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DBMS Unit-2

DBMS unit 2 notes

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views10 pages

DBMS Unit-2

DBMS unit 2 notes

Uploaded by

omgcasual0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D~Ms UNIT -1

S~L AND PL I S~L

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