm and dam; and long enough to measure upto 5 kan, Measure a distance of 3 km 4 hm 3 dam on the scale, g Fale Paap km 5 hm dam He LE\\\ x\\ == ~ Fig. 6.14, L Solution. Saker Length of the scale, xSkm=—!_ 1 40000 40000 ***100000 cm = 12.4 crn | __— a(2) Bes rine AB 12.5 emlong and divide it joie seach representing 1 politi ee parts each representing | kilometre. Divide the first division arts, through all of th ALA, erect a perpendi : i Fig he diagonals, Complete so dag hss Pere Thon a a ese a . Complete the scale as shown inthe figure ‘gure. Thus, each hectometre is divided igure. ‘pe distance of 3 kim 5 hm 3 dam is measured on the scale. problem 14. (Fig. 5.15) Construct a diagonal 1 seale of RF-=7- to show metres and long enough to ase upto 500 Mees. Re ahs Solution. RE= 09 1 =—_x500%100 om= 10cm Length of the scale = Z599 Drawa line 10 em long and divide it into 5 eq Rivas representing 10 metres. Each of them ete the scale as shown in the figure- a Problem 18, (Fig. 5.16). Construct diagonal scale of 1: $00 sake mere ito @0 es, Measure a distance of 54.5 metres senting 100 metres. Divide the frst division into 10 ual parts each repre warts by diagonals each representing 1 metre divide into 10 equal P fo show metres and decimetres, and long ae 545m ek wt eaeSolution. ", jolution, RE 5 J 160m Length of the scale nbc 80 m= cx «80100 6m hes representing 10 m. Divide the frst into 10 equa pans Draw a line 16 em long and divide it into 8 equal parts each Fe res be carne each representing Im. Divide these parts by diagonals into 10 equal represen Comp! scale as shown in the figure. iy read metres, decimetres and centimetre, scale of RF. ice of 6m 5 dm 4 om on Problem 16. (Fig. 5.17). Construct a diagonal the scale. ‘and long enough to measure upto 9 metres. Show a distan n needs omsamson Fig 5.17. Solution. RF. s 1 1 Length of the scale = 35 %9m= <5 x9%100em =18 em Drawa line 18 mong. Divide it into 9 equal parts each representing a metre. Divide the first part into 10 equal pas ‘each representing a decimetre. Further divide each part on diagonals into 10 equal parts each representing centimeve Fig. 5.17. Measure a distance of 6 m 5 dm 4 em on the scale. Complete the scale as shown in Problem 17. (Fig. 518). Construct a diagonal seale show centimetre, decimetres and metres, and It ‘enough to measure upto 9 metres. Measure a distance of 6 m 5 dm 4 cm on the scale. RF. att 100 AF nity bmsamton Fa 518, Length of the scale = RF.“ max. length to be measured. Solution, 1 1 =x9m=— 100 9 99 297100 2m = 9.ob wa line 9em long and divide wing I representing 1 decimetre, Dirge °4U2! Parts each repres, (51) vide each enting | rn ch decimetre ne 8 | metre, Divide the first part into 10 equal Sow in 0 centimetres by diagonals. Compete the scale as Reet 5000000 215 km 00 KILOMETRES Fig. 5.19. The distance of 215 km is measured on the scale. Problem 19. (Fig. 5.20). Construct a diagonal scale to read kilometres having spaces of 150 kilometres and lng enough to read upto 900 kilometres. RF. Measure distance of 515 km on the scale. 5000000 130 KILOMETRES Fig. 5:20.Seq Solution. Length of the scale = RF. x max. length to be mesured. 1 1999 kmx100000 em =18 cm = 900 km = = p5099 ‘ 5000000 5000000 150 km. Divide the first part into 10 e.9 Draw aline 18cm long and divide it into 6 equal pars cach represent ach representing single lon arts each representing 15 km. Further divide each part into 15 equal parts on 7 Complete the scale as shown in the figure. ae The distance of 515 km may be taken as follows: 450 + 60 + 5 = Itis measured on the scale. 1 ‘ =—— 10 read upto 40 metres mini Problem 20. (Fig. 5.21). Construct a diagonal scale of RF.=—pppq 19 read upt imum and show on it a length representing a distance of 7360 metres. Solution. Let the maximum length to be measured by 10000 metres. Length of the scale = R.F, x max. length to by mesured. L 1 00010000 m = £ Draw a line 16.66 em long and divide it into 10 equal parts each representing 1000 metres. Divide the first part into 5 equal parts each representing 200 metres. Further divide each part on diagonals into 5 equal parts each representing 40 ‘metres. Thus. the scale can read a minimum distance of 40 metres. Complete the scale as shown in the figure. Rig 7 * 19000100 em =16.66 em "55005 300 METRES, The distance of 7360 metres can be taken as follows? °2" 7200 metres on main scale 160 metres on diagonal Total 7360 metres The distance is shown on the scale. 400 metres. Construct a scale ‘0 read upto 240 metres and by diagonal divisions single mene Wis nee, res. Construc the scale ~ 168 metres, 118 metres, 63 metres and 8 metres Mes RE and show the following lengths ot Oem 20cm Solution. RF =D _Wem ot 400 m "400x100 em ~ 2000 Length ofthe seale = RIF. x max. length o be measured wae 1 * z000 24° m= 3755*240%100 em =12 om eeEe Oe o3 METRES Co To a 1 Fi. 520 Cal Dawa lie 12em long and divide it into 12 ual cxbrepresening 10 metres. Further divide eset’ parton dca oPresenting 20 metres. Divide ‘Complete the scale as shown in the figure, als into 10 equal parts each Problem 22. (Fig. 5.23). The 200 Fig, 5.23. Solution. Re Toms 350 km 350x1000%100 em 3,000,000 ‘Length of the scale =R.F. x max. length to be measured. 1 = =>—— x 700 km = ———_. 3,000,000 ~ 5,000,000 7001000100 em =14 em Drawa line 14cm long and divide it into 7 equal parts each representing 100 km. Divide the first part into 10 equal fees Tepresenting 10 km. Further divide each part on diagonals into 10 equal parts each Tepresenting single km. ete the scale as shown in the figure. The distances are shown on the scale. cn Problem 23, (Fig. 5.24). On a building plan, a line 22 em long represents a distance of 440 metres. Construct ag inal scale for the plan to read upto 300 metres showing single metre by diagonal divisions. Calculate ss Indicate clearly on the scale the lengths 157, 150, 100, 43 and 8 metres. 2 em 1 Solution, RF = 22m 22m _e 440m 440x100em 2000 Length of the scale = R.F. x max. length to be measured. 1 =— «300x100 em =15 em 300 m=so55 =——x 200034 1 AR eG 260,280 METRES 0 METRES Fig, 524 fi ite Drawa line 15 cm long and divide it into 15 equal parts each representing 20 metres. Divide the first part into 2 equal resenti te Parts each representing 10 metres. Further divide each part on diagonals into 10 equal parts each representing single metre. Complete the scale as shown, The distances are shown on the scale. Problem 24, (Fig. 5.25). Construct a diagonal scale to read metres, decimetres and centimetres for a representative fraction of 1/50 and long enough to measure upto 5 metres. Show on it lengths of 2.57 m, 2.31 m and 2.07 m. \\ \\ Solution. Length of the scale = Fig. 525, RAF, x max, length to be measured, 1 1 5975 = 5 %5 *100 em =10 em Draw a line 10 cm long and divide it into 5 equal parts each Fepresenting a metres, Dj arts each representing a decimetre. Further divide each part on diagonals into Toes the first part into 10 equal centimetre. Complete the scale as shown. qual parts cach roreenany a “The distances are shown on the scale, Problem 25. (Fig. 5.26). Construct a diagonal scale t0 measure oP ial 15 em. Show on it lengths 4.24 cm and 7.92 om Sth and 1/514 Of centimetre. The lengthSolution. R.F. of scale Fig. 526, Length of the scale = 15 cm which represents the same 15 cm. Draw a line 15 cm long and divide it into 15 Tepresenting ‘ ‘equal parts each ing a centimetre. Divide the & $ equal parts each representing 1/Sth or 0.2 centimetre. Further divide each fat on diagonals ‘mo 5 opal pers oh representing 1/25th or 0.04 centimetre. Complete the scale as shown in the figure. The distance may be messed 2 4+0.2+0.04 = 4.24cm 7+08+0.12=7.92cm. EXERCISE-5 | Construct a plain scale of R-F.- = to read metres and decimetres, and long enough 1 measare =e 10 0 metres. Measure 7.5 m and 5 m3 dm on the scale. Construct a plain scale of 1 em= 500 mto ead kilometres and hectometres and long enough #9 esse => 10 kilometres. Measures a length of 7 km 6 hm on the scale. 1 . Construct a plain scale of RF. 505 to read metres and long enough to measure upto SO meses. Show = distance of 66 m on the scale. 1 e Se Construct a plain scale of RF“ %p95 1 ‘measure upto 8 hectometres. Measure a distance of S m4 cm on the scale. . Construct a plain scale of 1 em 12 metres. Measure a distance = 60 emto measure metres and decimetres, and long enough 19 ESSE ENO of 6 m7 dm on the scale. 1 : : inane tres. Measure distance of 36 m on the scale. . Construct a plain scale of R-F.= 555 to measure upto 40 met jeasure dist men Ona map, | em represents 4m. Construct a plan scale toread metres, and long enough to measure upeo GO =. Measure a length of 37 m on the scale. (On a map, 1 em represents is 36 m?, Construct® plain scale to read metres. Measure a length of 76 mon the scale room of 1000 mis represented by mon the scale. G6aem®, Construct a plain scale to read metres, Measure length of 26Scaus and long enough to measure Upto 300 mers, and long enough to neasure upto |() 1 10. Construct « diagonal scale of RE.M5;5q 10 show mee, metres 11. Construct a diagonal scale to show centimetres, decimetres and metres on the scale. ted on a railway map by 12 cm. Find Rp, km. It is represent OM ‘adistance of 273 km on the scal 1 metres. RF. of the scale is <5. Measure a distance 154 12. ‘The distance between two stations A and. Bis and construct a diagonal scale to measure km. Measure 13. Constructa diagonal scale of RF -ae toread upio SO metresminimumand show onitalengrepeseting a distance of 6350 metres. 14. Construct a diagonal scale of R. Foe to read upto 280 metres, and by diagonal divisions single meres Show the following lengths on the scales — 170 metres, 103 metres and 57 metres. 1 aie 15. Construct a diagonal to measure ao and [5th of ametre, RF. of the scale is 755% Show on it lengths of 5.57 metres and 7.61 metres. 16. Construct a diagonal scale 15 em long showing centimetres and one division showing millimetres. By diagonal 1 division make tis sale to read 5518 of millimetres. Draw the scale properly and mark length of 85.5 mm on it 17. The distance between Delhi and Chandigarh is 250 km. On inspection of railway map its equivalent distance measures only 5 cm. What is RF. ? Draw a diagonal scale showing kilometre and indicate on it the following distances — 725 km, 512 km and 268 km. 18. Construct a diagonal of 1/4000 to show meters, and long enough to area are 500 m. [PTU Exam] 19. Construct a diagonal scale of 1 : 50 to measure a tape up to 7 metres. [PTU Exam} 20. Construct a diagonal scale of 1/48 showing meters, decimeters and centimeters to measure upto 6 m. [PTU Exam] 21. Construct diagonal scale of 1:40 to show metres and decimetres and long enough to measure upto 6 metres. (PTU Exam] ooo